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HACKETT, SIR JOHN WINTHROP (1848-1916), journalist and public benefactor,

was the eldest child of the Rev. J. W. Hackett, M.A., and hiswife, Jane, a daughter of Henry Monck-Mason, LL.D. He was born inthe county of Dublin, Ireland, on 4 February 1848 and was educatedat Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1871 andM.A. in 1874. He was called to the Irish bar, but almost at onceemigrated to Sydney, where he was called to the New South Wales barin 1875. He took up journalism and contributed to theSydneyMorning Herald, but in the following year went to Melbourne tobecome vice-principal and tutor in law, logic and politicaleconomy, at Trinity College. In 1880 he was a candidate forNormanby at an election for the legislative assembly as an advancedliberal, but was so badly defeated that he lost his deposit. At alater election he was opposed to(Sir) John Madden (q.v.) andthis time lost by only a small margin. In 1882 he resigned hispositions at Trinity College and went to Western Australia. Hebecame a squatter in the Gascoyne district, but his first seasonwas a bad one and he decided to give up the land. He joined forceswith Charles Harper, the proprietor of theWest Australian,and very soon his influence on this paper began to be felt. TheWestern Mail was established in 1885 and both papers becameprosperous. In 1887 Hackett became editor of theWestAustralian and strongly advocated responsible government.Western Australia received its constitution in 1890, andForrest (q.v.) selected Hackett asthe first man to be asked to join the nominee legislative council.The population of the colony was still under 50,000 but it wasbeginning to rise, and the discovery of gold accelerated this verymuch. The papers grew with the population and became very valuableproperties. Hackett as editor was writing a daily leading article,and was also the business manager. In 1894 he was elected to thelegislative council as representative of the South-western provinceand held this seat until his death. He had been a delegate to the1891 federal convention, he was also a delegate in 1897, and wasappointed a member of the constitutional committee. He was asked tojoin more than one ministry, but had to decline as it wasimpossible for him to add to the work he was already doing. He wasalso of opinion that as a newspaper editor he would no longer beable to speak with the same freedom if he were in office. Headvocated women's suffrage, and Western Australia was one of theearliest countries to give women the vote. He also stronglysupported Forrest in his development policy, in the building of thepipe line to the goldfields, and the making of Fremantle harbour.He was interesting himself very much in the Perth public library,museums, and national gallery of which he became president, andalso in the proposed university. He was a prominent member of theChurch of England holding the offices of registrar of the dioceseand chancellor of St George's cathedral. He declined a knighthoodin 1902 but accepted it in 1911, and two years later was createdK.C.M.G. The university was opened in 1913 with Hackett as itsfirst chancellor, and he gave it its first substantial privatecontribution when he endowed the chair of agriculture. His partner,Charles Harper, had died in 1912, and Hackett was now in completecontrol of their papers. He went on working to the day of hisdeath. His health began to fail in 1915 and he took a trip to theeastern states which appeared to have benefited him. He, however,died suddenly on 19 February 1916. He married in 1905 DeborahDrake-Brockman who survived him with four daughters and a son. Hewas given the honorary degree of LL.D. by Trinity College Dublin in1902. Under his will a bequest to the Church of England paid forthe building of St George's College, the first residential collegewithin the university. The residue of his estate went to theuniversity which received the sum of £425,000. £200,000 of thiswith accrued interest was used for the erection of a group ofbuildings which include Winthrop Hall and the student's building,Hackett Hall. Another £200,000 provides scholarships, bursaries andother financial help for deserving students.

Hackett was a fine example of the successful business man whowas willing to give his time and money for the encouragement ofthings of the mind and spirit. He was a clear and able speaker, awise and benevolent man who believed in morality, humanity, and thespread of knowledge. A highly strung man he crammed an enormousamount of both public and private work into his life of 68years.

Burke's Peerage, etc., 1916;MelbourneUniversity Calendars, 1876-82;The West Australian, 21and 22 February 1916;The Argus Melbourne, 21 February 1916;H. Colebatch,A Story of a Hundred Years;Calendar of theUniversity of Western Australia, 1939.

HADDON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1839-1906), journalist,

was born at Croydon, England, on 8 February 1839. He waswell-educated and became assistant-secretary of the StatisticalSociety of London and of the Institute of Actuaries. He resignedthese positions in 1863 to accept an engagement with theArgus, Melbourne, and arriving in December was soonafterwards made sub-editor. When theAustralasian wasestablished he became its first editor, and in January 1867 wasmade editor of theArgus while still in his twenty-eighthyear. It was a period of great developments in Victoria, and underHaddon's editorship theArgus, while distinctly conservativeserved a most useful purpose in advocating the claims of theprimary producers, and endeavouring to keep protective dutieswithin reasonable bounds. It fought with success for non-politicalcontrol of government departments and purity of administration,with the result that Victoria set a high standard among thecolonies in these matters. WhenBerry (q.v.) andPearson (q.v.) went as anembassy to the British parliament in 1879, Haddon, who was visitingEngland in that year, was asked by some of their opponents to setthe facts of the controversy before the "government, parliament andpress of Great Britain". He compiled a pamphlet which was printedin London,The Constitutional Difficulty in Victoria. Thiswas sent to all the members of the British parliament and to thepress. He also personally interviewed leading statesmen andeditors, and probably was a strong influence on the failure of themission. There was not really, however, a strong case for Britishinterference. On his return Haddon slipped unobtrusively back intohis editorial chair. He was of a dispassionate nature and set ahigh standard in the discussion of public matters. TheArgusfought well for federation, which had practically become certainwhen Haddon in 1898 resigned his editorship to take up theimportant task of representing the Edward Wilson Estate on themanagemerit of theArgus andAustralasian. He died atMelbourne on 7 March 1906. He was twice married (1) to a daughterof J. C. King and (2) to Alice Good who survived him with adaughter by the first marriage.

Haddon was an even-tempered, honourable and courteous man, whoappreciated good writing and was always ready to encourage it. Herefused as an editor to be affected by popular excitement, andthough his paper was on occasions criticized for not taking astronger stand, he probably did all that could be done when it isremembered how strong the remarkable personality ofSyme (q.v.) had made theAge, which for a great part of the period was issued at alower price than theArgus, and had a much largercirculation.

The Argus, 7 March 1906; P. Mennell,TheDictionary of Australasian Biography;The ConstitutionalDifficulty in Victoria.

HAINES, WILLIAM CLARK (1807-1866), first premier of Victoria,

was born in England in 1807, the son of a London surgeon. Hefollowed his father's profession, but came to Victoria during theeighteen-forties and engaged in farming in the Geelong district. Hewas made a magistrate, and in 1851La Trobe (q.v.) nominated him as amember of the legislative council. He resigned a year later but waselected for South Grant in 1853. He was appointed colonialsecretary in 1854, and on the establishment of responsiblegovernment became premier and chief secretary in the firstVictorian cabinet on 28 November 1855. He was elected to thelegislative assembly in October 1856 and his ministry remained inpower until March 1857. TheO'Shannassy (q.v.) ministrywhich took its place lasted for only seven weeks, and Haines againbecame premier until March 1858. After his resignation he spentover two years in Europe, and returning in October 1860 was electedto the legislative assembly for Portland. He made a coalition withO'Shannassy in November 1861, and became treasurer in his ministryuntil June 1863. He lost his seat at the 1864 general election andin August 1865 became member for the Eastern Provinces in thelegislative council. He died on 3 February 1866. Though he broughtin manhood suffrage Haines was essentially a conservative. He wasnot a good speaker, and though a good administrator he couldscarcely be called a man of great ability. The probity of his lifeearned the respect of everyone, and his dignified and courteousmanner helped to give him a conspicuous place in the early days ofresponsible government.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 5February 1866; H. G. Turner,A History of the Colony ofVictoria; J. H. Heaton,The Australian Dictionary ofDates.

HALE, MATTHEW BLAGDEN (1811-1895), first Anglican bishop of Perth,

third son of R. H. B. Hale and his wife, Lady Theodosia Bourke,a daughter of the 3rd Earl of Mayo, was born at Alderly, England,in 1811. He belonged to the same family as the celebrated chiefjustice, Sir Matthew Hale. Educated at Cambridge, he graduated B.A.in 1835, M.A. in 1838, and D.D. in 1857. He was ordained deacon in1836 and priest in 1837. After being a curate at Tresham andWotton-under-Edge he became perpetual curate of Stroud, a parish of8000 inhabitants from 1839 to 1845. In 1847 he metAugustus Short (q.v.), bishop ofAdelaide, who asked him to go to Adelaide as his archdeacon. Theysailed to Australia in the same vessel and arrived at Adelaide inDecember 1847. Hale was interested in the aboriginal problem, andin 1850 succeeded in obtaining a grant from the government toassist in founding an institution for the education of aboriginesat Poonindie. One part of the scheme was the management of a farmwith aboriginal labour. Hale as superintendent kept a watchful eyeon the institution until he was appointed bishop of Perth in 1856.After he left difficulties arose, but these were surmounted and theinstitution was conducted with success for many years.

Before taking up his new duties Hale visited England and wasconsecrated bishop of Perth at the chapel of Lambeth Palace on 25July 1857. In this year he published a small volume,TheTransportation Question or Why Western Australia should be made aReformatory Colony instead of a Penal Settlement. Soon afterhis arrival at Perth he founded a school known as "Bishop Hale'sschool", which had many pupils who afterwards followeddistinguished careers in Western Australia. Hale worked withsuccess during the 18 years he was at Perth and in 1875 wastranslated to the see of Brisbane. He retired in March 1885,returned to England and publishedThe Aborigines of Australia,being an Account of the Institution for their Education atPoonindie. He died on 3 April 1895. He married (1) Sophia Clodewho died in 1845 leaving him with two young children and (2) SabinaMolloy. Hale was a kindly man of devoted piety much respected andliked both at Perth and Brisbane. He was one of the early men tounderstand that the aborigines would respond to propertreatment.

P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography;The Brisbane Courier, 6 April 1895; J. S.Battye,The Cyclopedia of Western Australia, vol. II, p. 84;J. G. Wilson,Western Australia's Centenary, p. 145; M. B.Hale,The Aborigines of Australia;Crockford's ClericalDirectory, 1892.

HALES, ALFRED ARTHUR GREENWOOD (1860-1936), novelist,

was born at Kent Town, Adelaide, in 1860, the son of F. G. Halesa wood-turner. He had the ordinary primary education of his time,and after being apprenticed to a carpenter began a wandering careerby going to the country. For years he worked as a farm hand androuseabout and became a magnificent rider. He occasionallycontributed to country newspapers, never staying long in one place,until he came to Broken Hill, where he was a mining reporter forsome years. There he wrote his first book,The Wanderings of aSimple Child, which was published in 1890. This went into athird edition in the following year. Hales then visited America andEngland and returning to Adelaide started theAdelaideStandard. He next went to the goldfields in Western Australiaand started theCoolgardie Mining Review. A fire destroyedhis plant and he was penniless, but after working for some time asa dry-blower he went to Boulder City and with his brother Frankstarted theBoulder Star. He stood as a labour candidate forparliament but was defeated, and when the South African war brokeout became a war correspondent for the LondonDaily News.For a time he wrote fearlessly and critically of the way in whichthe British were conducting their operations, but was wounded andmade a prisoner by the Boers, and was not released until the end ofthe war.

Hales wrote a book on his experiences,Campaign Pictures ofWar in South Africa, which was published in 1900, and in thefollowing year appeared his first novel,Driscoll, King ofScouts. He made a success withMcGlusky, published in1902, afterwards followed by a long series of stories with thisAustralian of Scotch descent as the hero. Hales was not content tobe merely a writer of fiction, he went to Macedonia and fought in arebellion against the Turks in 1903. This was followed byexperience as a war correspondent in the Russo-Japanese war, and inthe following years much lecturing in England, South Africa,Australia and South America. Wherever there was a mining fieldHales visited it, and in South America he made a special study ofthe agricultural and pastoral possibilities of that continent. Whenthe 1914-18 war began he endeavoured to enlist but was too muchover age. He worked as a war correspondent in France, and then wentto Italy, where meeting General Garibaldi, he endeavoured to jointhe Italian army. Garibaldi, who was born in Australia, tried tohelp him without success, and Hales again worked as acorrespondent. In 1918 he publishedWhere Angels Fear toTread, a series of able sketches on matters arising out of thewar. After peace came Hales lived mostly in England and wrote alarge number of novels, of which about 60 are listed in Miller'sAustralian Literature. Many of these had large circulations;of the McGlusky series of some 20 volumes about 2,000,000 copieswere sold. Hales published a volume of verse,Poems andBallads, in 1909, which is not important as poetry, and he alsowrote some unpublished plays. He died in England on 29 December1936. He was married twice (1) to Miss Pritchard of Adelaide whodied in 1911, and (2) to Jean Reid. There were four sons and adaughter by the first marriage.

Hales was a big, kindly man known to everyone as "Smiler" Hales.He took part in and was much interested in every form of sport, andexemplified a philosophy of courage and cheerfulness. He was a goodjournalist and a good teller of tales, who believed in wholesomedecent living and was not afraid to say so. HisMy Life ofAdventure, 1918, andBroken Trails, 1931, giveinteresting and vivid pages from his life.

The Times, 30 December 1936;TheAdvertiser, Adelaide, 31 December 1936; E. Morris Miller,Australian Literature.

HALFORD, GEORGE BRITTON (1824-1910), physiologist, founder of the first medical school inAustralia,

second son of James Halford, was born in Sussex, England, on 26November 1824. He began studying medicine in 1842, became a memberof the Royal College of Physicians in 1851, and of the RoyalCollege of Surgeons in 1852. He obtained his doctorate of medicineat St Andrews in 1854. After practising at Liverpool he was in 1857appointed lecturer in anatomy at the Grosvenor Place school ofmedicine, London. When applications were called for theprofessorship of anatomy, physiology and pathology at theuniversity of Melbourne in 1862 he was described as "one of themost distinguished experimental physiologists of the day". Therewere other good candidates, but Halford was appointed, and hearrived in Melbourne on 22 December 1862. A medical curriculum hadbeen drawn up by the council for which the vice-chancellor, Dr I.A. Brownless, was believed to have been largely responsible. Thiscourse was longer by a year than any systematic course of medicaleducation then existing in Great Britain or Ireland. Thirty yearswere to pass before the general medical council insisted on aminimum five year course in the United Kingdom.

Halford began with only three students which in the next 15years increased to about 70. His task indeed was only made possibleby the comparatively small classes in those early years. He wasoffered the fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians in 1870but never enrolled. He had in the meantime done some research workin comparative anatomy, and had begun his work on the poison ofsnakes which he continued for many years. As he approached 60 hebegan to feel the strain of his combined offices, but theappointment of a brilliant young assistant,H. B. Allen (q.v.), who becamelecturer in anatomy and pathology in 1882, must have made hisposition easier. Allen became professor of descriptive and surgicalanatomy and pathology in 1883, and Halford took the title ofprofessor of general anatomy, physiology and histology. Thougheasing down in his work to some extent, he was still a greatinfluence with the students.Sir Richard Stawell (q.v.),who graduated in 1898, has testified that "there was somethingalways really 'great' about the old professor; and when hediscussed with us the records of his original work of long ago,there was to be got from his lectures something splendid and eveninspiring" (address at the Masonic Hall, 1 May 1914). In September1896 Halford was given leave of absence on account of ill-healthuntil the end of 1897. This leave was afterwards extended and hedid not become emeritus professor until 1900. After his retirementhe lived at Beaconsfield near Melbourne and was much interested inthe development of coal-mining in South Gippsland. He celebratedhis golden wedding in 1907 and died at Inverloch, Victoria, on 27May 1910. He was survived by three daughters and six sons, two ofwhom entered the medical profession. In 1928 his family founded theHalford oration at the Australian Institute of Anatomy, Canberra. Alist of Halford's contributions to medical literature will be foundin theMedical Journal of Australia for 19 January 1929,page 71. His most brilliant research work was on the heart. Hebegan research in other directions which was never completed. Itwas impossible to spare much time in his earlier days at theuniversity, and when his retirement came it was too late. It was,however, fortunate that a man of such great ability should havebeen willing to come to Australia and set a standard at its firstmedical school that commanded respect from its initiation, and wasan inspiration for the schools afterwards established.

