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GARDINER, FRANK (1830-c.1890), bushranger,

was born near Goulburn, New South Wales, in 1830. There appearsto be some doubt about his real name. At his trial he was arraignedas Francis Gardiner, alias Clarke, alias Christie, but he signed astatement addressed to the judge "Francis Christie". His biographerstates definitely that "Frank Christie" was his real name. In 1850he began his criminal career by stealing horses, and in October wasapprehended and sentenced to five years imprisonment at Pentridge,Melbourne. He, however, escaped about five weeks afterwards, andwas not recaptured until 1854 when he was again arrested forhorse-stealing and given seven years hard labour. He was releasedon ticket-of-leave after serving about four years and joined a bandof bushrangers. In 1861 he was captured by the police afterwounding two and being wounded himself. Handcuffed and left incharge of a policeman, he was rescued by other bushrangers. On 15June 1862 the gold escort from Forbes was stopped, some members ofthe escort were wounded, and the boxes of gold were stolen. £1000reward was offered for the apprehension and conviction of thebushrangers. The police succeeded in recovering much of the goldand Sir F. W. Pottinger, who was in charge of the police, on oneoccasion fired at Gardiner at close range, but his carbine missedfire. For a time Gardiner disappeared, but about the end ofFebruary 1864 he was arrested at Appis Creek, Queensland, where inpartnership with another man he was conducting a public house andstore. He was taken to Sydney, tried and found guilty on threecharges, and given sentences amounting together to 32 years.

In gaol Gardiner was a model prisoner, and, when he had servedeight years of his sentences, efforts were made by his friends andrelations to secure his release. The fact that for about two yearsbefore his trial he had led an honest life was much in his favour,and in spite of some protests from members of the public he wasreleased in July 1874 when he had served 10 years, on theunderstanding that he would leave Australia. He went to SanFrancisco, lived an honest life for many years, and died probablyabout 1890. He differed from many notorious bushrangers in that hecame of respectable people, and was not actually guilty of murder;but he was fortunate in escaping the fate of some of his associateswho were executed.

Charles White,Australian Bushranging, Gardiner"King of the Road"; G. E. Boxall,The Story of theAustralian Bushrangers; Sir Henry Parkes,Fifty Years ofAustralian History, pp. 277-82.

GARRAN, ANDREW (1825-1901), journalist and politician,

son of an English merchant, was born in London on 19 November1825. Educated at Hackney grammar school and Spring Hill college,Birmingham, Garran went on to London university and graduated M.A.in 1848. Having developed a chest weakness he spent 18 months atMadeira as a private tutor, and about the end of 1850 left Englandfor Australia. At Adelaide he became a contributor to theAustral Examiner, which, however, came to an end when thegreat exodus to the Victorian diggings took place in 1852. Garranalso went to Victoria and for about a year was a private tutor nearBallan. In 1854 he became editor of theSouth AustralianRegister, but two years laterJohn Fairfax (q.v.) invited him tocome to Sydney as assistant-editor of theSydney MorningHerald. He showed great ability in this position, and hisleading articles were particularly notable contributions to thepaper. He also found time to attend law lectures at the universityof Sydney and took his LL.B. degree in 1870. On the death of theeditor,John West (q.v.),in December 1873, Garran was immediately appointed to the position.He carried out the duties with great ability until 1885. His healthhad always been frail and having then reached his sixtieth year heresigned.

Garran, however, could not be idle. He had undertaken theediting of thePicturesque Atlas of Australasia whichappeared in 1886 in three large volumes, a work of much greatervalue than has generally been understood. What was practically asecond edition appeared in London in 1892 under the titleAustralasia Illustrated. He was nominated to the legislativecouncil of New South Wales in February 1887, and, after the greatstrike of 1890, was appointed president of the royal commission onstrikes.Parkes (q.v.) inhisFifty Years of Australian History speaks of Garran's"care, patient labour and ability in conducting this enquiry". In1892 Garran was appointed president of the newly-formed council ofarbitration and on accepting the position resigned from thelegislative council so that no question of political influencecould arise, but two years later he resigned from the council ofarbitration and again entered the legislative council. He wasvice-president of the executive council and representative of theReid (q.v.) government in thecouncil from March 1895 to November 1898, and showed remarkableenergy in carrying out his duties in spite of the frailty of hisconstitution. He had been correspondent of the LondonTimesat Sydney for many years and retained this position until his deathon 6 June 1901. He married in 1854, Mary Isham, daughter of JohnSabine, who survived him with one son and five daughters. His son,Sir Robert Randolph Garran, G.C.M.G., born in 1867, became adistinguished constitutional lawyer and public servant. He was theauthor ofThe Coming Commonwealth (1897),Heine's Book ofSongs (a translation) (1924), and withSir John Quick (q.v.)TheAnnotated Constitution of the Australian Commonwealth(1901).

Andrew Garran was an excellent journalist and exercisedconsiderable influence on Australian history. About 1890, when thefederal movement was in much danger in New South Wales, though aconvinced freetrader Garran held that federation was of moreimportance than any fiscal system. He realized too that if eachcolony insisted upon its own terms, federation would be quiteimpracticable, and that with federation there would at least befree-trade between the states. He continued to work vigorously forfederation and lived just long enough to see its fruition.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 June 1901;TheTimes, 7 June 1901;A Century of Journalism; B. R. Wise,The Making of the Australian Commonwealth.

GAUNT, MARY ELIZA BAKEWELL (c.1862-1942), always known as MaryGaunt, novelist,

eldest daughter of William Henry Gaunt, a Victorian county courtjudge, was born at Chiltern, Victoria, about 1862. She was educatedat Grenville College, Ballarat and the university of Melbourne,where she was one of the first two women students to enroll. Shebegan writing for the press and in 1894 published her first novelDave's Sweetheart. In the same year she married Dr H. L.Miller of Warrnambool Victoria. He died in 1900, and, findingherself not very well off, Mrs Miller went to London intending tolive by her pen. She had difficulties at first but eventuallyestablished herself, and was able to travel in the West Indies, inWest Africa, and in China and other parts of the East. Herexperiences were recorded in five pleasantly written travel books:Alone in West Africa (1912),A Woman in China (1914),A Broken Journey (1919),Where the Twain Meet (1922),Reflecctions in Jamaica (1932). In 1929 she also publishedGeorge Washington and the Men Who Made the AmericanRevolution. Between 1895 and 1934, 16 novels or collections ofshort stories were published, mostly with love and adventureinterests, not of outstanding merit, though readable and capablywritten. Some of the short stories are very good. Three othernovels were written in collaboration with J. R. Essex. A list ofher books will be found in Miller'sAustralian Literature(vol. II, p.659). In her later years she lived mostly atBordighera, Italy. She died at Cannes about the beginning of 1942.She had no children.

Her brother, Sir Ernest Frederick Augustus Gaunt (1865-1940),entered the royal navy in 1878, was rear-admiral 1st battlesquadron, battle of Jutland, became admiral in 1924, and died inApril 1940 after a distinguished career. Another brother, AdmiralSir Guy Reginald Arthur Gaunt (1870-19--), also had a distinguishedcareer before his retiremerit in 1924. He was promoted admiral in1928 and was alive in 1943. A third brother, Lieut.-Colonel CecilRobert Gaunt, D.S.O., (1863-1938), had much distinguished servicein the British army.

The Times, 5 February 1942; E. Morris Miller,Australian Literature;Who Was Who, 1929-1940;Who's Who, 1941; information from registrar, the universityof Melbourne.

GAWLER, GEORGE (1795-1869), second governor of South Australia,

was born on 21 July 1795, the son of Captain Samuel Gawler whowas killed in battle in India in 1804. George Gawler was educatedat the military college, Great Marlow, and proved to be a diligentand clever student. In October 1810 he obtained a commission as anensign in the 52nd regiment and in January 1812 went with hisregiment to the Peninsular war. He was a member of a storming partyat Badajoz, and was wounded and saved from death by a privatesoldier who lost his own life. He was in Spain until 1814. Theregiment returned to England and Gawler, now a lieutenant, foughtat Waterloo. He remained in France with the army of occupationuntil 1818, and in 1820 married Maria Cox. Both were sincerelyreligious and when the 52nd was sent to New Brunswick in 1823 theydid much social and religious work. Gawler returned to England in1826 and from 1830 to 1832 was engaged in recruiting. He reachedthe rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1834 and in 1837 received theRoyal Hanoverian Guelphic Order, third class. In 1838 he wasappointed governor of South Australia in succession toCaptain Hindmarsh(q.v.).

Gawler arrived in South Australia on 12 October 1838 with hiswife and five children and found a colony of 5000 people atAdelaide, many of whom were anxious to go on the land, but couldnot do so until it was surveyed. It was fortunate that the governorhad been given wide powers for he found that, though little or nomoney was available, emigrants were still pouring in. He appointedCaptain Sturt (q.v.)surveyor-general and encouraged in every way the completion of thenecessary surveys. Before he left Adelaide in May 1841, 6000colonists had settled on the land. He also built governmentoffices, police barracks, a gaol, and a government house, thusproviding much needed work for stranded emigrants. He organized apolice force, as he had no military to enforce his authority, andhe encouraged and helped the development of the religious andeducational life of the colony. All this had involved much expenseand Gawler under his emergency powers drew drafts £270,000 inexcess of the revenue. In February 1841 Gawler heard that two ofhis bills had been dishonoured, but it was not until 25 April thathe became aware that all his bills since 1 September 1840 had beenrejected. On 12 May 1841Captain(afterwards Sir) George Grey (q.v.) arrived to take his place.Gawler's recall was sent in the same vessel. He left the colony afew weeks later and attempted to justify his conduct by writing tothe colonial office. This was useless as it had been determinedthat he should be made the scapegoat for the apparent failure ofthe colony. He spent the remainder of his life in England,practically in retirement, taking a special interest inphilanthropic and religions questions. He left the army in 1850 andhis last years were spent at Southsea where he died on 7 May 1869.A son, Henry Gawler, returned to Adelaide and for some time wasattorney-general without a seat in parliament.

Gawler's work was long misjudged, largely because his successorGrey, in his dispatches, made the worst of his predecessor's acts,without suggesting the difficulties under which he had worked.Gawler was a gallant and energetic officer who, when he found thesettlers faced with disaster, saw at once what it was necessary todo, and saved the colony. Though Mills in hisColonization on ofAustralia accepts the view that Gawler had been guilty ofcarelessness and extravagance and cannot be wholly acquitted ofblame, the extraordinary difficulties with which he was faced areacknowledged. Sturt and other men on the spot generally agreed thathis administration had greatly benefited the settlement, and theselect committee on South Australia reported that the critics ofhis expenditure were "unable to point out any specific item bywhich it could have been considerably reduced without great publicinconvenience". Gawler in being recalled suffered the common fateof early governors, and, however much he may have been blamed inhis lifetime, later investigations have given him an honoured placeamong the founders of South Australia.

A. Grenfell Price,Founders and Pioneers of SouthAustralia; R. C. Mills,The Colonization of Australia(1829-1842); Mrs N. G. Sturt,Life of Charles Start; Rev J.Blacket,History of South Australia;The CentenaryHistory of South Australia.