W. A. Osborne,Medical Journal of Australia, 19January 1929, p. 64; Sir H. B. Allen,A History of the MedicalSchool, University of Melbourne Medical School Jubilee; Sir R.Stawell,The Medical Journal of Australia, 3 January 1931,p. l;University of Melbourne Calendars;The Argus,30 May. 1910;Men of the Time in Australia,1878.

HALL, BENJAMIN (1838-1865), bushranger,

was born at Breeza station, New South Wales, on 8 March 1838. Hebought a small property, married Bridget Walsh, and was doing well.His wife, however, eloped with another man, and shortly afterwardsHall was charged with highway robbery and arrested. There appearsto have been no direct evidence against him, but he evidently fellunder suspicion because he had knownFrank Gardiner (q.v.), and wasseen at the local races with a man of bad character. Bail wasrefused, but after having been confined for some weeks he was triedand acquitted. Returning to his homestead he sold it for a smallsum, and shortly afterwards was arrested a second time on a chargeof having taken part in the Engowra escort robbery, but wasdischarged. Meeting Gardiner again he fell under his influence,joined the gang, and after Gardiner disappeared worked with Dunnand Gilbert. There was bloodshed sometimes, but there appears to beno record of Hall having killed anyone. When the Gundagai to Yassmail was robbed Gilbert shot a policeman, and not long afterwardsHall left his associates and went into hiding. He was tracked andsurrounded by police about 12 miles from Forbes, and was shot on 5May 1865.

Before Hall went on the road he had a good character as asteady, industrious and good-hearted young man, and after he hadbeen shot and brought in by the police people remarked on hishandsome face, and the absence of anything forbidding about it.When his wife left him she took his young son with her and Hallappears to have become desperate. His name often occurs in the oldbush ballads, and a kind of Robin Hood legend grew up among hissympathizers.

"He never robbed a needy man
His records sure will show
How staunch and loyal to his mates,
How manly to the foe.
 
. . . . .
 
"They found his place of ambush then,
And cautiously they crept
And savagely they murdered him
While still their victim slept.

"No more he'll mount his gallant steed
To range the mountains high:
Poor widows' friend in poverty,
Our bold Ben Hall, goodbye."

George E. Boxall,The Story of the AustralianBushrangers; B. Cronin and Arthur Russell,BushrangingSilhouettes; Jack Bradshaw,The True History of theAustralian Bushrangers;The Sydney Morning Herald, 13May, 1865; A. B. Paterson,Old Bush Songs.

HALL, EDWARD SMITH (1786-1860), political reformer,

son of Smith Hall, bank manager, and his wife, Jane Drewry, wasborn in London on 28 March 1786. He was well educated and as ayoung man was interested in social and religious work, whichprobably brought him under the notice of William Wilberforce. Hearrived at Sydney on 10 October 1811 with a letter from RobertPeel, under-secretary of state, which asked that assistance insettling should be given Hall, and stated that he had been stronglyrecommended by Wilberforce and others. He was given a grant ofland, but in October 1814 Macquarie mentioned that he had"commenced merchant at Sydney", and he was associated in this yearwithS. Lord (q.v.) andothers in the promotion of the New Zealand Trading Company. He hadadditional grants of land made to him in 1815, 1817, 1821 and 1822,but it would appear that in the early years at least, Hall wasmaking little profit from them. In 1818 an application had beenmade in England that he should be permitted to practise as anattorney, which was not granted. It was probably as a result ofthis application that Hall was appointed coroner of the territoryin February 1820, but he did not hold this position for long, andin 1821 went with 10 assigned servants to the land granted him nearLake Bathurst. In 1826 he was back in Sydney, and on 19 May of thatyear published the first number of theMonitor, at first aweekly but afterwards published twice a week. It exercised a stronginfluence on public opinion in connexion with the existing form ofgovernment. It stood for trial by jury and a popular legislature,and it condemned in unmeasured terms the oppression of convicts,public immorality on the part of officers, and even the conduct ofthe governor himself. Actions for libel were brought against Hall,and, having been tried by a jury of military men nominated by thecrown, he was convicted, imprisoned and fined. He had to defendseven separate actions, the fines amounted to several hundredpounds, and his terms of imprisonment totalled over three years.However, on 6 November 1830, on the occasion of the accession ofWilliam IV,GovernorDarling (q.v.) issued a free pardon to Hall. But some sixmonths before, Hall had written to Sir George Murray a letter inwhich he made 14 specific charges against Darling, and he hadsucceeded in enlisting the aid of Joseph Hume, who took up hiscause in the house of commons. On 1 October 1831 Hall stated in theMonitor that Hume had informed him that Darling was to berecalled. The governor himself considered his recall was due toHall's efforts, as he immediately wrote to Lord Goderich thatanyone reading theMonitor would see that Hall's "triumph iscomplete". Goderich, writing toGovernor Bourke (q.v.) on 24March 1832, denied that Hall's representations had affected thequestion of the recall of Darling, but there can be little doubtthat it had a strong influence on it. Hall continued to conduct hispaper now called theSydney Monitor until 1838, when hetransferred to theAustralian, which stopped appearing in1848. He was subsequently connected withParkes's (q.v.)Empire andtowards the end of his life was given a position in the colonialsecretary's office, Sydney. which he held until his death on 18September 1860. Hall had other interests besides those mentioned.He was one of the founders of the New South Wales Society forPromoting Christian Knowledge and Benevolence, which started in May1813, and was its first secretary; he was also secretary and aleading member of the Australian Patriotic Association. He married(1) Charlotte, daughter of Hugh Victor Hall and (2) Miss Holmes.There were two sons and six daughters by the first marriage, and ason and a daughter by the second.

To Darling, Hall was merely a dangerous agitator whose actionsmust be stopped for the good of the state. No doubt a case could bemade for Darling's conduct, but on one occasion at least it was ofa kind that cannot be defended. Hall applied to be allowed to rentland adjoining his own, and his application was refused, not on anylegal ground, but because he was the editor of theMonitor.Hall fought throughout with great ability, possibly not alwayswisely, considering that he had a young family to care for; but ashe said himself afterwards "I was young, generous anddisinterested, but imprudent. I am now a wiser man, but not abetter one". In August 1891 Sir Henry Parkes speaking of the earlyfriends of freedom in Australia said: "The name I mentioned firstEdward Smith Hall belonged to a man of singularly pure and heroicdisposition . . . he met the greatest form of aggressive power weever experienced in this country, and he paid the price ofresistance to it by all that kind of punishmerit which follows aman who tries to preserve the public spirit and awaken a love ofliberty in a community." In spite of Parkes's eulogy, Hall's namefell into obscurity, until the publication of an article on him intheAustralian Encyclopaedia, which was followed by MrJustice Ferguson's more complete account read before the RoyalAustralian Historical Society.

J. A. Ferguson,Journal and Proceedings RoyalAustralian Historical Society, vol. XVII, pp. 163-200;Historical Records of Australia, ser I, vols. VII, VIII, X,XII to XVIII; G. B. Barton,Literature in New SouthWales.

HALL, GEORGE WILLIAM LOUIS MARSHALL (1862-1915), musician,

son of a surgeon and grandson of Marshall Hall the distinguishedphysiologist, was born in London in March 1862. He was educated atthe Blackheath proprietary school and studied languages on thecontinent. He also studied music at Berlin, and at the RoyalCollege of Music, London. For a period he taught languages andmusic at Newton Abbot School, and at Wellington College, and in1890 was appointed the first Ormond professor of music at theuniversity of Melbourne. He began his work early in 1891, and atonce decided that he could do little of value unless aconservatorium of music were attached to the university. There wasno financial provision for a conservatorium and it was not possibleto start one until 1895, when Hall undertook the responsibility ofit. It actually paid its way from the beginning. He was aninspiring teacher and gained the unswerving loyalty of all hispupils. From 1896 Hall published four volumes of verse,ToIrene (1896),Hymn to Sydney (1897),A Book ofCanticles (1897), andHymns Ancient and Modern (1898),the last volume in particular offending the sensibilities of manyreligious people. He was attacked by theArgus newspaper andmuch controversy followed. It was decided in 1900, on the castingvote of the chairman of the university council, that Hall, whosesecond term of appointment for a period of five years expired atthe end of the current year, should not be reappointed. Hall thenstarted a rival conservatorium known as the Albert Streetconservatorium, and conducted it with success. He had begun aseries of orchestral concerts in 1893, and for a period of nearly20 years carried them on, keeping a very high musical standard. Hewas an enthusiastic and inspiring conductor, painstaking andsensitive, especially successful in his renderings of Beethoven andWagner. About 1912 Hall went to London, and in 1914 was offered hisold position of Ormond professor at the university of Melbourne. Hetook up his duties again at the beginning of 1915, but died on 18July, following an operation for appendicitis. He was married twiceand left a widow, a daughter by the first marriage, and a son bythe second. In addition to the books mentioned, Hall was the authorof two tragedies in verseAristodemus (c. 1900), andBianca Capello (1906). These are now so rare as to bepractically unprocurable. He composed many songs, three operas, themusic for productions ofAlcestis andThe TrojanWomen, and much chamber music. A symphony by him was played atthe Queen's Hall, London, in 1907 conducted by Sir Henry Wood, andan opera,Stella, was performed in Melbourne. Though notentirely uninfluenced by the work of Wagner, Brahms, and Puccini,Hall's compositions had pronounced individuality and sincerity. Itwas as a teacher, however, enthusiastic and free from pedantry, andas an inspiring orchestral conductor that Hall did his mostimportant work, and the value of his influence on the musical lifeof Melbourne can hardly be over-stated. Personally he was tall,dark, witty and humorous, intolerant of pretence and humbug, andloved by his friends.

The Age andThe Argus, Melbourne, 19 July1915; Sir Ernest Scott,A History of the University ofMelbourne; personal knowledge.

HALL, LINDSAY BERNARD (1859-1935), his first name was neverused, artist,

was born at Liverpool, England, on 28 December 1859. The son ofa Liverpool broker of the same family as Captain Basil Hall, writerof books of travel, he was well educated and grew up in anatmosphere of culture. He studied painting at South Kensington,Antwerp and Munich, and worked for some 10 years in London. Heexhibited at the Royal Academy and was one of the original membersof the New English Art Club. On the death ofG. F. Folingsby (q.v.) in 1891he was appointed director of the national gallery at Melbourne, andbegan his duties in March 1892. He held the position for 43 yearsand many of the well-known painters of Australia were trained byhim in the gallery painting school. He also acted as adviser to thetrustees for purchases for the gallery and art museum, and when themunificent bequest ofAlfredFelton (q.v.) was received his responsibilities were muchincreased. In 1905 he went to England to make purchases under thisbequest, and although the amount then placed in his hands wascomparatively small, he made better use of what was available thanany subsequent adviser of his time. After his return he wasexpected to advise on everything submitted that might find a placein an art museum and, although he never claimed to be an expert inall these things, he supplemented his knowledge with hard readingand made comparatively few mistakes.

Hall's own paintings were usually interiors, nudes, or paintingsof still life. He was often represented at the Victorian Artists'and other societies' exhibitions and held several one-man shows,but he was kept so busily employed as director and adviser, thathis paintings had to be done at week ends and during vacations. InFebruary 1934 he again went to London as adviser to the Feltontrustees and died there on 14 February 1935. He was married twice(1) in 1894 to Miss E. M. Shuter and (2) in 1912 to Miss G. H.Thomson, who with one son by the first marriage and two sons and adaughter by the second marriage, survived him.

Hall was a tall man of distinguished appearance, courteous butslightly austere in manner, with strong convictions, and littlesense of compromise. He was extremely conservative in almosteverything from his art to his politics. The only exception was hisadvocacy of the Baconian theory, afterwards modified to a firmconviction that whether Bacon had any hand in the plays or not, theauthor was not the man from Stratford. In other matters his appealwas to tradition and the expert. He was a perfectly honest man, hecould see no merit in the so-called modern school of painting andhe said so. Its followers seemed to him to violate the firstprinciples of art. His own paintings were carefully planned andalways well drawn. His colour was not always so good, and this wasespecially apparent in some of his earlier nudes. The examples ofhis work in the Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide galleries show himto have been a conscientious and excellent artist. As a teacher hissomewhat cold manner, which really came from a kind of shyness,sometimes repelled his pupils in his earlier days, but he mellowedas he grew older. There has been much difference of opinion as tothe value of his methods of teaching, but his long roll ofdistinguished pupils suggests that his insistence on sincerity,truth and good drawing, must have been of great value to them. Inany case, Hall's personality was a strong influence for the good ofart in his time.

The Argus, Melbourne, 16 February, 1935; HaroldB. Herbert,The Star, Melbourne, 16 February 1935; E. La T.Armstrong,The Argus, 23 February 1935; personalknowledge.

HALL, THOMAS SERGEANT (1858-1915), geologist,

was born at Geelong on 23 December 1858, the son of Thomas MarchHall, a business man in that town. Hall was educated at the GeelongGrammar School where he came under the influence ofJ. L. Cuthbertson (q.v.).He was a junior master at Wesley College In 1879-80, and then wentto Melbourne university, where he took his B.A. degree in 1886 withhonours in natural science. This included work in palaeontologyunder(Sir) Frederick McCoy(q.v.). He was teaching at Girton College, Bendigo, in 1887, butreturned to the university and did a three years' course inbiology. He took a leading part in the forming of the universityscience club, and in connexion with it met Dr G. B. Pritchard withwhom he was later to do valuable work in geology. He was asuccessful director of the Castlemaine school of mines from 1890 to1893, and in the latter year became lecturer in biology atMelbourne university. He held this position until his death butfound time for many other activities. In 1899 he published aCatalogue of the Scientific and Technical Periodical Literaturein the Libraries of Victoria. A second and enlarged edition, inwhich he was assisted by Mr E. R. Pitt of the public library,Melbourne, appeared in 1911. He did much valuable work for theField Naturalists' Club, the Royal Society of Victoria, and theAustralasian Association for the Advancement of Science. HisVictorian Hill and Dale, describing the geology of thecountry around Melbourne, which was brought out in 1909, is a modelbook of popular science--written without a trace of scientificjargon; there is in fact scarcely a technical term in its 150pages. He did not write a large number of papers, but his work onthe graptolite rocks of Victoria led to his being made therecipient of the Murchison fund of the Geological Society of Londonin 1901. He became ill early in 1915, but courageously carried onhis work until shortly before his death on 21 December 1915. Hemarried Miss E. L. Hill, who survived him with children. He wasgiven the honorary degree of D.Sc. by Melbourne university in1908.

Dr Hall was kindly and unselfish, a good example of thehard-working man of science, giving much time to matters ofroutine, and yet contriving to do original and important work inone or more directions. His work with Dr Pritchard on the tertiaryfossiliferous strata of Victoria, and his own work on thegraptolite rocks of Victoria give him a permanent place in thehistory of Australian geology.

W. Baldwin Spencer,Thomas Sergeant Hall,Reprint from theVictorian Naturalist, vol. 32, 1916; F.Chapman,Geological Magazine, 1916;Nature, 2 March1916; personal knowledge.