GAY, WILLIAM (1865-1897), poet,

was born on 2 May 1865 at Bridge of Weir, in Renfrewshire,Scotland. His father, an upright religious man, was an engraver ofpatterns for wallpaper and calico, his mother came from people ofeducation. The family moved not long afterwards to the town ofAlexandria, where Gay was educated at a board school. At 14 hebecame a monitor at the school and winning a bursary went toGlasgow university. His father wished him to be a minister, but theboy felt he could not conscientiously follow that profession andwent to London hoping to make a living there. Destitution andillness followed and he had to go back to his people. Again he wentto London but his strength was not sufficient and he had to go intohospital in Glasgow. As his lungs were threatened a sea voyage wastried and he arrived at Dunedin, New Zealand, in 1885. He obtainedwork as a purser's clerk on vessels of the Union Line for nearlytwo years, when illness again led to his living with some relativesat Hawke's Bay who nursed him back to comparative health. In 1888he went to Melbourne and obtained a mastership at Scotch College,but teaching was beyond his strength. In 1891 he was in the Austinhospital, and in 1893 went to live at Bendigo where he died on 22December 1897. His first volumeSonnets and Other Verses,published in 1894, was followed by two other volumesSonnetsandChrist on Olympus and Other Poems in 1896. A smallselection appeared in 1910 andThe Complete Poetical Works ofWilliam Gay in 1911. A prose essayWalt Whitman: HisRelation to Science and Philosophy was issued in 1895.

Gay was a slight man of medium height and is said to have hadsome resemblance to Tennyson. There was something in hispersonality which attracted friends to him wherever he went. Whenan invalid at Bendigo one of his little volumes yielded him aProfit of £40 and another was even more successful. This could onlyhave happened with the help of friends as the volumes are withoutpopular appeal. It was fortunate that so many discerning and kindlypeople were able to help him and take care of him until his death,because Gay was worthy of care. His sonnets rank with the best thathave been done in Australia, and in a few poems such as "The CrazyWorld" he has written poetry expressing simple, forceful andunstrained emotion. His life was short and marred by ill-healthborne with courage. The amount of his work was small but it holdsan honoured place in the history of Australian poetry.

J. Glen Oliphant, Memoir inPoetical Works ofWilliam Gay;The Bendigo Advertiser, 23 and 24 December1897; H. M. Green,An Outline of Australian Literature;Turner and Sutherland,The Development of AustralianLiterature; E. Morris Miller,AustralianLiterature.

GELLIBRAND, JOSEPH TICE (1786-1837), first attorney-general of Tasmania,

son of William Gellibrand, was born in London in 1786. Hestudied law, was called to the bar, and in August 1823 wasappointed attorney-general of Tasmania at a salary of £700 a year,with the right "to practise as a barrister under the samerestrictions as are observed in this country". He arrived at Hobartaccompanied by his father on 15 March 1824, and at the opening ofthe supreme court gave an address as leader of the bar, in which hespoke of trial by jury "as one of the greatest boons conferred bythe legislature upon this colony". The full benefit of trial byjury had, however, been withheld from the colony, and Gellibrand'sspeech is held by some to have been the opening of a campaign foran unconditional system. Gellibrand was a believer in the libertyof the subject, and he was consequently bound to fall foul with aman with the autocratic tendencies ofGovernor Arthur (q.v.). At thebeginning of 1825 R. L. Murray began criticizing the government inthe local paper theHobart Town Gazette, and Arthur believedthat Gellibrand was in "close union" with Murray. EventuallyGellibrand was charged with unprofessional conduct in having as abarrister drawn the pleas for the plaintiff in a case, andafterwards as attorney-general, acted against him. As a consequenceof the chargeAlfredStephen (q.v.) the solicitor-general applied to have Gellibrandstruck off the rolls. The many complications of this case are fullydiscussed in chapter XVIII, vol. II of R. W. Giblin'sEarlyHistory of Tasmania. As a result Gellibrand lost his positionand began practising as a barrister. He established a highreputation in Hobart. In January 1827, withJ. Batman (q.v.), application wasmade for a grant of land at Port Phillip, the petitioners statingthat they were prepared to bring with them sheep and cattle to thevalue of £4000 to £5000. This application was refused and in 1828Gellibrand made some efforts to obtain a government appointment atSydney without success. In 1835 Gellibrand made an attempt toobtain a revision of his case, and counsel's opinion on it wasobtained from Sergeant (afterwards Mr justice) Talfourd. Hisopinion was "that the charges have been grounded in mistake ormalice, pursued with entire inattention to the rights of theaccused, and decided in prejudice and anger. The charges respectingprofessional practice are too absurd to stand for a moment". In thesame year Gellibrand became one of the leaders of the Port PhillipAssociation and in January 1836 he crossed the strait and landingat Western Port walked with companions to Melbourne. From there hewent to Geelong and then proceeded north in the direction ofGisborne. After returning to Melbourne a journey to the north-eastbrought him to the Plenty River. He returned to Tasmania and incompany with a Mr Hesse crossed to Port Phillip again and landednear Geelong on 21 February 1837. They decided to follow the Barwonuntil its junction with the Leigh, and afterwards make their way toMelbourne across country. The two men did not arrive at theirdestination and though search parties were organized no trace ofthem was ever found. Gellibrand died probably about the end ofFebruary 1837. He married and was survived by at least three sons,one of whom, W. A. Gellibrand, was a member of the Tasmanianlegislative council from 1871 to 1893, and was its president from1884 to 1889. Another son, Thomas Lloyd Gellibrand, became thefather of Major General Sir John Gellibrand, K.C.B., D.S.O., whowas born in 1872.

Gellibrand was a man of fine character; Bonwick, in hisPortPhillip Settlement (p. 429), pays a great tribute to hishonesty, ability and powers as a leader. It was unfortunate that heshould have been the victim of the autocratic system of thetime.

Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vol.XIV, ser. III, vols. IV and V; R. W. Giblin,The Early Historyof Tasmania, vol, II, chapter XVIII; C. R. Long,Journal andProccedings Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. XXI, p.306; C. H. Bertie,The Home, May 1931;Letters fromVictorian Pioneers, p. 279.

GERRALD, JOSEPH (1763-1796), political reformer, one of the "Scottish Martyrs",

was born in the West Indies on 9 February 1763.(Dict.Nat.Biog.) He was educated in England at Stanmoreschool, under Dr Parr, where he showed much promise. He inherited asomewhat involved estate from his father, married young, and wasleft a widower with two young children. He was in America for someyears and practised as an advocate at Philadelphia. Returning toEngland, Gerrald was fired by the hopes raised by the FrenchRevolution and joined the movement for political reform. In 1793 hepublished a pamphletA Convention the Only Means of Saving Usfrom Ruin. In this he stated that the influence of 162 menreturned 306 of the 573 members of the house of commons. Headvocated that a convention should be elected that would reallyrepresent the people of Great Britain, and that there should beuniversal suffrage in the election of delegates. There was nomachinery for carrying out his plans even if they met with generalapproval, but in November 1793 the "British Convention of theDelegates of the People associated to obtain Universal Suffrage andAnnual Parliaments" met at Edinburgh. The delegates representedvarious political societies of the day in Scotland and England. Theaims of the convention were most moderate, but Gerrald and otherswere arrested, and in March 1794 he was tried for sedition. It wasfelt that the case was prejudiced, and while out on bail Gerraldhad been urged to escape, but he considered that his honour waspledged. At his trial at Edinburgh he made an admirable speech indefence of his actions, but was condemned to 14 yearstransportation. The apparent courtesy and consideration with whichthe trial was conducted could not conceal the real prejudice whichruled the proceedings. Gerrald was imprisoned in London until May1795, when he was hurried on board the storeshipSovereignabout to sail for Sydney. He arrived there on 5 November 1795. Hewas then in a poor state of health and was allowed to buy a smallhouse and garden in which he lived. He died of a rapid consumptionon 16 March 1796.

Gerrald was a man of great ability and eloquence who, sustainedby his belief in the rights of mankind, willingly gave up his lifeto his cause. In the account of his deathDavid Collins (q.v.) speaks ofhis "strong enlightened mind" and that he went to his death"glorying in being a martyr to the cause which he termed that ofFreedom and considering as an honour that exile which brought himto an untimely grave". (An Account of the English Colony in NewSouth Wales, 1798, p. 469). He was buried in the plot of landhe had bought at Farm Cove and his name appears on the monument onCarlton Hill at Edinburgh. His son Joseph was provided for by Dr.Parr. Of Gerrald's associates,Muir andPalmer are noticed separately.William Skirving who was secretary to the convention was aScotchman, a man of good character, educated originally for thechurch. He was sent to Sydney with Muir and Palmer leaving behind awife and several children. He also was not treated as a convict andwas allowed to take up land at Sydney which he tried to farm withlittle success. He died three days after Gerrald. Collins says ofhim "A dysentery was the apparent cause of his death, but his heartwas broken". Maurice Margarot the least worthy of these men was theonly one to return to Great Britain where he died in 1815.

Gerrald a Fragment; W. Field,Memoirs of theLife, Writings and Opinions of the Rev. Samuel Parr, vol. I;Lord Cockburn,An Examination of the Trials for Sedition WhichHave Hitherto Occurred in Scotland;Historical Records ofNew South Wales, vol. II, pp. 821-86;Historical Records ofAustralia, ser. I, vol. I, pp. 568 and 771; J. A. Ferguson,Bibliography of Australia, vol. I, especially pp. 75-7;Edward Smith,The Story of the EnglishJacobins.

GIBLIN, WILLIAM ROBERT (1840-1887), premier of Tasmania,

son of William Giblin, registrar of deeds, was born at Hobart on4 November 1840. He was educated first at a school kept by hisuncle Robert Giblin and afterwards at the high school, Hobart.Leaving school at 13 he was articled to John Roberts, solicitor. Hewas a great reader with a retentive memory, in 1862 won a prize forthe best poem on the conversion of St Paul, and about this timedelivered some lectures on literary subjects. In 1864 he wasadmitted as a barrister and solicitor, entered into partnershipwith John Dobson and subsequently with one of his sonsHenry Dobson (q.v.). In the sameyear he was one of the founders of the Hobart Working Men's Club,was elected its president, and was re-elected on several occasionssubsequently. He began to interest himself in public life andespecially in the proposed railway from Hobart to Launceston. In1869 he was elected without opposition as member for Hobart in thehouse of assembly, and in February 1870 became attorney-general intheJ. M. Wilson (q.v.)ministry. Wilson resigned in November 1872 and was succeeded byF. M. Innes (q.v.). InAugust 1873 Giblin carried a motion of want of confidence but didnot desire the premiership, andA. Kennerley (q.v.) formed acabinet with Giblin as his attorney-general. This ministry lastednearly three years and Giblin was able to bring in some usefullegal legislation. In June 1877 Giblin lost his seat at the generalelection, but he was soon afterwards elected for Wellington andjoined the cabinet of(Sir) P. O.Fysh (q.v.) as attorney-general, exchanging that position forthe treasurership a few days later. When Fysh left for London inMarch 1878 Giblin succeeded him as premier and held office until 20December. TheW. L.Crowther (q.v.) government which followed could do little inthe conditions of the period, and when it resigned in October 1879Giblin realized that the only way to get useful work done would beto form a coalition ministry. This he succeeded in doing and hebecame premier and colonial treasurer on 30 October 1879. Hisgovernment lasted nearly five years and during that period thefinances of the colony were put in order and railways and roadswere built. Much important work was done although the conservativeelements in the legislative council succeeded in hampering thegovernment to some extent. In December 1881 Giblin exchanged theposition of treasurer for that of attorney-general with J. S.Dodds. He represented Tasmania at the intercolonial tariffconference at Sydney in 1881 and at the Sydney federal conferencein 1883, and took an important part in the debates. In August 1884,Giblin resigned from the cabinet on account of failing health. Heshortly afterwards accepted the position of puisne judge of thesupreme court of Tasmania, and during the absence of the chiefjustice administered the government for a short period. He died atHobart on 17 January 1887 in his 47th year. He married in 1865Emily Jean Perkins who survived him with four sons and threedaughters.