HALL, WALTER AND ELIZA, Walter Russell Hall (1831-1911), man of business, and his wife,Eliza Rowden Hall (1847-1916), public benefactor.

Walter Russell Hall was born at Kingston, Herefordshire,England, in 1831. He arrived in Sydney on 14 February 1852,practically without capital, and proceeding to the Victoriangoldfields worked for some time with little success. For a time hewas an agent for the coaching business of Cobb and Co. and aboutthe year 1857 joinedJamesRutherford (q.v.) and others in taking over this organizationin the colony of Victoria. In 1862 lines of coaches wereestablished in New South Wales, and in 1881 a limited company witha capital of £50,000 was formed for Queensland. Of this capitalRutherford supplied £10,000 and Hall £9000. Hall did muchsuccessful administrative work in connexion with Cobb and Co.,principally in New South Wales where he was in complete control,but, following the extension of the company to Queensland, hebecame largely interested in the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company,and was a director of it for the closing years of his life afterhis retirement from Cobb and Co. in 1885. He died at Sydney on 13October 1911, and was buried at the Melbourne general cemetery. Hemarried in 1874 Eliza Rowden, elder daughter of George Kirk ofSouth Yarra, who came to Melbourne in 1839, and afterwards hadpastoral interests in partnership withRichard Goldsbrough (q.v.).From the time of her marriage Mrs Hall lived at Sydney and, takinggreat interest in social work, continually gave practical evidenceof her desire to improve the conditions of people in need. In 1911Mrs Hall, who had no children, after seeking advice, decided tomake a gift of £1,000,000 to her country, to be devoted to therelief of poverty, the advancement of education, the advancement ofreligion in accordance with the tenets of the Church of England,and for the general benefit of the community. A trust was formed on24 May 1912, and it was provided that one half of the income shouldbe expended in New South Wales, one fourth in Queensland and onefourth in Victoria. It was also provided that as far aspracticable, one third of the income in each state should beexpended for the benefit of women and children. Mrs Hall was ableto see the operations of her trust for only a few years, as shedied at Sydney on 14 February 1916. She was buried beside herhusband at Melbourne.

Twenty-five years after the Walter and Eliza Hall Trust had beenestablished it was found that during that period £233,000 had beenspent on education, £181,000 on religion, £370,000 in helping womenand children and £261,ooo for general purposes. At the universitiesof Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, travelling and researchfellowships and scholarships had been established, and the Walterand Eliza Hall Institute of Research in pathology and medicine atthe Royal Melbourne hospital had proved to be an importantbenefaction, whose work had attracted grants from other trusts andindividuals. The gift made by Mrs Hall was the largest of its kindever made by any woman in the British Empire, and will remain anenduring monument to a wise and good woman. Portraits of Mr and MrsHall byF. McCubbin(q.v.) are at the national gallery, Melbourne.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 and 16 February1916;The "Walter and Eliza Hall Trust--Twenty-five Years inActive Operation; Wm Lees,A History of the Coaching Firm ofCobb and Co.;Trust Deed of the Walter and Eliza HallTrust.

HALLORAN, LAURENCE HYNES (c. 1765-1831), writer and early schoolmaster,

was born about the year 1765. He was stated to be 65 at the timeof his death on 8 March 1831. There is some disagreement about hisname theGentleman's Magazine and theBritish MuseumCalalogue both give Hynes as his second name, theAustralianEncyclopaedia gives Henry. He habitually signed letters withthe initials only. One dispatch from England calls him O'Halloran.Nothing appears to be known of his parents or of his education, buthe first came into notice by the publication of two volumes ofverse,Odes, Poems and Translations (1790), andPoems onVarious Occasions (1791), and probably about this period becamemaster of Alphington Academy near Exeter; one of his pupils wasRobert first Baron Gifford who was born in 1779. Halloranafterwards became a chaplain in the navy, and in 1805 was on theBritannia at the battle of Trafalgar. In 1811 he was rectorof the grammar school at the Cape of Good Hope and a chaplain tothe forces. He interfered in a duel between two officers and wasremoved to Simon's Town. He then resigned his position as chaplainand published a satireCap-abilities or South AfricanCharacteristics. Proceedings were taken against him and he wassentenced to be banished from the colony. Returning to England, inNovember 1818 he was charged with forging a frank worth ten-pence,pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to seven yearstransportation.

Halloran arrived in Sydney in 1819, was soon given a ticket ofleave, and established a school for "Classical, Mathematical andCommercial Education". When news of this reached London obstacleswere put in his way by the English authorities, butMacquarie (q.v.) andBrisbane (q.v.) successivelysupported him, and he established a high reputation as a teacher.In February 1827 he applied for a grant of land for a free grammarschool which he proposed to establish at Sydney. Darling was,however, less sympathetic, and Halloran had great difficulty inproviding for his family of nine children. He founded a weeklypaper, theGleaner, of which the first number appeared on 5April 1827. However, in September, an action against the paper forlibel was successful, and its last number came out on 29 September.In 1828 Darling for the sake of his children gave him the office ofcoroner but he did not keep the position long, and in the same yearwas in trouble withArchdeacon Scott (q.v.), whoobjected to Halloran's prefacing some public lectures he was givingwith part of the Anglican church service. In 1830 he established a"Memorial Office" the intention being that he should draw upstatements for people desiring to bring their grievances before thegovernment. He died at Sydney on 7 March 1831. In addition to theworks mentioned Halloran, before leaving England, published fourvolumes of poems and a play, which are listed in Serle'sBibliography of Australasian Poetry and Verse.

Halloran was a good schoolmaster who honestly endeavoured tore-establish his reputation in Sydney. It was hard on him that hispast sins were never allowed to rest. Unfortunately for himself hewas of a quarrelsome nature and owed much of his misfortune to thisthroughout his life. The statement that he had forged his clericalorders is based on a private letter from Henry Hobhouse,under-secretary of state, to Earl Bathurst. But Halloran was notcharged with this offence, and in the absence of sworn evidence itwould be unjust to assume that the statement was correct. His son,Henry Halloran, born in 1811, became a leading public servant atSydney and was created C.M.G. in 1878. He was the author of muchverse which like his father's was of only mediocre quality. He waswell-known in the literary circles of his day, and was a goodfriend toKendall(q.v.).

The Gentleman's Magazine, 1818, vol. II, p. 462,1831, vol. II, pp. 416-7, 482;Historical Records ofAustralia, ser. I, vols. X to XV; G. A. Wood,Journal andProceedings Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. VIII, pp.191-3;Debrett's Peerage, etc., 1888.

HANNAN, PATRICK (c. 1843-1925), discoverer of Kalgoorlie goldfield,

was born in County Clare, Ireland, about the year 1843. Heemigrated to Australia and arrived in Melbourne in 1863. He workedin the mines at Ballarat for some years, and in 1874 went to NewZealand. Returning to Australia in 1880 he was one of the first inthe rush at Temora, New South Wales, was afterwards prospecting inQueensland, New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia, and in1886 was in the Teetulpa rush. In 1889 he went to Western Australiaand was one of the pioneers in the Parker's Range district. Hisfortunes varied for three or four years until in June 1893, withtwo associates named Flannagan and Shea, Hannan left a party theywere with to search for a horse that had been lost. They were thenabout 50 miles north-east of Coolgardie and during the searchaccidentally came upon some nuggets. Hannan returned to Coolgardieto apply for a reward claim and the find at once became publicproperty. A large part of the population of Coolgardie immediatelyleft for the new field, which was to become the site of Kalgoorlieand the most important gold-bearing area in Western Australia.Hannan continued to prospect for some years, but eventually retiredon a pension from the Western Australia government, and spent hislast years in comfort with relations at Brunswick, a suburb ofMelbourne. He died on 4 November 1925. A friend who met him notlong before his death found him still a striking figure in his oldage, with a flowing beard and the keen alert bright eyes of theprospector. He was an exceedingly temperate man, simple in his waysand modest about his powers as a prospector. When he was remindedthat his find had probably added £100,000,000 to the wealth ofAustralia, he at once pointed out that large numbers of otherprospectors had been just as capable and worked as hard, only hehad had the good fortune to strike a permanent field.

The West Australian, 5 November 1925; J. S.Battye,Western Australia, a History.

HANSON, ALBERT J. (1866-1914), artist,

was born at Sydney in 1866. He studied at the Royal ArtSociety's school and in 1889 went to New Zealand. He founded an artschool at Dunedin but returned to Sydney after a short stay. In1892 "The Low Lispings of the Silvery Waves", a water colour, waspurchased by the Sydney gallery, and in the same year Hanson wentto London. He was elected a member of the Royal Society of BritishArtists and in 1993 his "On the New South Wales Coast near Sydney"was on the line at the Royal Academy. He returned to Sydney in1896, and in 1898 his "Pacific Beaches", an oil, was purchased forthe national gallery. In 1905 Hanson was the winner of the Wynneprize. He died in 1914. He was an able landscape painter in bothoil and water-colour and is represented in the Sydney, Adelaide,Brisbane, Geelong, Wellington, Auckland, Dunedin, and Christchurchgalleries.

W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art;TheStudio, vol. 61, p. 50.

HANSON, SIR RICHARD DAVIES (1805-1876), premier and chief-justice of South Australia,

was born at London on 6 December 1805. He was the second son ofR. Hanson, a fruit merchant and importer, and was educated at aprivate school in Cambridgeshire. In 1828 he was admitted topractise as an attorney and solicitor, and shortly afterwardsbecame a disciple ofWakefield (q.v.) in connexionwith his colonization schemes. He was again associated withWakefield as one of Lord Durham's secretaries when he went toCanada in 1838, and had a share in the preparation of the famousreport. In the house of commons in July 1839 Charles Buller, notwishing to take undeserved credit for the portion of the reportthat dealt with waste lands and emigration, said: "The merit ofthis very valuable report was due to Mr Hanson and Mr Wakefield"(R. C. Mills,The Colonization of Australia, p. 269). On thedeath of Lord Durham in 1840 Hanson emigrated to New Zealand, andat the end of 1841 was appointed crown prosecutor at Wellington. Hewent to Adelaide in 1846, practised at the bar, and also didjournalistic work. He became one of the leading barristers, and in1851 was appointed advocate-general and member of the legislativecouncil. He framed the first South Australian education act, andalso brought in the district councils act of 1852 which formed astepping stone to responsible government. He drafted the act whichbrought this about in 1856, and was attorney-general in the firstministry underFinniss(q.v.). Early in 1857 he was elected to the house of assembly asone of the representatives of the city of Adelaide. The first threeministries had a combined life of about 11 months, but in September1857 Hanson became premier and attorney-general in a ministry whichlasted until May 1860, and passed much useful legislation. Amongthe acts passed were the first patents act, an insolvency act, apartial consolidation of the criminal law, and the Torrens realproperty act, though he was at first opposed to this measure. Healso passed an act legalizing marriage with a deceased wife'ssister, the first of its kind in the Empire, but the royal assentwas refused on this occasion. In 1861 Hanson was appointed chiefjustice of South Australia, and proved to be an admirable judgewhose summings up were often masterly. It has been suggested thatat times he may have had an undue impatience of the forms and rulesof law, and that on the very few occasions in which his judgmentswere reversed by the privy council he may have been deciding as thelaw ought to have been, rather than as it was. In 1869 he visitedEngland and was knighted by Queen Victoria. He was acting-governorof South Australia from 11 December 1872 to 9 June 1873, and whenthe university of Adelaide was founded in 1874 he was appointed itsfirst chancellor. He died at Woodhouse near Mount Lofty on 4 March1876, and was survived by Lady Hanson, a son and four daughters. Inhis spare time Hanson gave much time to theological studies. Hispublications includeLaw in Nature and Other Papers (1865),The Jesus of History (1869),Letters to and from Rome(1869),The Apostle Paul, and thePreaching ofChristianity in the Primitive Church (1875).

Hanson had a calm and equable temperament, and as an advocateendeavoured to win over a jury by a clear and concise statement ofhis case, rising on occasions to eloquence if he feared someinjustice might occur. He was a fine constitutional lawyer, a goodjudge, and in politics a first rate leader of the house, whoadmirably laid the foundations of legislation in his colony. SouthAustralia owed much to his powerful intellect, and his love oftruth and justice, so often evident in his moulding of itsfuture.

The South Australian Register, 6 and 25 March1876; F. Johns,A Journalist's Jottings; Miss C. H. Spence,The Melbourne Review, October 1876; B. T. Finniss,TheConstitutional History of South Australia; E. Hodder,TheHistory of South Australia; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography.

HARFORD, LESBIA VENNER (1891-1927), poet,

daughter of E. J. and Helen Keogh, was born at Brighton, asuburb of Melbourne, on 9 April 1891. She was educated at the SacréCoeur school at Malvern, Mary's Mount school at Ballarat, and atthe university of Melbourne, where she graduated LL.B. in 1916.Becoming interested in social questions, she obtained work in aclothing factory to obtain first hand knowledge of the conditionsunder which women worked. She had begun writing verse, and in May1921Birth, a small poetry magazine published at Melbourne,gave the whole of one number to a selection from her poems. Asevere attack of rheumatic fever while a young child led to a lifeof delicate health, and her death on 5 July 1927. She married P.Harford in 1919 but had no children. In 1927 three examples of herwork were included in Serle'sAn Australasian Anthology, andin 1941 a small volumeThe Poems of Lesbia Harford,sponsored by the Commonwealth Literary Fund and published by theMelbourne University Press, revealed a poet of originality andcharm.

Nettie Palmer, Foreword,The Poems of LesbiaHarford; information from family; personalknowledge.

HARGRAVE, LAWRENCE (1850-1915), pioneer in aviation,

was born in England on 29 January 1850. He was the second son ofJohn Fletcher Hargrave (1815-1885), an English barrister, who cameto Australia in 1857, and his wife Ann Hargrave. The elder Hargravewas appointed a district court judge but resigned this position toenter parliament. He was solicitor-general in theCharles Cowper (q.v.) ministryin February 1859, held the same position in theForster (q.v.) ministry, and wasattorney-general in theRobertson (q.v.) ministry fromApril 1860 to January 1861. He was also the representative of theministry in the legislative council. In the next ministry underCowper he held the same offices from January 1861 to July 1863. Inthe fourth Cowper ministry he was solicitor-general from Februaryto June 1865, when he was appointed a puisne judge of the supremecourt. He shortly afterwards became primary judge in equity, and in1873 first judge of the divorce court. He retired in 1881 and diedat Sydney on 23 February 1885.