Giblin was a man of great sincerity and ability. In private lifereligious and philanthropic, in politics he was an excellentdebater with statesmanlike ideals. The failure of his health andtoo early death closed a career of great promise. His son,Lyndhurst Falkiner Giblin, D.S.O., M.C., M.A., born in 1872,educated at the Hutchins school, Hobart and Cambridge university,fought with distinction in the 1914-18 war, was governmentstatistician, Tasmania, 1920-8 and in 1929 became professor ofeconomics in the university of Melbourne. On several occasions heundertook important work at the special request of the Commonwealthgovernment, being acting Commonwealth statistician in 1931-2,member of the Commonwealth grants commission 1933-6 and director ofthe Commonwealth bank from 1935.

The Mercury, Hobart, 18 January 1887; J. Fenton,A History of Tasmania; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography;Who's Who in Australia,1941.

GIBSON, GEORGE HERBERT (1846-1921), writer of humorous verse,

was born at Plymouth, England, on 28 August 1846. His father wasa solicitor and Gibson, after serving articles with him, qualifiedfor the same profession in 1868. In the following year he went toNew Zealand and then came to New South Wales, where he hadexperience on the land for some years. He joined the department oflands, Sydney, as a temporary clerk in June 1876 and was appointedto the permanent staff on 1 January 1877. He early began writinglight verse for Sydney newspapers and in 1878 publishedSoutherly Busters by Ironbark. He left the department oflands for a time, but joined it again in January 1882, and on 1 May1883 was appointed a relieving crown land agent. He becameinspector of crown land agents' offices on 20 August 1896, and inhis official capacity travelled widely throughout New South Wales.He retired from the department on 30 June 1915 and lived atLindfield until his death on 18 June 1921. He married late in lifeand left a widow and family. His second bookIronbark Chips andStockwhip Cracks published in 1893 with excellent illustrationsbyPercy F. S. Spence(q.v.) and Alf Vincent, included a selection fromSoutherlyBusters. His last volumeIronbark Splinters from theAustralian Bush published in 1912 contained a collection of hisverses contributed to theBulletin with a few others fromhis previous book. A second edition with three additional poems wasalso published. A small volume of proseOld Friends under NewAspects was published in 1883.

Gibson was an amiable man full of quiet humour. His last bookwas his best, it "does not profess to be anything but the lightestof light reading" but his bush ballads were often excellent andwere very popular.

J. H. Heaton,Australian Dictionary of Dates;Information from Department of Lands, Sydney;The Bulletin,15 February 1906; E. Morris Miller,AustralianLiterature.

GIBSON, SIR ROBERT (1864-1934), man of business,

son of John Edward Gibson, was born at Falkirk, Scotland, on 4November 1864. He was educated at the Falkirk public school andjoined the Camelon Iron Company, of which his father was managingdirector, at the age of 15. He was later apprenticed to R. Gardnerand Company, Glasgow, and studied art and design at the Haldaneacademy. In 1887 he rejoined the Camelon Iron Company, and wasappointed manager of its London office. He married in 1891 WinifredMoore of Glasgow and sailed to Australia. He was a designer anddraughtsman for about six years at Melbourne, and in 1897established the Australian Manufacturing Company Pty Ltd. Some 10years later he founded the Lux Foundry Pty Ltd, and held acontrolling interest in these companies for the rest of his life.He became very well known in the industrial and commercial life ofMelbourne, and during the 1914-18 war did valuable work as a memberof the coal board in connexion with the rationing of coal, gas andelectric power. He was also appointed one of the seven honorarycommissioners to administer the repatriation act, and was deputychairman until the appointment of the permanent commission in 1920.He was chairman of the royal commission on federal economics, andwas a member of the Victorian State electricity commission from itsinception. He had great confidence in the future value of the worksat Yallourn. In 1924 he was appointed a member of the Commonwealthbank board, was elected chairman in 1926, and was re-elected tothat position each year. He was also a director of the UnionTrustee Company Ltd., the National Mutual Life Association, theChamber of Manufactures Insurance Company Ltd., and Robert Harperand Company Ltd. and was a representative or the Commonwealthgovernment in connexion with the Commonwealth Oil Refineries Ltd.From 1922 to 1925 he was president of the Victorian Chamber ofManufactures, and also for a time president of the AssociatedChambers of Manufactures of Australia. These many interests gavehim a remarkable grasp of the financial position of Australia, andbefore the depression arrived in 1930 he had warned the federalgovernment that difficult times were coming. When the Scullingovernment was endeavouring to grapple with the position, which wasaggravated in Australia by the low prices being paid for wool andwheat, various currency devices were brought forward, and Gibson'sfirm attitude towards E. G. Theodore, the treasurer of the day,eventually made possible the adoption of the premiers' plan. Therewas some intriguing to displace Gibson from the Commonwealth bankboard but these efforts were defeated. On 6 May 1931 he was calledbefore the bar of the senate to give his views on the Commonwealthbank bill. He replied to the many questions asked fully andpatiently and with such effect that it was said that the bill wasdead before he left the chamber. An experienced reporter describedit as the finest performance he had ever seen in parliament.Gibson, while disclaiming any intention that the Commonwealth bankshould dictate to the government, was determined that no effortsshould be spared to prevent inflation. In this he was successfulbut he felt the strain and responsibility of these years very much.He had a serious illness in 1933 and died on 1 January 1934. LadyGibson survived him with two sons and five daughters. He wascreated C.B.E. in 1918, K.B.E. in 1920 and G.B.E. in 1932.

Gibson was quite unassuming and kindly, with a love forliterature and art; he painted in water-colours as a hobby and wasa good photographer. Though tactful his sincerity and candour wereapparent to all, and his absolute sense of justice led to his beingmuch employed as an arbitrator in industrial disputes. Thesecretary of one union described him as the whitest man he had metin or out of the Labour movement.

The Age andThe Argus, Melbourne, 2January 1934;The Herald, Melbourne, 1 January, 1934;TheBulletin, 10 January 1934, p. 8;Debrett's Peerage, etc,1933.

GIFFEN, GEORGE (1859-1927), cricketer,

was born at Adelaide on 27 March 1859. He played cricket withenthusiasm as a boy and attracted the notice of two brothers,Charles and James Gooden, who coached him. Early in 1877 he playedfor South Australia against a visiting East Melbourne team making16 and 14, the highest score in each innings, but South Australiancricket was then much below the standard of the two easterncolonies. It was not until November 1880 that the first regularmatch between South Australia and Victoria took place at Melbourne.Giffen made 3 and 63 and took two wickets for 47 in the firstinnings. He became a regular member of the South Australian teamand although he took a few seasons to develop his full powers, ifhe failed as a bat he usually made up for it with a good bowlingperformance. He was chosen for the 1882 Australian eleven but wasnot very successful, scoring 873 runs for an average of 18.18 andobtaining 32 wickets for an average of 22.75. He was also a memberof the 1884, 1886, 1893 and 1896 teams, his best season being 1886when he had a batting average of just under 27 and took 159 wicketsfor just over 17 runs each. But he was never quite so good acricketer in England as he was in Australia, largely on account ofthe differences in the light and in the pace of the wickets. InAustralia he had some remarkable performances, scoring 237 out of472 in January 1891 against Victoria, and taking five wickets for89 in the first innings and seven for 107 in the second. In thefollowing November against Victoria he scored 271, his highestscore, out of 562, and took nine for 96 in the first innings andseven for 70 in the second. As the years went on he became lessconsistent though still retaining his place in the South Australianteam. He made a remarkable return to his best form in his lastmatch against Victoria in 1903 within a month of his forty-fourthbirthday, scoring 81 and 97 not out, and obtaining seven wicketsfor 75 and eight for 110. He retired from first-class cricket atthe end of that year, but for many years continued to bowl at thenets and enthusiastically coach boy cricketers playing in theAdelaide parks. He was an official in the postal department atAdelaide from which he retired in March 1925. He died at Adelaideon 29 November 1927. He was unmarried. His portrait in oils is inthe pavilion at the Adelaide cricket ground. A brother, Walter F.Giffen, was also a capable cricketer.

Giffen was the backbone of the South Australian team for manyyears, and may be said to have made South Australian cricket. As abatsman he had excellent defence and drove with power, making mostof his runs in front of the wicket. He bowled slow medium pace witha good off break, and caught and bowled many batsmen with adeceptive slower dropping ball. He was the finest all-roundAustralian cricketer of his day and of the men since his time onlyArmstrong andNoble (q.v.)could dispute his pre-eminence.

The Advertiser, Adelaide, 30 November 1927;The Argus, Melbourne, 30 November 1927; G. Giffen,WithBat and Ball; C. B. O'Reilly,South Australian Cricket,1880-1930.

GILBERT, CHARLES WEB (1867-1925), sculptor,

was born near Maryborough, Victoria, on 18 March 1867. Hisfather died when he was two months old and his mother was left withthree young children. Gilbert received a state school education butbegan to earn his living before he was 10 years old. Coming toMelbourne he obtained a position at Parer's hotel where heeventually became a chef. It has been stated that the modelling ofornaments for weddingcakes first turned his thoughts in thedirection of sculpture. He entered the national gallery drawingschool in 1888 and attended for two and a half years, but neverwent on to the painting school. In the late eighteen-nineties hebegan to exhibit at the Yarra Sculptors' Society and the VictorianArtists' Society. Until 1905 his work was all in marble and when hebegan experimenting in casting in bronze he met with manydifficulties and could find no one in Melbourne to help him. Hepersevered, became an excellent caster, and among others didportrait heads in bronze ofJ. Mather (q.v.), A.McClintock,JohnShirlow (q.v.), Hugh McCrae and Bernard O'Dowd. The last wasacquired for the national gallery of Victoria in 1913 under theFelton bequest.

In May 1914, encouraged and helped by an American resident ofMelbourne, Hugo Meyer, Gilbert went to London and in spite of thewar persevered with his work as he was well over military age . Heexhibited at the Royal Academy where the sincerity of his work metwith early appreciation, and in 1917 his marble head "The Critic"was purchased for the Tate gallery through the Chantrey bequest. Hewas nominated also for an associateship of the Royal Academy. Hewas then employed as a war artist by the Commonwealth governmentand made many models for the war museum of country over which theAustralians fought. He returned to Australia in 1920 and completedthe 2nd Division monument which was afterwards unveiled at Mont StQuentin in the presence of Marshal Foch. His other war memorialsinclude those for the Melbourne university medical school and theVictorian Chamber of Manufactures. Another important work was thegroup of three figures for the Flinder's memorial which standsoutside St Paul's cathedral, Melbourne. His next important piece ofwork was the Australian memorial for Port Said. Gilbert had alwaysbeen accustomed to doing everything for himself, and wore himselfout carrying clay for the huge full size model and died suddenly on3 October 1925. His first marriage was unfortunate and wasdissolved. He married again while in London and left a widow withtwo sons and a daughter.