When his father went to Australia, Lawrence Hargrave remained inEngland to finish his education at Queen Elizabeth's GrammarSchool, Kirkby Lonsdale, in Westmoreland. He arrived in Sydney in1866, but though he had shown ability in mathematics at his Englishschool he did not enter on a university course. He obtained aposition in the drafting-room of the engineering shops of theAustralasian Steam Navigation Company and later on found theexperience of great use in constructing his models. In 1872 he wenton a voyage to New Guinea but was wrecked, and in 1875 he againsailed as an engineer on an expedition to the Gulf of Papua. FromOctober 1875 to January 1876 he was exploring the hinterland ofPort Moresby under O. C. Stone, and in April 1876 went on anotherexpedition under Luigi Maria D'Albertis for over 400 miles up theFly River. He returned to Sydney, joined the Royal Society of NewSouth Wales in 1877, and in 1878 became an assistant astronomicalobserver at Sydney observatory. He held this position for aboutfive years, retired in 1883 with a moderate competency, and gavethe rest of his life to research work. He was much interested inthe study of aviation problems and for a time gave particularattention to the flight of birds. He learnt something from this andalso from the mode of progression of the common earth-worm. He madeendless experiments and numerous models, and communicated hisconclusions in a series of papers to the Royal Society of New SouthWales. Two papers which will be found in the 1885 volume of itsJournal and Proceedings show that he was early on the roadto success. Other important papers will be found in the 1893 and1895 volumes which reported on his experiments with flying-machinemotors and cellular kites. He showed that on 12 November 1894 thesekites had lifted the weight of a man 16 feet into the air. Heclaimed that "The particular steps gained are the demonstrationthat an extremely simple apparatus can be made, carried about, andflown by one man; and that a safe means of making an ascent with aflying machine, of trying the same without any risk of accident,and descending, is now at the service of any experimenter whowishes to use it." (Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Societyof New South Wales, vol. 29, p. 47). This paper was read inJune 1895 but part of it had appeared inEngineering,London, on 15 February 1895. This was seen by A. L. Rotch of themeteorological observatory at Harvard university who constructed akite from the particulars inEngineering. A modification wasadopted by the weather bureau of the United States and the use ofbox-kites for meteorological observations became widespread. Theprinciple was applied to gliders, and in October 1906 Santos Dumontin a box-kite aeroplane made the first officially recorded flight.As late as 1909 the box-kite aeroplane was the usual type inEurope.

Hargrave had not confined himself to the problem of constructinga heavier than air machine that would fly, for he had given muchtime to the means of propulsion. In 1889 he invented a rotaryengine which appears to have attracted so little notice that itsprinciple had to be discovered over again by the brothers Seguin in1908. This form of engine was much used in early aviation until itwas superseded by later inventions. Hargrave's work like that ofmany another pioneer was not sufficiently appreciated during hislifetime. His models were offered to the premier of New South Walesas a gift to the state, and it is generally stated that the offerwas not accepted. That is not correct. It is not clear what reallyhappened, but there appears to have been delay in accepting themodels, and in the meantime they were given to some visiting Germanprofessors who handed them to the Munich museum. (See theTechnical Gazette of New South Wales, 1924, p. 46.) Hargravealso made experiments with a hydroplane, the application of thegyroscopic principle to a "one-wheeled car", and with "wavepropelled vessels". In 1915 his only son, a young engineer, waskilled at Gallipoli. It was a great blow for Hargrave who had hopedthat his son would carry on his work. He died a few weeks later on6 July 1915. He married in 1878 Margaret Preston Johnson, whosurvived him with four daughters. A memorial to his memory is to beerected at Bald Hill near Stanwell Park, New South Wales, not farfrom the beach where he made his famous ascent in a kite.

Hargrave was an excellent experimenter and his models werealways beautifully made. He had the optimism that is essential foran inventor, and the perseverance that will not allow itself to bedamped by failures. Modest, unassuming and unselfish, he alwaysrefused to patent his inventions, and was only anxious that hemight succeed in adding to the sum of human knowledge. Many mensmiled at his efforts and few had faith that anything would come ofthem. An honourable exception wasProfessor Threlfall (q.v.)who, in his presidential address to the Royal Society of New SouthWales in May 1895, spoke of his "strong conviction of theimportance of the work which Mr Hargrave has done towards solvingthe problem of artificial flight". (For a discussion on thestatement that Threlfall had called Hargrave the "inventor of humanflight" and the debt supposed to be owed by the Wright brothers toHargrave, see article by Cecil W. Salier in theAustralianQuarterly for March 1940). The step he made in man's conquestof the air was an important one with far-reaching consequences, andhe should always be remembered as a great experimenter andinventor, who "probably did as much to bring about theaccomplishment of dynamic flight as any other single individual".(Roughley'sThe Aeronautical Work of Lawrence Hargrave, p.5.)

C. W. Salier,Journal and Proceedings RoyalAustralian Historical Society, vol. XV; C. W. Salier,TheAustralian Quarterly, March 1940, reprinted as a pamphlet;Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New SouthWales, various volumes, 1884 to 1909; T. C. Roughley,TheTechnical Gazette of N.S.W., 1923-4, reprinted as a pamphlet;The Aeronautical Work of Lawrence Hargrave, bulletin No. 19,Technological Museum, Sydney, which has a list of some ofHargrave's papers;The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 February1885 and 9 July 1915.

HARGRAVES, EDWARD HAMMOND (1816-1891), one of the discoverers of gold in Australia,

third son of John Edward Hargraves, was born at Gosport,England, on 7 October 1816, and was educated at Brighton grammarschool and at Lewes. He came to New South Wales in 1832, and in thefollowing year went on a voyage to Torres Straits and the EastIndian islands, where, contracting fever, 20 out of the 27 membersof the crew died. The survivors were taken to Europe and in 1834Hargraves returned to Australia, where he worked on the land for 15years. He joined the gold rush to California in 1849 but had littlesuccess. He noticed, however, that there was a similarity betweenthe Californian gold country and land he had seen near Bathurst,and, returning to Sydney in January 1851, proceeded to the Bathurstdistrict, where with the assistance of a youth he had engaged as aguide, named J. H. A. Lister, he washed some earth, and found smallparticles of alluvial gold. He engaged another youth named JamesTom; the two assistants washed four ounces of gold, and largeramounts were found soon afterwards. Hargraves applied to thegovernment for a reward and while this was being considered he wasmade a commissioner of crown lands at a salary of twenty shillingsa day. Hargraves asked that £500 should be given him beforedisclosing the site where the gold had been found, but was told hemust trust the government. He did so and was given £500. This wasafterwards increased to £10,000 by the New South Wales government,and he was also awarded £5000 by the Victorian government in 1855.It would appear from Hargraves'sAddress to the HonourableMembers of the Legislature of Victoria, dated 1877, that heactually received only £2381 of this amount. There has been muchcontroversy as to whether Hargraves was actually the firstdiscoverer of gold in Australia. The truth appears to be thatStrzelecki (q.v.)found small quantities in 1839, andW. B. Clarke (q.v.) found goldin payable quantities in 1844, but at the request ofGovernor Gipps (q.v.) did notdisclose the fact to the public. But Hargraves, though not ascientific man, has the credit of rediscovering it, and addingenormously to the wealth of Australia. For the claims of JamesMcBrien, see tinder Strzelecki.

Hargraves examined and reported on other fields for thegovernment, but on receiving his reward resigned his position ascommissioner of crown lands, visited England, and was presented toQueen Victoria as the discoverer of gold in Australia. In 1855Hargraves publishedAustralia and its Gold Fields with a mapand a portrait of the author. He returned to Australia andsubsequently visited Western Australia at the request of thegovernment there, but was not successful in finding gold. In 1877he was given a pension of £250 a year by the New South Walesgovernment, and he died on 29 October 1891 at Sydney. He wassurvived by several sons and daughters. About the time of his deaththe claims of his assistants to have been the actual first findersof the gold in April 1851 were brought forward and a selectcommittee found in their favour (Mennell). But Hargraves, in hisbook published in 1855, stated positively that he had found gold inthe presence of Lister in February 1851, and his letter to thecolonial secretary applying for a reward is dated 3 April 1851. Thefact that the amount he found was small in comparison with the fourounces later found by Tom and Lister does not really affect theissue.

E. H. Hargraves,Australia and Its Gold Fields;The Sydney Morning Herald, 31 October 1891; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography; W. B. Clarke,Researches on the Southern Gold Fields of New South Wales,pp. 289-305.

HARPER, ANDREW (1844-1936), biblical scholar,

was born at Glasgow, Scotland, on 13 November 1844. After somepreliminary education at Glasgow Academy he came to Australia andwent to Scotch College, Melbourne. He joined the civil service, butin 1864 passed the matriculation examination of the university ofMelbourne and graduated B.A. in 1868. Going on to the university ofEdinburgh he graduated B.D. in 1872 and gained the Cunninghamfellowship. Returning to Australia he was appointed English masterat the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne, became headmasterin 1877, and in 1879 principal. He resigned at the end of 1888leaving the school with a high reputation among the secondaryschools of Victoria. In the same year he was appointed professor ofHebrew and Old Testament Exegesis at Ormond College, university ofMelbourne. He became editor ofThe Messenger of the PresbyterianChurch of Victoria in 1895, and during the following five yearscarried it on with much ability and success. In 1901 he wasappointed Hunter-Baillie professor of Hebrew and principal of StAndrew's College, university of Sydney. He resigned the office ofprincipal in 1921 and the professorship in May 1924, being then inhis eightieth year. He retired to Edinburgh where he died on 25November 1936, a few days after his ninety-second birthday. Hemarried (1) Miss Craig and (2) Barbara Rainy, daughter of Dr RobertRainy, principal of New College, Edinburgh, where Harper hadstudied for his divinity degree. She survived him with two sons andfive daughters.

Harper was a fine scholar but did not publish a great deal.The Book of Deuteronomy in theExpositer's Bibleseries, published in 1895, gave him a wide reputation, and it waseverywhere recognized as a work of great value. He also contributeda volume,The Song of Solomon, toThe Cambridge Bible forSchools and Colleges in 1902. HisThe Hon. James BalfourM.L.C., a Memoir, is an interesting record of a leadingMellbourne merchant and politician whom Harper had known for nearly50 years. A series of lectures to the Sydney University ChristianUnion was published under the titleChristian Essentials; heprinted a few pamphlets, and he also contributed the chapter on"The White Australia Policy" toAustralia, Economic andPolitical Studies, edited by Meredith Atkinson and published in1920.

Harper was a good speaker and debater who exercised muchinfluence in the Presbyterian Church in Australia, and moreespecially on the candidates for the ministry who studied underhim. He had decided convictions but could realize the difficultiesof others. Personally he was modest and thoroughly sincere, loyalto the Christian faith yet believing in scientific inquiry, a wiseand understanding mentor at a period of transition and reshaping,when many beliefs once firmly held were being attacked.

Dr G. W S. Reid,Sydney Morning Herald, 28November 1936, reprinted inThe Messenger, Melbourne, 11December 1936;The Scotsman, 26 November 1936; A. Harper,The Honourable James Balfour, M.L.C., A Memoir;AnnualReports Presbyterian Ladies College, Melbourne, 1877-88; AeneasMacdonald,One Hundred Years of Presbyterianism in Victoria;Who's Who, 1927;The Melbourne University Calendar,1867-8, 1869-70.

HARPUR, CHARLES (1813-1868), poet,

was born at Windsor, New South Wales, on 23 January 1813. Hisfather, Joseph Harpur, was the parish clerk, and master of theWindsor district school, and there the boy received his elementaryeducation. This was probably largely supplemented by private study.He followed various avocations in the bush and for some years inhis twenties held a clerical position at the post office, Sydney.In Sydney he metParkes(q.v.),D. H. Deniehy(q.v.),Robert Lowe (q.v.)and W. A. Duncan, who in 1845 published Harpur's first littlevolume,Thoughts, A Series of Sonnets, which has sincebecome very rare. Harpur had left Sydney two years before and wasfarming with a brother on the Hunter River. In 1850 he married MaryDoyle and engaged in sheep farming for some years with varyingsuccess. In 1853 he publishedThe Bushrangers: a Play in FiveActs, and other Poems. The play is a failure and contains someof Harpur's worst writing, but the volume included some of his bestpoems. In 1858 he was given the appointment of gold commissioner atAraluen with a good salary. He held the position for eight yearsand also had a farm at Eurobodalla. Harpur found, however, that hisduties prevented him from supervising the work on the farm and itbecame a bad investment. In 1866 his position was abolished at atime of retrenchment, and in March 1867 he had a great sorrow whenhis second son was killed by the accidental discharge of his owngun. Harpur never recovered from the blow. He contractedconsumption in the hard winter of 1867, and died on 10 June 1868.He was survived by his wife, two sons and two daughters. One of hisdaughters, writing many years after, mentioned that he had left hisfamily an unencumbered farm and a well-furnished comfortable home.In addition to the books mentioned, two verse pamphlets,A PoetsHome andThe Tower of a Dream, had appeared in 1862 and1865, but a collected edition of Harpur's poems was not publisheduntil 1883. The unknown editor stated that he had "had to supplythose final revisions which the author had been obliged to leaveunmade". This work does not appear to have been well done, andseveral already published poems which needed no revision were notincluded. The manuscripts of Harpur's poems are at the Mitchelllibrary, Sydney, and a portrait is in the council chamber atWindsor.

Harpur was the first Australian poet worthy of the name. He islittle read and the tendency has been to under-rate him incomparison with other writers of the nineteenth century. He mayhave been slightly influenced by Wordsworth but he is not really aderivative poet, and his best work is excellent. He is representedin several Australian anthologies.

A brother, Joseph J. Harpur, a man of considerable ability,represented Patrick's Plains in the New South Wales legislativeassembly for some years. He died on 2 May 1878.

Register of Births, St Matthew's Church, Windsor;preface to Harpur'sPoems; J. Howlett Ross in Miles'Poets and Poetry of the Century, vol. 4;The SydneyMorning Herald, 10 May 1878, 24 August 1929.

HARRIS, RICHARD DEODATUS POULETT (1817-1899), educationist,

was descended from Sir Amias Poulett, ambassador to France inthe reign of Queen Elizabeth, and afterwards keeper of Mary Queenof Scots. Harris was born on 26 October 1817 at Cape Breton Island,where his father, Captain Charles Poulett-Harris of the 60thRifles, was stationed. Educated at the Manchester Free GrammarSchool and Trinity College, Cambridge, he graduated B.A. withhonours in 1843, and M.A. in 1852. He was ordained deacon in 1847and priest in 1849 in the Church of England. He engaged in teachingand became a master at Huddersfield College in 1844, and five yearslater was appointed classics master at the Blackheath proprietaryschool. He went to Tasmania about the end of 1856 to becameheadmaster of the Hobart high school, and filled the position withmuch ability, inspiring both respect and affection from his pupils.It was at his suggestion that an act was passed in 1858 founding asystem of school examinations based on the Oxford and Cambridgelocal examinations, and also founding the Tasmanian scholarships of£200 a year tenable at English universities. He was one of theoriginal members of the council of education founded in 1859, andlong advocated the establishment of the university of Tasmania. Heresigned from his headmastership in 1885 and lived in retirementnear Hobart. When the university was founded in 1890 Harris waselected the first warden of the senate. He died at Woodbridge,Tasmania, on 23 December 1899, and was survived by his wife,several daughters and a son.

P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography;The Mercury, Hobart, 25 December 1899;TheLaunceston Examiner, 25 December 1899;Crockford's ClericalDirectory, 1899.

HARRIS, SAMUEL HARRY (1880-1936), surgeon,

son of Henry S. Harris, was born in 1880. He was educated atSydney Grammar School of which he was captain in 1900. He graduatedM.B., Ch.M. "with credit" at the university of Sydney in 1906,where he also obtained his blue for cricket. After a term asresident medical officer at Sydney hospital, he had a generalpractice at Enmore and, becoming a consultant in 1918, wasassociated with the South Sydney Women's hospital and was on thehonorary medical staff of Lewisham hospital. He had obtained thedegree of M.D. in 1914 with a thesis on the pyelitis of pregnancy.He had been much interested in gynaecology, but now began to make aspecial study of urology. At a meeting of the Australasian medicalcongress held in Dunedin, New Zealand, in March 1927 he read apaper in which he described a new method of prostatectomy. It wasat first condemned in England, but gradually gained favour inAustralia, and in 1935 Harris visited Europe determined todemonstrate the advantages of his method. He made many converts,though a writer in theLancet of 13 February 1937 would notsay more than that "the majority of British genito-urinary surgeonsare now prepared to admit that although his technique is unlikelyever to be used as a routine, it has gained an important place inprostatic surgery". Another original piece of work was hisfluoroscopic study of neuro-muscular disturbances of the kidneys.He was the author of over 40 papers, many of which appeared in theMedical Journal of Australia, theLancet, and otheroversea journals, and was a member of the editorial committee oftheAustralian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery and of theBritish Journal of Surgery. He was always glad tocommunicate his knowledge and demonstrate his methods to othermembers of his profession, and surgeons from all parts of Australiaand New Zealand came to him at Lewisham hospital. He had abrilliant and original mind, and was one of the few Australiansurgeons to gain an international reputation. He died at Sydney on25 December 1936 leaving a widow and one son.