Gilbert was a man of simple, kindly nature beloved by his fellowartists and friends. He could do generous even quixotic things, butnever anything unworthy. He carved and cast most of his workhimself and in his modelling had a remarkable feeling for both theplanes and the lines of his compositions. His work resolved itselfinto beautiful profiles from every angle. He was practicallyself-taught, for there was no instruction in modelling at thenational gallery schools, and his work, in no way derivative, wasalways sensitive to beauty. He is well represented in the nationalgallery at Melbourne and also in the Sydney gallery.

The Herald, Melbourne, 3 and 6 January, 1920, 5October 1925;The Argus, Melbourne, 5 October 1925; W.Moore,The Story of Australian Art; personalknowledge.

GILBERT, JOHN (c.1815?-1845), naturalist.

Nothing is known of the early days of Gilbert. From hisAustralian diary we learn that his birthday was on 14 March but theyear is not given. We know that his father, William Gilbert, wasalive and still working in 1846; there is every probability thatthe son was aged 21 or more when he came from New Zealand toAustralia in 1838. Putting one thing and another together we mayfairly safely assume that he was born within a few years of 1815.He was engaged byJohn Gould(q.v.) as an assistant in connexion with his work, theBirds ofAustralia, and he arrived with Gould at Hobart on theParsee on 19 September 1838. Both worked in Tasmania for afew months, but on 4 February 1839 Gilbert went to the Swan Riversettlement. He worked there, mostly in the vicinity of Perth,gathering specimens for Gould for 11 months. He then sailed forSydney, in the middle of June 1840 took ship to Port Essington inthe north of Australia, and in March 1841 sailed to Singaporecalling at Timor on the way. From there he sailed for London andarrived about the end of September. He had collected a very largenumber of birds for Gould, and made many notes on their habits.

In February 1842 Gilbert again left for Australia to obtainfurther specimens. As on the previous occasion it was agreed he wasto be paid £100 a year and expenses. He reached Perth in July andremained 17 months in Western Australia. He travelled considerabledistances from Perth, making some of his most interestingdiscoveries among the Wongan Hills, about 100 miles north-east ofPerth. He was a fine naturalist and his notes on birds, theirhabits, diet, song and the names given them by the aborigines wereall of great interest and value. He collected specimens of 432birds, including 36 species new to Western Australia, and 318mammals, including 22 species not previously known in the west. Bythe end of January 1844 he was back in Sydney and during the nextsix months worked his way to the Darling Downs in Queensland. Whilehe was considering which part of the continent should next beinvestigatedLeichhardt(q.v.) arrived with the other members of his expedition to PortEssington, and Gilbert was allowed to join the party in September1844. In November it was decided that the party was too large forthe amount of provisions they had with them, and Leichhardt ruledthat the two who had joined last should return. Eventually,however, it was decided that Hodgson and Caleb, a negro, shouldreturn, and Gilbert remained to become later on practically thesecond in command of the expedition. One member of the party, a boyof 16, was too young to be of much use and the leader's treatmentof the two aboriginal members of the party was lacking in tact andconsideration. A good deal of responsibility therefore fell uponGilbert, who was the best bushman of a very mixed company. Theprogress made for several months was much less than was anticipatedand by May 1845 supplies of food were running very short. On 28June, when approaching the Gulf of Carpentaria, the party wasattacked by aborigines at night and Gilbert was speared in thethroat, dying almost immediately. Other members of the expeditionreceived several spear thrusts but recovered. Leichhardt thenturned south-westerly, skirting the gulf for a while, and reachedPort Essington almost exhausted in December 1845. Leichhardtpreserved Gilbert's papers and his diary, which, however, was lostfor nearly 100 years before its discovery by A. H. Chisholm. Almosteverything that is known about Gilbert we owe to Chisholm'sresearches, which show Gilbert as a man of much ability and finecharacter. There is a memorial to him in St James church,Sydney.

A. H. Chisholm,Strange New World; A. H.Chisholm, "The Story of John Gilbert",The Emu, January1940; Mrs C. D. Cotton,Ludwig Leichhardt.

GILES, ERNEST (1835?-1897), explorer, [ also refer toErnest GILES page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