The Medical journal of Australia, 3 April 1937;The Lancet, 13 February 1937;The Sydney MorningHerald, 28 December 1936.

HARRISON, HENRY COLDEN ANTILL (1836-1929), athlete and father of the Australian game of football,

son of John Harrison, a sea-captain who became a grazier, wasborn at Picton, New South Wales on 16 October 1836. About the endof 1837 his father decided to go to the Port Phillip district, andtook up land on the Plenty about 20 miles from Melbourne. Someyears later a move was made to about the present site of St Arnaud.About the end of 1850 Harrison's father, being broken in health,removed to Melbourne. His son had already been sent at thebeginning of the year to the Diocesan Grammar School, theforerunner of the Melbourne Grammar School. After a shortexperience on the gold-diggings, the boy entered the Victoriancustoms department at the end of 1853, and remained in it for 35years. He was transferred to the titles office in 1888 andafterwards became registrar of titles. He retired on a pension in1900 and died at Kew, a suburb of Melbourne, on 2 September 1929,having nearly reached the great age of 93. He married his cousinEmily Wills in 1864 and was survived by four daughters. Hisautobiography,The Story of an Athlete, was published in1923.

Harrison did not discover he was a good runner until he was 22years of age, but soon afterwards he became the finest amateurrunner of his period, and his matches against L. L. Mount ofBallarat caused much public interest. He does not appear to havebeen a first-rate sprinter, his time in the hundred was usuallyabout four yards over evens. His 440 yards, on a grass track of theperiod, in 50¼ seconds was, however, a fine performance. He hadalready been known for some time as a cricketer and footballer,with his cousin Tom Wills he had arranged a game of football in1856. Some 10 years later he drafted a set of rules which wereadopted at a meeting of delegates from the existing Melbournefootball clubs held on 8 May 1866. These rules have since beenmodified and extended, but the essential difference between theAustralian and the present Rugby and Association games was providedfor from the beginning. Rule 8 read: "The ball may be taken in handat any time, but not carried further than is necessary for a kick,and no player shall run with the ball unless he strikes it againstthe ground every five or six yards." Harrison was successivelycaptain of the Richmond, Melbourne and Geelong clubs, and then ofMelbourne again. He retired from football in 1872 at the age of 36.He once told the present writer that he considered that the reasonof his being able to stay so long was that he did not begin hisathletic career until he was over 20. He was elected a member ofthe committee of the Melbourne Cricket Club in 1871, and was avice-president from 1892 until his death. When the VictorianFootball Association was formed in 1877 he was electedvice-president, and in 1905 he was chairman of the first AustralianFootball Council. He was a handsome, well-built man of slightlyunder six feet, everywhere held in the highest esteem. He wasalways recognized as the "father of the Australian game offootball" which has become the most popular game of its kind inVictoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania, but isonly played to a limited extent in New South Wales andQueensland.

H. C. A. Harrison,The Story of an Athlete;The Argus, Melbourne, 3 September 1929; personalknowledge.

HARRISON, JAMES (1816-1893), journalist, and pioneer of meat preserving,

was born near Glasgow, Scotland, in 1816. He came to Australiain 1837 in charge of materials sent out by Tegg, a Cheapsidebookseller, to his son at Sydney. This was used to produce theLiterary News to which Harrison became a contributor. Hewent to Melbourne and worked forFawkner (q.v.) on thePortPhillip Patriot, and started theGeelong Advertiser in1840. He managed and edited this paper until the early sixties whenhe sold it. He had already developed an interest in refrigerationand in 1850 acquired land on the Barwon and erected an ice factory.In 1851 Glasgow and Company, brewers of Bendigo, installed arefrigerator of the Harrison type, which was the world's pioneer ofsuch machines. In March 1856 Harrison secured a patent in Englandfor the "production of cold by evaporation of volatile liquids invacuo" and in September 1857 patented an apparatus for the samepurpose. He was in England in this year, in touch withdistinguished scientists like Faraday and Tyndall, and arrangingfor the manufacture of refrigerating machines. Returning toVictoria he was elected to the legislative assembly for Geelong in1859 and sat in two parliaments. He started another paper, theGeelong Register, but sold it a year or two later, andsubsequently was on the staff of theAustralasian and editorof theAge at Melbourne. In 1873 he exhibited hisrefrigerating machine at Melbourne, and proved that mutton, beef,poultry and fish, could be preserved for long periods. In July ofthat year he sent a large shipment of frozen meat to England, buttechnical defects in the freezing chamber led to the meat goingbad, and Harrison, who must have put much money into hisinventions, was practically ruined. He went to England and livedthere for about 19 years, spending his time in scientific study andjournalism; he never entirely severed his connexion with theAge. He returned to Geelong early in 1893 bringing hisfamily with him and hoping that one of his sons, who was sufferingfrom consumption, might benefit from the change of climate. Theyoung man, however, died and was followed by his father shortlyafterwards on 3 September 1893. Harrison was married three timesand left a widow and children.

Like other inventors who have done good work Harrison died apoor man. A stone was placed over his grave in the Geelong cemeterywith the quotation "one soweth--another reapeth" engraved on it. Hewas an able journalist and his inventions had great value. Theauthors ofA History of the Frozen Meat Trade are satisfiedthat except for one invention, which apparently was neverpractically tried out, Harrison was years ahead of all hisrivals.

J. T. Critchell and J. Raymond,A History of theFrozen Meat Trade;The Age andThe Argus,Melbourne, 4 September 1893;The Geelong Advertiser, 4September 1893.

HART, JOHN (1809-1873), premier of South Australia,

was born in 1809. He went to sea, voyaged to Australia, and in1833 was in command of the schoonerElizabeth trading fromTasmania; late in that year he tookEdward Henty (q.v.) to and fromPortland Bay. In 1836 he was sent to London to purchase anothervessel, and returning in theIsabella took the first livestock from Tasmania to South Australia in 1837. On the returnvoyage theIsabella was wrecked and Hart lost everything hehad. He went to Adelaide and J. B. Hack sent him to Sydney to buy avessel in which he brought stock to Portland Bay. Some of thisstock he successfully brought overland to South Australia. He washarbour-master at Encounter Bay in 1839, and in 1843 sailed toEngland in command of theAugustus of which he wastwo-thirds owner. After one more voyage to England he gave up thesea in 1846, and settled near Adelaide, where he established largeand successful flour mills. He became interested in copper mining,and some imputations having been made of underhand dealings inconnexion with leases, challenged inquiry. A select committeecompletely exonerated Hart stating that his conduct in everyparticular had been that of a strictly honourable and uprightman.

Hart took an interest in public affairs, in 1851 was elected tothe legislative council, and in 1857 became a member for PortAdelaide in the first house of assembly. He was treasurer in theBaker ministry which lasted only a few days in August 1857, andheld the same position in theHanson (q.v.) cabinet from 30September 1857 to 12 June 1858 when he resigned. He was chiefsecretary in the short-lived firstDutton (q.v.) ministry in July1863, and was treasurer in the first and secondAyers (q.v.) ministries, and thefirstBlyth (q.v.)ministry from July 1863 to March 1865. He became premier and chiefsecretary from 23 October 1865 to 28 March 1866 and from 24September 1868 to 13 October 1868. He was premier and treasurerfrom 30 May 1870 to 10 November 1871, his last term of office, andhe died suddenly on 28 January 1873 leaving a widow and a largefamily. He was created C.M.G. in 1870.

Hart was a self-made man, shrewd and farseeing, who becamewealthy. In politics he showed the same business qualities that hadmade him successful. He was not a fluent speaker though he couldmake a vigorous speech on matters about which he felt strongly. Hewas interested in the Northern Territory and was in office when thefirst act for its settlement was passed, and he planned Goyder'ssuccessful expedition of 1868-9 for the survey of the territory. Hewas a supporter of educational reforms and was a sound and cautioustreasurer.

The South Australian Register andThe SouthAustralian Advertiser, 29 January 1873; R. D. Boys,FirstYears at Port Phillip; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography.

HARTLEY, JOHN ANDERSON (1844-1896), educationist,

son of the Rev. John Hartley, governor of the Wesleyan College,Handsworth, Birmingham, was born in Yorkshire, England, on 27August 1844. Educated at the Woodhouse Grove school near Leeds, andUniversity College, London, where he graduated B.A. in 1868 andB.Sc. in 1870, he taught for a time at his old school WoodhouseGrove, and at the Methodist College at Belfast. In 1871 he becamehead master of Prince Alfred College, Adelaide, then acomparatively new school with about 100 pupils. In three years thenumber was raised to 150 and Hartley was getting on so well withthe staff and the boys that it appeared as though the college hadfound its ideal principal. However, in 1875 Hartley resigned tobecome president of the newly-appointed council of education. Somefour years later the council was abolished, and Hartley wasappointed inspector-general of schools and permanent head of theSouth Australian education department.

Hartley immediately began remodelling the whole system. He metwith opposition from a section of the press and from teachers whoobjected to his methods, and Hartley was more pleased thanotherwise when in August 1881 a select committee was appointed togo into the questions at issue. In November of that year theinquiry was taken over by a royal commission. Much evidence wastaken and the whole question of primary education was exhaustivelyexamined. The report of the commission completely exoneratedHartley and spoke in the highest terms of his methods. Henceforthhe was completely trusted by successive ministers, the public, andhis teaching staff. It was said of him in later years that his fewopponents were people who had never met him and had little realknowledge of his methods. His first problem had been to build up asound system of primary education, but as the years went by hisefforts were given to relating this in the best possible way tosecondary education and the university. He devised the system ofjunior, senior, and advanced public examinations, and, as a memberof the council of the university of Adelaide from its beginning in1874, he gave much time to committee work and the framing of thecurriculum for degrees. He was appointed vice-chancellor in 1893and held the position until his death. He found time to take aninterest in the public service association of which he waspresident several times, he was the prime mover in organizing thepublic teachers' provident fund, and he was also associated withthe public service provident fund. In connexion with his owndepartment he edited theEducation Gazette and wasresponsible for a paper for juveniles,The Children's Hour.He died on 15 September 1896 as the result of an accident whileriding a bicycle. Before leaving for Australia he married a MissGreen who survived him. There were no children.

The death of Hartley at the comparatively early age of 52 wasfelt in South Australia to be a public calamity. His great capacityfor work, his insistence on discipline tempered by kindness, hisconsideration for others, his scholarly attainments, and hisadministrative capacity, made him a great director of education.The education system of South Australia, entirely remodelled in histime, was his monument. It was said that he had brought itsadministration to such perfection that the post of minister ofeducation became almost a sinecure. In private life Hartley wasfond of gardening, poetry and art. The Hartley studentship at theuniversity of Adelaide was founded in his memory.

The South Australian Register andTheAdelaide Advertiser, 16 September 1896; P. MennellTheDictionary of Australasian Biography.

HASWELL, WILLIAM AITCHESON (1854-1925), biologist,

was born at Gayfield House, Edinburgh, on 5 August 1854. He waseducated at the Edinburgh Institution and the Edinburgh university,where he won seven medals, and at the conclusion of his coursegained the Bell-Baxter scholarship as the most distinguishednatural science student of his year. He qualified for the M.A. andB.Sc. degrees in 1878, and immediately afterwards, for reasons ofhealth, went on a voyage to Australia. He had the advantage ofstudying zoology under Wyville Thomson, and Huxley, and geologyunder Archibald Geikie. He had also studied medicine and surgerybut abandoned them for natural science. He arrived in Sydney beforethe end of 1878 and was elected a member of the Linnean Society ofNew South Wales in April 1879, when he had already contributed fivepapers to theProceedings. He was appointed curator of theQueensland museum at Brisbane in December 1879, but towards the endof 1880 gave up this position and went to Sydney, where in 1881Sir William Macleay(q.v.) arranged for him to give a course of public lectures onzoology. He was acting-curator of the Australian museum for part of1882, and compiled aCatalogue of the Australian Stalk- andSessile-eyed Crustacea which was published in that year. In thesame year he was appointed demonstrator, and later, lecturer, inthe subjects of zoology, comparative anatomy, and histology at theuniversity of Sydney. He was much interested in the fauna of theNew South Wales coast, and especially in the Crustacea Annelida andBryozoa, but also did other work covering a wide field. When theChallis professorship of biology was founded in 1889, Haswell wasgiven the position and held it until its division in 1913. In 1893he published in theMacleay Memorial Volume "A Monograph ofthe Temnocephaleae", a group which retained his interest for theremainder of his life. In January 1898 appearedA Text-book ofZoology written in conjunction with T. Jeffery Parker of theuniversity of Otago, New Zealand, which, in spite of its nearly1500 pages, was described by the authors as being "strictly adaptedto the needs of the beginner". On account of Parker's death thesecond edition of this standard text-book, which appeared in 1910,was prepared by Haswell, as was also the edition which came out inJanuary 1922. He also published aManual of Zoology in 1899which was reprinted in 1908. In 1913 a chair of botany was createdat the university of Sydney and Haswell became professor ofzoology. He resigned his office at the end of 1917 and wasappointed professor emeritus. He continued doing research workuntil shortly before his death at Sydney on 24 January 1925. Hemarried in 1894 Josephine Gordon, daughter of W. G. Rich, whosurvived him with a daughter. He was elected a fellow of the RoyalSociety, London, in 1897. In 1915 the Royal Society of New SouthWales awarded him the Clarke medal. In addition to the worksalready mentioned Haswell contributed a large number of papers toscientific journals. No fewer than 74 of these were published intheProceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.He was a member of the council of this society from 1881 until hisdeath, and was its president for the years 1891-2 and 1892-3. Hewas also a trustee of the Australian museum for 33 years.

Haswell was shy and unassuming, but a loyal and warm-heartedfriend, with a quiet sense of humour and much appreciation of agood story. On vacation he was fond of fly-fishing and golf, butgenerally he was an unceasing worker, collecting himself thematerials for his researches, and making his own drawings.TheText-Book of Zoology in which he had so large a share was anexcellent piece of work, clearly written and concise, a remarkablepiece of scholarship which in its own way could hardly have beenexcelled. Many generations of students in Great Britain, Americaand Australia, laid the foundations of their knowledge of zoologyon this book. He was himself a good and sound teacher, and at thetime of his death, in four out of the six universities ofAustralia, the chair of zoology or biology was held by one of hisformer students.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New SouthWales, 1925, p. V;Journal and Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of New South Wales, 1925, p. 5;Proceedings of theRoyal Society of London, Series B. vol. XCVII, p. XII;Calendars of the University of Sydney, 1914-18;TheSydney Morning Herald, 26 January 1925.

HAWDON, JOSEPH (1813-1871), pioneer, [ also refer toJoseph HAWDON page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

son of John Hawdon, was born at Walkerfield, Durham, England, in1813. He arrived in Sydney in November 1834, and in 1836 with J.Gardiner made an overland journey to Melbourne with cattle, thefirst to come from New South Wales. He returned to Sydney but cameto Melbourne again in 1837, and in August took up land near thepresent site of Dandenong. About the end of that year thenewly-established South Australian settlement was threatened withfamine, and Hawdon, who had returned to New South Wales, withCharles Bonney, drove 300 head of cattle from the Goulburn districtto Adelaide, where they arrived on 3 April 1838.Sturt (q.v.) in an officialreport made in August 1838 said of this journey: "Messrs Hawdon andBonney could not have taken a more direct line or shortened thejourney more wisely". Hawdon also became the official mailcontractor between Melbourne and Yass at the beginning of 1838. Hemade his headquarters at or near Melbourne for many years, and wasone of the directors of the Pastoral and Agricultural Society whenit was formed in 1840, and a member of the committee of theVictorian Horticultural Society which was inaugurated in November1848. He had a property at Heidelberg and in August 1851 discovereda few grains of gold near the Yarra River. Going afterwards to NewZealand Hawdon took up land between Christchurch and Westland, andafterwards spent some years in England. He returned to New Zealand,was nominated to the New Zealand legislative council in 1866, anddied at Christchurch on 12 April 1871. He married in 1842 Emma,daughter of W. Outhwaite. An elder brother, John Hawdon, born on 29June 1801, came to Sydney in 1828 and held land in various parts ofNew South Wales. He was associated with his brother in overlandingand in connexion with mail contracts. He died on 28 October1886.

Kenyon papers at P. L. [Public Library?] Melbourne;The Cyclopedia of New Zealand, vol. 3; J. Blacket,TheEarly History of South Australia, which quotes Hawdon'sjournal, this journal was also reprinted in theMurrayPioneer early in 1938; Mrs N. G. Sturt,Life of CharlesSturt; E. Finn,The Chronicles of Early Melbourne, pp.57, 427, 429, 800; J. H. Heaton,Australian Dictionary ofDates; G. H. Scholefield,A Dictionary of New ZealandBiography.

HAWKER, GEORGE CHARLES (1818-1895), pioneer and politician,

was the second son of Admiral Edward Hawker, and was born atLondon on 21 September 1818. He was educated partly on thecontinent, and entered Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1836. Hequalified for his B.A. degree in 1840, and towards the end of thatyear went to South Australia. He had some capital to start with,and after trying two sites which were found to have insufficientwater, established a sheep station some distance to the north ofAdelaide, afterwards known as Bungaree. He had two brothers withhim at first and all three soon adapted themselves to pioneerconditions; some of the early station buildings in fact were put upwith their own hands. In 1841 they were members of a party of 10that went out to reclaim a large number of sheep that had falleninto the hands of the aborigines. The aborigines heavilyoutnumbered them and they were fortunate in escaping with the lossof one horse with one member of their party wounded. Hawkereventually bought out his brothers and extended his land until hehad some 80,000 acres. Much attention was paid to the breeding ofhis sheep, and his wool gained a high reputation.

In January 1858 Hawker entered the South Australian house ofassembly as member for the district of Victoria, and in April 1860,though a comparatively young man and opposed byB. T. Finniss (q.v.) andF. S. Dutton (q.v.), was electedspeaker. He was successful in this position carrying out its dutieswith tact and dignity, and showing a good knowledge ofparliamentary practice. He retired from parliament in 1865, went toEngland with his family, and did not return until 1874. He againentered parliament and, except for a few months, was a member untilhis death. He was twice asked to form a ministry and declined oneach occasion, but several times held office. He was treasurer inthe thirdBlyth (q.v.)ministry for a few days in 1875, and chief secretary in the secondBoucaut (q.v.)ministry from March to June 1876. He was commissioner of publicworks in the third Boucaut ministry from October 1877 to September1878, and held the same position in theMorgan (q.v.) ministry untilJune 1881. In 1889 he visited India to inquire into the irrigationquestion, and on his return wrote a series of articles on thissubject which appeared in theSouth Australian Register. Hedied on 21 May 1895; if he had lived a few days longer he wouldhave been created K.C.M.G. He married in December 1845 Bessie,daughter of Henry Seymour, who survived him with six sons and sixdaughters.

Hawker held a leading position as a citizen of South Australia.Wealthy, and a good employer, he was much interested in the everyday life of the colony, a follower of cricket, racing, andcoursing, a supporter of the Agricultural and HorticulturalSociety, and the Zoological Society. He was much respected inparliament through his long career of 26 years. In his earlier daysa first rate speaker who sometimes rose to eloquence, Hawker as anold man contented himself with short speeches, which were, however,much to the point. He showed distinct administrative ability duringhis term as commissioner of public works.

Of Hawker's sons, Edward William Hawker, born in 1850, was forseveral years during his father's lifetime a member of the SouthAustralian house of assembly. A man of wide education he took muchinterest in educational and public institutions. A grandson,Charles Allan Seymour Hawker, born in 1894, was a South Australianmember of the Commonwealth house of representatives from 1929 to1938, was minister for markets and repatriation from January toApril 1932 and minister for commerce until September 1932. He diedon 24 October 1938.

The South Australian Register andTheAdvertiser, Adelaide, 22 May 1895;Admissions to TrinityCollege, Cambridge, 1801-50;Commonwealth ParliamentaryHandbook, 1938;Who's Who in Australia, 1941,Obituary.

HAWKER, HARRY GEORGE (1889-1921), aviator,

was born at Moorabbin, Melbourne, Victoria, on 22 January 1889.His father, George Hawker, was a blacksmith who was also a finerifle shot. Harry Hawker was educated at Melbourne suburban stateschools, and at a very early age began to work in the business ofHall and Warden, motor and bicycle agents. He afterwards joined theTarrant Motor Company, became a good mechanic, and then, tempted bythe fact that he was to have a workshop of his own, entered theemployment of Mr de Little at Caramut. In 1911, having saved alittle money, he went to England with the ambition of learning tofly. With much difficulty he obtained work in motor companies at alow rate of pay, but he gained great experience with the differenttypes of motors, and at the end of June 1912 obtained an engagementwith the Sopwith Company at £2 a week. He soon learned to fly,obtained his aviator's certificate, and then became an instructor.A few months later, on 24 October, he made a British record thatstood for several years, by making a flight lasting eight hourstwenty-three minutes. On 31 May 1913 he broke the British heightrecord by reaching 11,450 feet, and six weeks later won theMortimer Singer £500 prize, the conditions being that he was tomake six out and home five mile flights to one mile out at sea,landing alternately on water and land. On 25 August 1913 Hawkerstarted on a flight round Great Britain with a call at Ireland. Onthe third day after passing round Scotland engine trouble led tohis descending a few miles short of Dublin. When the machineside-slipped into the water his companion, Kauper, had his armbroken, but Hawker escaped unhurt. They had travelled 1043 miles inunder 56 hours, the actual flying time being 21 hours 44 minutes, aworld's record for a seaplane in those days. Towards the end of theyear Hawker designed the Sopwith Tabloid biplane, a small machinecapable of performing all kinds of evolutions, and with the highspeed for the period of 90 miles an hour. He took this machine toAustralia and made successful exhibition flights early in 1914 atMelbourne and Sydney. Returning, to England he arrived there inJune.

When the 1914-18 war began Hawker enlisted in the Royal NavalAir Service, but was retained by the authorities and employedtesting various types of machines. Altogether he tested 295machines and made many suggestions for their improvement. In March1919 he went to Newfoundland to attempt a flight across theAtlantic, but bad weather prevented a start being made until 18May. Hawker was accompanied by Lieut.-commander C. Mackenzie Grieveand soon after the start strong northerly gales began to blow themoff their course; there was no visibility, and it was some timebefore they discovered that they were 150 miles south of theirintended course. Radiator troubles developed and the aviators wereobliged to come down below the clouds and look for a ship. Theyfortunately found theMary, a Danish tramp, and making asuccessful landing on the sea, a boat was sent to them and theywere rescued. There was no wireless on theMary and six dayspassed before she was able to communicate with land. In themeantime the fliers had been given up for lost and the news oftheir rescue was received with much enthusiasm. Both men werepersonally congratulated by King George V and given the Air ForceCross, and theDaily Mail gave them a cheque for £5000.

In 1920 Hawker took up motor-racing with success, but in Julywas again in the air. He was not, however, in good health and wasreceiving treatment for his back. In November the H. G. HawkerEngineering Company was formed and Hawker showed ability as adesigning engineer, especially in connexion with his streamlinedracing car, the "first 100 miles an hour light car". He had agreedto pilot a Nieuport Goshawk biplane in the aerial Derby to be heldon 16 July 1921, but on 12 July his machine took fire while on apractice flight and he was killed. He married in September 1917Muriel Peaty who survived him with two daughters.

Hawker was a sturdily built man of medium height, a teetotallerand non-smoker, always cheerful and completely modest. He was aremarkably fine mechanic and a great pilot, possibly the greatestof his period. He had several serious accidents over and over againescaping with comparatively little injury. But these accidents werenot the result of any carelessness or incompetence. It was stillearly days in the history of aviation when Hawker first appeared,and his business was to test the capabilities of the machines ofthe period. He was fearless as a pilot, constantly inventing newfeats, and his experience and mechanical knowledge had an importantinfluence on the early development of flying.

Muriel Hawker,H. G. Hawker, Airman; Hawker andGrieve,Our Atlantic Attempt;The Times 13 and 14July 1921;The Argus, Melbourne, 14 July 1921.

HAY, SIR JOHN (1816-1892), politician,

son of John Hay, was born at Little Ythsie, Aberdeenshire,Scotland, on 23 June 1816. He graduated with honours at theuniversity of Aberdeen in 1834, and then studied law at Edinburgh.Coming to Sydney in 1838 he took up land in the Murrumbidgeedistrict and became a successful squatter. Early in 1856 he waselected member for Murrumbidgee in the legislative assembly, and inthe following September moved a vote of no-confidence in theCowper (q.v.) ministry,which was carried. Hay recommended to governorDenison (q.v.) that H. W. Parkershould be asked to form a coalition ministry in which Hay wassecretary for lands and works. This ministry was defeated inSeptember 1857 and Hay did not again hold office. In June 1860 hemoved that negotiations should be opened up with Victoria for thepurpose of establishing a uniformity of customs duties. This wouldhave been a valuable step towards a federation system, but hismotion was defeated. On 14 October 1862 Hay was unanimously electedspeaker of the legislative assembly, but three years later, findinghis health had been affected, he resigned this position. In June1867 he was nominated a member of the legislative council and inJuly 1873 was appointed its president. He held this position untilhis death on 20 January 1892. He married in 1838 Mary, daughter ofJames Chalmers, who survived him for only a few days. He had nochildren. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1878.

Hay was not a party man but he had knowledge and wisdom, andthough he originated little he was a good speaker and debater whohad no little influence on the legislation of his time. He had astrong sense of justice, much kindliness and courtesy, and carriedout his duties as speaker of the assembly and president of thecouncil with great ability.

J. H. Heaton,The Australian Dictionary ofDates;The Sydney Morning Herald, 21 January 1892;Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1891;Official History of NewSouth Wales; Sir Henry Parkes,Fifty Years of AustralianHistory.

HAYES, SIR HENRY BROWNE (c. 1761-1832), adventurer,

was born in Ireland in 1761 or early in 1762. He was admitted afreeman of the city of Cork in November 1782, was one of thesheriffs in 1790, and in that year was knighted. In July 1797 hebecame acquainted with Miss Mary Pike, heiress to over £20,000, andon 22 July abducted her and took her to his house. In spite of MissPike's protestations a man dressed as a priest was brought in whowent through a form of a marriage ceremony. Miss Pike refused toconsider it a marriage, and was eventually rescued by her friends.Hayes fled, and a reward of £1000 was offered for his apprehension.He was not found until some two years later, when he walked intothe shop of an old follower of the family and suggested that hemight as well get the reward. The trial which did not begin untilApril 1801 created much interest. Hayes was found guilty andrecommended to mercy. At first condemned to death his sentence wascommuted to transportation for life, and, sailing on theAtlas, Hayes arrived at Sydney on 6 July 1802. He was nevershort of money and had lightened the privations of the voyage bypaying the captain a considerable sum so that he might mess withhim. Unfortunately for himself he quarrelled with Surgeon Jamisonwho was on the same vessel, and when Hayes arrived he was sentencedto six months imprisonment "for his threatening and improperconduct". He made himself a nuisance toGovernor King (q.v.) by consortingwith the wilder spirits among the Irish convicts, and by trying toform a freemason's lodge after permission to hold a meeting forthis purpose had been refused. King called him "a restless,troublesome character". In 1803 he purchased a property near thecity and called it Vaucluse. This afterwards belonged toWentworth (q.v.). There issome warrant for the story that Hayes surrounded his property withturf from Ireland to keep out the snakes. When the troubles betweenthe military andBligh(q.v.) began, Hayes took the side of the governor and was sent tothe coal mines at Newcastle. Bligh would have pardoned him if hecould have obtained possession of the great seal, and afterMacquarie came Hayes was pardoned in 1812. He then sailed to Europein the same vessel withJoseph Holt (q.v.); aninteresting account of their shipwreck will be found in theMemoirs of Joseph Holt. Hayes lived in retirement in Ireland for nearly 20 years, and died about the end of April or thebeginning of May 1832 aged 70 years. He was buried in the crypt ofChrist Church, Cork.

C. H. Bertie,Journal and Proceedings RoyalAustralian Historical Society, vol. III, pp. 507, 530; PhilipH. Morton,ibid, vol. XV, pp. 334-63;Historical Recordsof Australia, ser. I, vols. III to VII; T. Crofton Croker,Memoirs of Joseph Holt, vol. II;The Gentleman'sMagazine, May 1832, p. 478.

HAYTER, HENRY HEYLYN (1821-1895), statistician,

son of Henry Hayter, was born at Edenvale, Wiltshire, England,in October 1821. He was educated at the Charterhouse and at Paris,and came to Victoria in December 1852. He joined the Victorianregistrar-general's department in 1857 and gave particularattention to the statistics of the colony. He was appointedsecretary to a royal commission to inquire into the working of thepublic service of Victoria in 1870, and in May 1874 he wasappointed government statist in charge of a separate department. In1875 a conference of Australian statisticians met at Hobart, andconsidered the establishment of uniform methods of dealing withofficial statistics. In most cases it was decided to adopt thoseused by Hayter. In 1879 he went to England as secretary to theBerry (q.v.) andPearson (q.v.) missionto London, and twice gave evidence to a committee of the house ofcommons which was considering the re-organizing of the system ofcollecting British statistics. In 1888 Hayter was president of thesection dealing with economic and social science and statistics atthe first meeting of the Australasian Association for theAdvancement of Science, and in his presidential address pointed outthe necessity for more complete uniformity of methods in thedifferent colonies. He had conducted the census in Victoria in 1871and 1881, and had found that a departure by any one colony from theestablished practice of the others made it quite impossible to dealwith some statistics for the whole of Australia. He had intendedretiring in 1890 but at the request of the government conducted the1891 census. He died at Melbourne on 23 March 1895. He married in1855 Susan, daughter of William Dodd, who survived him with oneson. He was created C.M.G. in 1882.

Hayter was the author ofNotes of a Tour in New Zealand(1874),Notes on the Colony of Victoria (1875),AHandbook to the Colony of Victoria (1884), and variousstatistical pamphlets. He also published in verseCarboona, AChapter from the Early History of Victoria (1885), andMyChristmas Adventure, Carboona, and other Poems (1887), butthese have no value as poetry. His work as government statisticianof Victoria was of the highest value. In 1874 he publishedTheVictorian Year-Book for 1873, the first of a series of 20annual volumes. In these books Hayter treated statistics so thatthey could be understood and read with interest by the ordinaryman. His methods had much effect throughout Australia and drewcommendations from many parts of the world.

Men of the Time in Australia, 1878; D. Blair,Cyclopedia of Australasia;The Argus, Melbourne, 25March 1895; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

HEAD, FREDERICK WALDEGRAVE (1874-1941), anglican archbishop of Melbourne,

son of the Rev. Canon George Frederick Head, was born in Londonon 18 April 1874. Educated at Repton School and Emmanuel College,Cambridge, he graduated B.A. with first class honours in history in1896, M.A. in 1900, and B.D. in 1929. He was ordained deacon in1902 and priest in 1903, was dean and tutor of Emmanuel College1903-7, and senior tutor and chaplain of Emmanuel College from 1907to 1921. During the 1914-18 war he was senior chaplain to theguards division and was awarded the military cross with bar. He wasvicar of Christ Church, East Greenwich from 1922 to 1926, chaplainto King George V from 1922 to 1929, and canon and sub-dean ofLiverpool cathedral from 1926 to 1929. In September 1929 heaccepted the archbishopric of Melbourne, was consecrated inWestminster Abbey on 1 November, and enthroned in St Paul'sCathedral, Melbourne on 23 December.

In Melbourne, Head soon made himself acquainted with the variousparishes and clergy. He found a diocese that already had manycommitments in connexion with church schools and social work, andthe financial depression which began just about the time of hisarrival made a strong forward policy inopportune. He interestedhimself in the question of the re-union of the Christian churches,and in the holding together of his own diocese by preaching peaceand goodwill to all, and setting a personal example of plain livingand high thinking. At one period he voluntarily gave up a quarterof his stipend, and refused to countenance any expenditure whichmight lighten his own burden of work. If it was possible to help aparish by attending some function or service he made it his duty tobe there, and his relations with his clergy were of thefriendliest. From 1933 he was chaplain general to the Commonwealthmilitary forces. Tactful, unassuming, and completely modest,scholarly and hard-working, much interested in social questions,Head was a steady influence for good in Melbourne. On 7 December1941 while travelling to a confirmation service his car, which hewas driving himself, ran into a post, and he died from his injurieson 18 December. He married in 1904 Edith Mary Colman, who survivedhim with one son. He was the author ofThe Fallen Stuarts,published in 1901, andSix Great Anglicans, which appearedin 1929.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 19December 1941;The Herald, Melbourne, 19 December 1941;The Church of England Messenger, 22 December 1941; Edith M.Head,F. W. Head, A Sketch for Those Who LovedHim.

HEALES, RICHARD (c. 1822-1864), premier of Victoria,

son of an ironmonger, was born at London and came to Melbournewith his father in 1842. The year of his birth is sometimes givenas 1823, but as his death notice stated that he was 42 years of agein June 1864, he probably was born in either the second half of1821 or the first half of 1822. Heales had learned the trade ofcoachbuilder, but in his early days in Victoria he sufferedprivations, and was obliged at times to work as a day labourer atsix shillings a day. He was a teetotaller and first came intonotice as a lecturer on total abstinence; it was largely throughhis exertions that the Temperance Hall in Russell-street,Melbourne, was built. By 1850 Heales's financial position had muchimproved, he had opened a business for himself, and being of asaving disposition had now a private income. He was elected to theMelbourne city council in 1850, in 1852 took a trip to England tosee his friends, and was away for about two years. He Was back inMelbourne early in 1855, and at the first general election underthe new constitution, held in September 1856, was defeated for aMelbourne seat in the legislative assembly. He was, however,returned for East Bourke early in 1857. In 1859 he was elected forEast Bourke boroughs, and held this seat for the rest of his life.In October 1860 Heales was a vigorous critic of the land billbrought in by theNicholson (q.v.) ministry, andon the defeat of this ministry became premier on 26 November 1860.Heales advocated a land policy allowing free selection beforesurvey with payments extended over a long term, but in June 1861 hewas defeated on a no-confidence motion. An appeal to the countrybrought the government back with an increased majority, but therewas a defection of some of his leading supporters, and he resignedin November 1861. In opposition he showed considerableparliamentary ability' and in spite of the government succeeded inpassing the common schools act. When the thirdO'Shanassy (q.v.) ministrywas defeated in June 1863, Heales became president of the board ofland and works and commissioner of crown lands and survey in thefirstMcCulloch (q.v.)ministry. He brought in two land bills, both of which were rejectedby the legislative council, and it is probable that hard work andanxiety were partly responsible for his falling into ill health. Hedied on 19 June 1864. He married when very young, and left a widowand eight children.

Heales had been a working man himself, and when premier, showedsolicitude for the mining population and the position of thelabouring classes generally. His earnestness and sincerity broughthim many friends and admirers, and his early death robbed the stateof an honest and able man whose short political career was ofunusual promise.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 20 June1864; H. G. Turner,A History of the Colony ofVictoria.

HEARN, WILLIAM EDWARD (1826-1888), jurist and economist,

son of the Rev. W. E. Hearn, was born at Belturbet, Cavan,Ireland, on 21 April 1826. He was educated at the Royal School ofEnniskillen and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated asfirst senior moderator in classics. He studied law, was admitted tothe Irish bar, and subsequently obtained the degree of LL.D. ofTrinity College. In 1849 he became professor of Greek at Queen'sCollege, Galway, and in 1854 was appointed professor of modernhistory, modern literature, logic and political economy, in thenewly established university of Melbourne. He had alreadypublished, in 1851,The Cassell Prize Essay on the Condition ofIreland. It was one of the conditions of the competition thatthe social conditions of Ireland must be discussed, and as Hearnwas only 25 when he won the prize of 200 guineas, his studies forit may have had no little influence in forming the bent of hismind. He arrived in Melbourne early in 1855. The title of hisprofessorship suggests an impossible task, but for many years thestudents were few in number, and before the numbers increased toany extent the title had been altered to professor of history andpolitical economy. In 1859 he was a candidate for a seat in theVictorian legislative assembly and was defeated. There was nothingin the conditions of his appointment to prevent him from standing,and there were several precedents in Great Britain. But the councilof the university became alarmed, probably because it wasprincipally dependent for its existence on its government grant,and feared that Hearn's political activities might prejudice theinterests of the university. A statute was then passed providingthat professors could not sit in parliament or become members of apolitical association. Hearn accepted the position in the meantime,and in 1863 published an important work,Plutology: or theTheory of the Efforts to Satisfy Human Wants, which wasreprinted in 1878 and 1889. His next volumeThe Government ofEngland, its Structure and its Development was published in1867. Of this book Hearn said, "It is no part of my present designto inquire whether on grounds of political convenience or otherwiseany alteration in our constitutional system should be adopted . . .I seek only to ascertain what the constitution of England now is,and how it became what it is."

In 1873 it was decided to establish a law school at theuniversity and Hearn was appointed dean of the faculty of law. Thewording of the statute provided that the dean if not a professorshould be a member of the professorial board, and should hold theoffice by the same tenure and receive the same emoluments as aprofessor. Hearn then resigned his professorship of history, andwas henceforth known as Dr Hearn. At the general election held in1874 he again stood for parliament and was again defeated. However,in 1878 he was elected a member of the legislative council for theCentral Province by a large majority and held this seat until hisdeath. In the same year he publishedThe Aryan Household, itsStructure and its Development. An Introduction to ComparativeJurisprudence, in which his wide knowledge and reading had fullscope. He was busy in many directions, writing frequently for theMelbourneArgus andAustralasian, and interestinghimself in the government of the Church of England in which he waschancellor of the diocese. He took a full share in theadministration of the university, he was warden of the senate from1868 to 1875, and a member of the council from 1881 to 1886, in Mayof which year he was elected chancellor. He had been an ablefighter both on committees and on the council, and when his tenureas a councillor expired in November his opponents organized andsucceeded in defeating him at the election by a few votes, and heautomatically ceased to be chancellor. In the legislative councilHearn was elected unofficial leader of the house and did much workin examining the various bills brought forward, and also inpreparing a draft code of the Victorian statutes, which was broughtbefore parliament in 1885 and referred to a joint committee of bothhouses. It was submitted to various legal authorities who gavevarying views on it, but the result was that codification wasabandoned for consolidation of the statutes. Hearn's last bookThe Theory of Legal Duties and Rights an Introduction toAnalytical Jurisprudence was published in 1885, and he was madea Q.C. in 1886, but he practised little. His health began to failin 1887 and he died at Melbourne on 23 April 1888. He was twicemarried (1) to Rose, daughter of the Rev. W. J. H. Lefanu and (2)to Isabel, daughter of Major W. G. St Clair who survived him. Healso left a son and three daughters. In addition to the booksmentioned he published a few pamphlets.

Hearn was a genial, friendly man much liked by his students.When lecturing he would bring in comic illustrations and humorousanecdotes which helped to lighten difficult subjects; but theatmosphere was one of hard work, and the lecturer was so evidentlydevoted to intellectual truth, and so brimful of knowledge, that hecould not fail to have a great influence on his students. There wasa classical clearness of style in his writings which helped tocarry on the tradition; one of the greatest jurists in Australia,who was a student at Melbourne long afterwards, has testified that"the influence of his teachings in Australia has been immense" (SirOwen Dixon quoted by Copland). If Hearn had been a professor inEngland rather than in Australia, he would no doubt have had awider reputation, but to have influenced economists like Marshalland Jevons, and to have been praised by historians such as Sir JohnMarriott and Professor Dicey is a sufficient reward, and no one cansay how much his influence has been further extended by the work ofmen like these who have so freely acknowledged their debt tohim.

The Argus, Melbourne, 24 April 1888;TheAge, Melbourne, 24 April 1888; D. B. Copland,W. E. Hearn:First Australian Economist; Sir Ernest Scott,A History ofthe University of Melbourne;Palgrave's Dictionary ofPolitical Economy, vol. II;Journal of ComparativeLegislation, 1934, pp. 184-5.

HEATON, SIR JOHN HENNIKER (1848-1914), postal reformer,

only son of Lieut.colonel John Heaton and his wife, originallyElizabeth Anne Henniker, was born at Rochester, Kent, England, on18 May 1848. He was educated at Kent House School, Rochester, andKing's College, London, and at 16 years of age went to Australia.He found employment at first as a station hand and then joined thestaff of theMercury, Parramatta. He had further experienceas editor of thePenny Post, Goulburn, and theTimes,Parramatta, before joining theAustralian Town and CountryJournal at Sydney about the year 1871. On this paper he cameunder the influence of the proprietor Samuel Bennett, "the bestfriend I ever had" Heaton called him, and on 16 July 1873 marriedhis daughter Rose. In 1879 he publishedThe AustralianDictionary of Dates and Men of the Time, the first Australianbook of reference of real importance, and a conscientious andgenerally sound piece of work. In 1882 he stood for parliament forthe electorate of Young, and was defeated by a few votes. In thefollowing year he went to England and represented New South Walesas a commissioner at the Amsterdam exhibition. He also representedTasmania at the international telegraphic conference held atBerlin, and made his first mark as a reformer by obtaining areduction in the cost of cable messages to Australia. He settled inLondon in 1884 and at the general election held in 1885 wasreturned as conservative member for Canterbury. He held this seatfor 25 years, and became well-known in the house of commons for thespecial interest he showed in postal questions. In 1886 he moved aresolution inviting the government to negotiate with othergovernments with a view to the establishment of universal pennypostage. It was defeated, but he succeeded in 1890 in obtaining areduction in the rate between Great Britain and Australia totwopence halfpenny. In 1898 Imperial penny postage came in exceptfor Australia and New Zealand, who would not agree to it until1905. It was extended to America in 1908 but still Heaton was notcontent, and to the end of his days continued to advocate itsextension to other countries. His interest, however, did not onlylie in the obtaining of reductions in the cost of postage. He wasable to point out to the postmaster-general various methods ofsaving costs, and as a result of his efforts considerable savingswere made. Heaton made several visits to Australia where he hadland and newspaper interests, and began to be recognized as itsunofficial member in the house of commons. He several times refuseda knighthood, but valued very much the bestowal of the freedom ofthe cities of London and of Canterbury in 1899. In 1912 while on avisit to Australia he was made a baronet, and on his return he waspublicly welcomed at the Guildhall and given an illuminated albumcontaining over a thousand signatures of well-known men. Thepostmaster-general, who could not be present, mentioned that in1910 Heaton on his sixty-second birthday had sent him a list of 62desirable postal reforms, several of which had already been carriedinto effect. In August 1914 he became seriously ill whiletravelling on the continent and died at Geneva on 8 September 1914.Lady Heaton survived him and his son John became 2nd baronet. HisLife and Letters by his daughter, Mrs Adrian Porter, waspublished in 1916.

Heaton was an amiable man with the gift of persistency. He hadno special ability as a speaker but, specializing in everythingrelating to the postal department, he became a formidable critic,and brought about many reforms not only by reducing postage ratesbut in connexion with parcels post, telegrams, the telephone, andmoney orders. Underlying all his work was the feeling that theremoval of obstacles to communications between different parts ofthe world would lead to better knowledge and better feeling betweennations.

Mrs Adrian Porter,The Life and Letters of Sir JohnHenniker Heaton Bt.;The Times, 9 September1914.

HEBBLETHWAITE, JAMES (1857-1921), poet,

was born at Preston, England, in 1857. His family was originallyprosperous but met with heavy financial losses, and Hebblethwaitepractically educated himself by gaining scholarships. He was at StJohn's College, Battersea, London in 1877-8, and entering on ateaching life became headmaster of a board school, and lecturer inEnglish at the Harris Institute, Preston. In 1892 he emigrated toTasmania for health reasons, and obtained a position on the staffof the Friends' School, Hobart. In 1896 a little volume,Verses, was published at Hobart. About this time he enteredthe Congregational ministry, and in 1899 was principal of Queen'sCollege, Latrobe, Tasmania. In 1900A Rose of Regret waspublished. He was ordained as a deacon in the Church of England in1903 and in 1904 became a priest. He was vicar of George Town,Tasmania, from 1905 to 1908, Swansea from 1908 to 1909, andD'entrecasteaux Channel from 1909 to 1916, when he retired. Anothervolume,Meadow and Bush, had appeared in 1911, and acollected edition of his poems in 1920.New Poems waspublished in 1921 and he died in that year. In addition to hispoetry he wrote a novel,Castle Hill, published in Englandin 1895. He was twice married and left a widow and one son.

Hebblethwaite was a man of charming personality. Apparentlyimmersed in a world of dreams, he never allowed himself to neglecthis work as a parish clergyman. He was interested in his young menand their sports, and his own simple and sincere piety earned himmuch respect and affection. As a writer of lyrical poems he has asecure place among the Australian poets of his time.

A. G. Stephens, Note toA Rose of Regret;Crockford'sClerical Directory, 1921; privateinformation.

HEDLEY, CHARLES (1862-1926), naturalist,

son of the Rev. Canon T. Hedley, was born at the vicarage,Masham, Yorkshire, on 27 February 1862. On account of delicatehealth he had only two years at Eastbourne College, but hiseducation was continued by his father, a fellow of Trinity College,Cambridge. While wintering in the south of France he metGeorge French Angas (q.v.) who gavehim a letter of introduction toDr G. Bennett (q.v.) ofSydney. In 1881 Hedley went to New Zealand and in September 1882 toSydney. He was suffering from asthma and after trying the dryinterior found he was in better health when near the sea. He tookup an oyster lease at Moreton Bay, Queensland, and then triedfruit-growing at Boyne Island, Port Curtis. His first publishedpaper, "Uses of Some Queensland Plants", was published in theProceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland in 1888, andin the same year he came to Brisbane. He did some voluntary workfor the Queensland museum and on 1 January 1889 was appointed asupernumerary officer of it. In July he became honorary secretaryof the Royal Society of Queensland, and in 1890, at the invitationof the administrator,SirWilliam Macgregor (q.v.), he visited New Guinea, did someexploring, and made important collections. He was much interestedin New Guinea but contracted fever and towards the end of 1890 wentto Sydney. He made his home there for the rest of his life. InApril 1891 he joined the Australian museum staff as assistant incharge of land shells, and about five years later was appointedconchologist. Early in 1896 the local committee of the "FunafutiCoral Reef Boring Expedition of the Royal Society" (London)suggested to the trustees of the Australian museum that one oftheir officers should accompany the expedition, and Hedley wasselected. He left in May, and during his stay on Funafuti made aninteresting collection, particularly of Invertebrate andEthnological objects. The descriptions of these were published inMemoir III of the Australian Museum Sydney between 1896 and1900. Hedley himself was responsible for the "General Account ofthe Atoll of Funafuti", "The Ethnology of Funafuti" and "TheMollusca of Funafuti". He also contributed two articles in 1902 and1903 on the "Mollusca" included in theScientific Results of theTrawling Expedition of H.M.C.S. "Thetis", published asMemoir IV of the Australian Museum Sydney.

Hedley was a keen explorer and visited most of the coast ofeastern Australia, and the Gulf of Carpentaria, New Guinea, NewCaledonia, and the Ellice Group. In later life he visited Canadaand Alaska (1922), and Africa (1925). His chief interest was in thestudy of the Great Barrier Reef. He had become assistant curator ofthe Australian museum in 1908 and in 1920 he succeededR. Etheridge Jnr. (q.v.) asprincipal keeper of collections. He resigned in 1925 to becomescientific director of the Great Barrier Reef InvestigationCommittee. Between April and August 1926 he was supervizing thesinking of a bore on Michaelmas Reef near Cairns, and he returnedto Sydney in August intending to visit Japan in connexion with thethird Pan-Pacific Science Congress. Not being well he decided toabandon the journey, and though it was hoped that a rest wouldrestore his health, he died suddenly on 14 September 1926. Hemarried and left a widow and an adopted daughter.

Hedley was on the council of the Linnean Society of New SouthWales from 1897 to 1924 and was president from 1909 to 1911; he wason the council for 16 years of the Royal Society of New South Walesand was president in 1914; he was a vice-president of theMalacological Society of London from 1923. He was awarded the DavidSyme prize in 1916, and in 1925 received the Clarke memorial medalfrom the Royal Society of New South Wales. A man of invariablecourtesy and kindliness, held in the highest regard by contemporaryscientists, his knowledge was always at the disposal of youngernaturalists and visiting scientists. His work, and especially inregard to the zoo-geographical history of the Pacific, gave him ahigh place among Australian zoologists. A list of 156 publishedresearch papers written by himself, and 15 in association withothers, was printed in 1924.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New SouthWales, 1927, vol. LII, p. VII;The Australian MuseumMagazine, July-Sept. 1926, p. 403;Journal and Proceedingsof the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. LXI, p. 10;Australian Museum, Sydney, Memoir III, Introductory note;The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 September 1926.

HENEY, THOMAS WILLIAM (1862-1928), journalist and poet,

son of T. W. Heney, journalist, was born at Sydney on 5 November1862, and was educated at Cooma. Joining the staff of theSydneyMorning Herald as an assistant reader in 1878, he became areporter on theDaily Telegraph six years later. He waseditor of a paper at Wilcannia in 1886 but returned to Sydney in1889 and worked on theEcho until it ceased publication in1893. He then rejoined theHerald as a reviewer and writerof occasional leaders, was appointed associate editor in 1899, andeditor in October 1903. He held this position until 1918 and wassubsequently editor of theBrisbane Telegraph from 1920 to1923, and the SydneyDaily Telegraph from 1923 to 1925. Heretired on account of ill health in 1925, and died at Springwood inthe Blue Mountains on 19 August 1928. He married in 1896 Amy,daughter of Henry Gullett, who survived him with a son and twodaughters.

Heney was a quiet and modest man and a first-rate journalist,with a sense of the responsibility of his office as an editor. Hepublished two volumes of poetry,Fortunate Days in 1886 andIn Middle Harbour in 1890; but though he is represented inseveral anthologies his cultivated verse seldom reaches beyond theedge of poetry. His novel,The Girl at Birrell's, is asimple story of pastoral life told with some ability. Anothernovel,A Station Courtship, was also written by him. It mayhave been serialized, but no copy in book form could be traced, andit is not in the English or British Museum catalogue.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 August 1928; E.Morris Miller,Australian Literature;A Century ofJournalism.

HENTY, EDWARD (1810-1878), pioneer, first permanent settler in Victoria,

was born at West Tarring, Sussex, England. The date of birthusually given is 10 March 1809, but the death notice in theArgus on 15 August 1878 stated he was in his sixty-ninthyear, and the date of birth given on his tombstone at Kew is 28March 1810. His father, Thomas Henty, who came of a well-knownSussex banking family, married Frances Elizabeth Hopkins, andEdward was their third son. The elder Henty inherited £30,000 onreaching his twenty-first year, bought the property generallycalled the Church Farm at West Tarring, and gave much attention tothe breeding of merino sheep. Some of these were sent to Australiain 1821 and brought high prices. The family was a large one,eventually seven sons and one daughter grew to maturity, and it wasthought that there might be better opportunities for the sons inAustralia than in England. In 1829JamesHenty (q.v.), the eldest son, went to Western Australia withtwo brothers, Stephen and John. They remained for two years andthen left for Tasmania. In the meanwhile Thomas Henty had sold hisEnglish property and also sailed for Tasmania. He arrived atLaunceston in April 1832 with three more of his sons, Charles,Edward and Francis. It was difficult to find suitable land inTasmania, and Edward was sent to explore the coast of the mainland.He reported that the district near Portland Bay had goodpossibilities, and after revisiting it with his father it wasdecided that the land was suitable for settlement. Edward wentfirst on theThistle with labourers, stock, potatoes andseed. After a voyage of 34 days theThistle arrived atPortland Bay on 19 November 1834. Edward Henty was only 24 yearsold and early in December, using a plough he had made himself, heturned the first sod in Victoria. The next voyage of theThistle brought his brother Francis with additional stockand supplies, and in a short time houses were erected and fencesput up.

The British government had been so anxious to have land taken upin Western Australia, that the Hentys not unnaturally thought noobjections would be raised to their obtaining land in the PortPhillip district. Application was first made in 1834 andnegotiations continued for many years. The father, Thomas Henty,died in 1839, and it was not until 1846 that the matter was finallysettled, when the Hentys were allowed £348 for improvements at theport, and were granted 155 acres of land valued at £1290. Theremainder of their land they had to buy at auction. The obstructiveattitude of the government at Sydney to new settlers may beillustrated by an extract from a dispatch of the governor,Sir George Gipps (q.v.), to LordJohn Russell, dated 11 April 1840. "The Messrs Henty, like thefirst settlers at Port Phillip, claim to have rendered good serviceto the government and to the colony of New South Wales by opening adistrict of country, which might otherwise have remained unoccupiedfor a number of years; but, so far from considering this anyadvantage, I look upon it as directly the reverse, not only becausethe dispersion of our population is increased by it, but becausealso we are forced prematurely to incur considerable expense in theformation of new establishments. I have already, in consequence ofthe proceedings of the Messrs Henty, been obliged to send twoexpeditions to Portland Bay, and I am now under the necessity oforganizing a police force there, and of laying out a town, besidesincurring expense for the protection of the aborigines." Thethought that the many thousands of pounds spent by the Hentys indeveloping the country might eventually be of benefit to the statehad apparently not entered into the minds of the authorities.Neither could they have anticipated that the first sale of crownlands which took place a few months later would yield the sum of£17,245.

Edward Henty was not discouraged. His brother, Francis, hadjoined him in December 1834, and during the next five years othermembers of the family joined him, and gradually the whole of theirhorses, cattle and sheep were transferred from Tasmania. On 29August 1836 the exploring party headed byMajor Thomas LivingstoneMitchell (q.v.) reached Portland Bay and were amazed to findthe country inhabited. In later years Edward Henty was fond oftelling the story of Major Mitchell when he came to a hut, fromwhich blows of a hammer rang, saying, "Where is Mr Henty, my man,"and the reply of the burly blacksmith, "Here he is at yourservice." From Major Mitchell Henty learned the character of theland to the north, and gradually he was able to acquire more land.In 1845 he had over 70,000 acres. Sometimes the price of wool andsheep fell very low and it was impossible to sell either toadvantage; but over the years the stations prospered. In 1855Edward Henty was elected a member of the legislative assembly forNormanby and was re-elected in 1859. He was defeated in 1861 anddid not sit again in parliament. His last years were spent inretirement at Melbourne and he died on 14 August 1878. In October1840 he married Annie Maria Gallie who survived him. They had nochildren.

Edward Henty in addition to being the first permanent settler inVictoria was the founder of the wool industry in that colony. Hewas a man of strict integrity and great courage who quickly adaptedhimself to the conditions of his new country. Victoria wasfortunate in having so fine a type of man for its first citizen.His portrait is in the historical collection at the Melbournepublic library. His brotherJames is noticed separately. Ofhis other brothers, Stephen George (1811-1872) was a member of thelegislative council of Victoria, 1856-70. Francis (1815-1889)became the successful owner of a station and died at Melbourne on15 January 1889. William (c. 1809-1881) went to Tasmania and forover 20 years from 1837 practised as a solicitor. In 1857 he waselected a member of the legislative council for Tamar and wascolonial secretary in theWeston (q.v.) cabinet. He heldthis office for five and a half years. He went to England in 1862,eventually settled at Brighton where he died on 11 July 1881, andwas survived by a daughter. He was interested in Shakespeare andafter his death a small volume by him,Shakespeare with someNotes on his early Biography, was printed for privatecirculation. This has little value but contains a memoir of theauthor by R. Harrison.

Rev. G. Henty Balfour,The Victorian HistoricalMagazine, February 1931; E. Henty Smalpage,Journal andProceedings Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. XXI, pp.73-83; R. D. Boss,First Years at Port Phillip;Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols. XX to XXII;Men of the Time in Australia, 1878; D. Blair,TheCyclopaedia of Australasia; N. F. Learmonth,The PortlandBay Settlement; A. S. Kenyon, papers at P. L. [Public Library?]Melbourne; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

HENTY, JAMES (1800-1882), pioneer and merchant,

eldest son of Thomas Henty and brother ofEdward Henty (q.v.), was born at West Tarring,Sussex, on 24 September 1800. He for a time assisted his father infarming, and then joined the family bank, Henty and Henty andOlliver; but when the family decided to try its fortunes inAustralia he went out with two brothers as the advance party. Theyhad obtained an order to select 80,000 acres at Swan River, WesternAustralia and, having chartered a vessel and loaded her with theirstock and implements, they arrived at what is now Fremantle inNovember 1829. There were many early difficulties for comparativelylittle good land could be found, some of the sheep died from eatinga poisonous plant, and others were killed by dingoes. They mightpossibly have had troubles with the natives but Henty succeeded inconciliating them. After two years it was decided to move toTasmania, but it was found that the conditions governing landgrants had been altered and it was practically impossible to obtainthe land they wanted. James Henty then started as a merchant atLaunceston and when his father arrived he was sent to England toput their case before the government. He returned in 1835 havingfailed in his mission. The long-drawn-out negotiations whichfollowed caused much anxiety and probably conduced to the death ofboth of his parents in 1839.

In 1842 Henty was offered a seat in the Tasmanian legislativecouncil but declined it. He visited England in 1848 and in 1851settled at Melbourne where he established the flourishing businessof James Henty and Company, merchants. In 1852 he was elected amember of the old legislative council for Portland, and afterwardswas one of the members for the South-Western Province for a longperiod. He did not take an important part in parliamentary work,but was one of the early promoters of the first Victorian railway,the Melbourne and Hobson's Bay railway, of which he was chairman ofdirectors. He was a commissioner of savings banks and took aleading part in the business life of Melbourne. He died in 1882. Hehad married in 1830 Miss Carter of Worthing. His son, Henry Henty(1833-1912), was a member of the legislative assembly for a shortperiod, and succeeded his father as a commissioner of savingsbanks. He took a great interest in the Church of England, and,carrying on the family tradition, was a much respected man ofbusiness.

R. G. Henty Balfour,Victorian HistoricalMagazine, February 1931;Men of the Time in Australia,1878.

HERBERT, SIR ROBERT GEORGE WYNDHAM (1831-1905), first premier of Queensland, colonial official,

was the only son of the Hon. Algernon Herbert, a younger son ofthe first Earl of Carnarvon. He was born on 12 June 1831 and waseducated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. He won a Balliolscholarship in 1849 and subsequently the Hertford and Irelandscholarships. He took a first class in classical moderations, wonthe Latin verse prize in 1852, and obtained second-class finalhonours in the classical school. He was elected fellow of All Soulsin 1854 and was Eldon law scholar. In 1855 he was private secretaryto W. E. Gladstone and was called to the bar of, the Inner Templein 1858. When Queensland was formed into a separate colony SirGeorge Ferguson Bowen was appointed the first governor. He arrivedat Brisbane on 10 December 1859 and brought Herbert with him as hisprivate secretary. On the day of the governor's arrival Herbert wasgazetted as colonial secretary with Ratcliffe Pring asattorney-general. These with the governor formed an executivecouncil to which additions were made afterwards. At the electionheld early in 1860 Herbert was returned unopposed for one of theLeichhardt seats in the legislative assembly and became the firstpremier of Queensland. He showed himself to be a good leader andheld office from December 1859 to February 1866. Four land actswere passed, and the education question was also the subject ofearly measures. The governor, in writing to the secretary of state,stated that the Queensland parliament "had passed a greater numberof really useful measures than any other parliament in any of theAustralian colonies". Certainly the first Queensland government wasin marked contrast to those of the other colonies, each of whichaveraged half a dozen ministries in the same period. Herbert,however, fell into some disfavour when financial difficultiesarose. He resigned in February 1866 and was succeeded byA. Macalister (q.v.) who waspremier until 20 July 1866. Herbert was anxious to return toEngland on account of private business, but at the request of thegovernor formed a ministry which lasted less than three weeks andwas merged in the second Macalister ministry. Herbert then left forEngland, having gained much experience which was to be very usefulto him in later years.

A few months after Herbert's arrival in England he was appointedassistant-secretary to the board of trade, in 1870 was madeassistant under-secretary for the colonies, and in 1871 becamepermanent under-secretary for the colonies. He held this positionfor 21 years with great distinction. His attitude was generallyconciliatory and he was tactful in dealing with men who came incontact with him. He left the colonial office in 1892, butafterwards took up his duties again for a few months at the specialrequest of Joseph Chamberlain. In 1893-6 he was agent-general forTasmania, and did active work in connexion with the formation ofthe British Empire League. In December 1903 he was chairman of thetariff commission. He died in England On 6 May 1905. He wasunmarried. In 1882 he was created K.C.B. and in 1892 G.C.B. In thesame year he was appointed chancellor of the Order of St Michaeland St George.

Herbert was a young man of 28 when he was appointed premier, anda tradition appears to have grown up that he was something of apedant and rather conscious of his own importance. He was of coursequite without experience but had qualities as a leader which heldhis team together. His term of office was long a record inQueensland politics. He was not a great speaker, but he had thecommon sense to realize what could and could not be done in acommunity with a population of about 25,000, and he laidfoundations on which other men have been able to build.

Burke's Peerage, 1905;The Times, 8 May1905;Our First Half-Century;A Review of QueenslandProgress; C. A. Bernays,Queensland Politics During SixtyYears; Sir G. F. Bowen,Thirty Years of ColonialGovernment; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

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