son of William and Jane Elizabeth Giles, was born at Bristol,England. John'sAustralian Biographical Dictionary statesthat he was born on 20 July 1835, theAustralianEncyclopaedia says 1836, the obituary notice in theGeographical Journal, "about the year 1847", and theCoolgardie Miner, at the time of his death, implied that thedate was about 1820. Neither of the last two dates can be correct;TheGeographical Journal's is obviously too late. Takingother things into consideration the most probable date appears tobe about 1835. He was educated at Christ's Hospital school, London,and in 1850 joined his parents who had preceded him to SouthAustralia. In 1852 he went to the Victorian goldfields, thenobtained a position in the G.P.O. Melbourne, and afterwards one inthe county court. Tiring of town life he went to the back countryand obtained valuable experience as a bushman; he was exploring onthe Darling in 1861, looking for pastoral country. He did not,however, attempt a regular exploring expedition until 1872, whenwith two other men he left Chambers' Pillar in South Australiaabout the middle of August and traversed much previously untroddencountry to the north-west and west. Finding their way barred byLake Amadeus and that their horses were getting very weak, a returnwas made to the Finke River and thence to Charlotte Waters andAdelaide, where Giles arrived in January 1873. He looked upon hisexpedition as a failure, but he had done well considering the sizeand equipment of his party. His friendBaron von Mueller (q.v.)raised a subscription so that a fresh start could be made. Theservices of W. H. Tietkins as first assistant was obtained, andwith two other men a start was made on 4 August 1873. The journeybegan considerably south from the previous expedition and from theAlberga River a generally western course was steered. A month laterin the Musgrave Ranges a fine running river was found and named theFerdinand and by 3 October the party was approaching longitude 128.The country was extremely dry and though tested in variousdirections it was a constant struggle to get enough water to keepthe horses going. Early in November, having passed longitude 126, apartial return was made and on 20 December the neighbourhood ofMount Scott was reached. A turn to the north and then west was madeand the farthest westerly point was reached on 23 April 1874. Gilesand one of the men, Gibson, had been scouting ahead when thelatter's horse died. Giles gave him his own horse with instructionsto follow their tracks back and obtain assistance. Giles made hisway back to their depot on foot in eight days, almost completelyexhausted, to find that Gibson had not reached the camp. A searchwas made for him for several days without success. The stores werealmost finished, nothing further could be done, and on 21 May thereturn journey began. On 24 June they were on a good track to theFinke River and on 13 July 1874 Charlotte Waters was reached. Gileshad again failed to cross the continent, but in the circumstancesall had been done that was possible.

Early in 1875 Giles prepared his diaries for publication underthe titleGeographic Travels in Central Australia, and on 13March, with the generous help ofSir Thomas Elder (q.v.), he beganhis third expedition. Proceeding considerably to the north fromFowler's Bay the country was found to be very dry. Retracing hissteps Giles turned east, and eventually going round the north sideof Lake Torrens reached Elder's station at Beltana. There thepreparations for his fourth journey were made, and with Tietkinsagain his lieutenant, and with what Giles had always wanted, acaravan of camels, a start was made on 6 May. Port Augusta wasreached on 23 May and, after taking a northerly course to clear thelakes, a generally westerly course was followed. Some water wascarried, and the party was saved the continual excursions in searchof water for horses that had caused so much difficulty to theprevious expeditions. Towards the end of September over 320 mileshad been covered without finding a drop of water, when almost byaccident a fine supply was found in a small hollow and the wholeparty was saved. After a rest of nine days the journey was resumedon 6 October the course being still west. Ten days later theexpedition was attacked by a large body of aborigines and Giles wascompelled to fire on them. On 4 November they met a white stockmanbelonging to an outlying station. Their course was now south-westand on 13 November 1875 at Culham station they were met byJohn Forrest (q.v.), who escortedthem to Perth where they had an enthusiastic reception a few dayslater.

Giles stayed for two months at Perth. Tietkins and Young,another member of the expedition, went back to Adelaide by sea, andon 13 January 1876 Giles began the return journey taking a coursegenerally about 400 miles north of the last journey. He arrived atAdelaide in September 1876 after a good journey during which thecamels were found to be invaluable. In 1880 Giles publishedTheJournal of a Forgotten Expedition, being an account of histhird expedition, and in 1889 appearedAustralia TwiceTraversed: The Romance of Exploration in two substantialvolumes. This gives an account of his five expeditions. His lastyears were spent as a clerk in the warden's office at Coolgardie,where his great knowledge of the interior was always available forprospectors. He died unmarried at Coolgardie on 13 November 1897.He was given the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society in1880.

Giles was a first-rate bushman and a great explorer. Unlike someof the earlier explorers he received little reward for his work,and he was allowed to drop into obscurity. It would have pleasedhim could he have known that the finest appreciation of his workwas to be written by a competent observer nearly 40 years after hisdeath, "All who have worked in that country since Giles's time havefelt both admiration and astonishment at the splendid horsecraft,the endurance, and the unwavering determination with which theseexplorations were carried through. . . . To read Giles's simpleaccount of those terrible rides into the unknown on dying horseswith an unrelieved diet of dried horse for weeks at a time, withthe waters behind dried out and those ahead still to find, is tomarvel at the character and strength of the motive which could holda man constant in such a course". (H. H. Finlayson,The RedCentre).

Giles's own publications;The South AustralianRegister, 15 November 1897; E. Favenc,The Explorers ofAustralia;The Geographical Journal, January1898.

GILL, HARRY PELLING (1855-1916), artist,

was born at Brighton, England, in 1855. He studied at theBrighton School of Art and at South Kensington where he won ascholarship. In 1882 he was appointed master of the school ofdesign at Adelaide and held this position for 27 years. He wasappointed honorary curator of the art gallery of South Australia,and in 1899 visited Europe where, with the assistance of acommittee, he spent £10,000 on works of art. It was generallyagreed that very good judgment had been shown in making thesepurchases. Gill was for some time president of the South AustralianSociety of Arts, and in 1909 was appointed principal and examinerof the Adelaide School of Art. He resigned this position on 1 July1915 on account of ill health, and died on 25 May 1916 while on avoyage to England. Gill had a good reputation as a teacher andlecturer. An oil and three of his water-colours are in the artgallery at Adelaide. He married and was survived by his wife andtwo sons.

The Advertiser andThe Register, Adelaide31 May 1916; W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art; privateinformation.

GILL, SAMUEL THOMAS (1818-1880), artist,

was born at Perrington, Somerset, England, on 21 May 1818. Hisfather, the Reverend Samuel Gill, became headmaster of a school atPlymouth, and the son was educated first at this school, and thenat Dr Seabrook's academy in the same city. He arrived in Adelaidewith his parents in December 1839, and in the following year openeda studio and advertised that he was prepared to execute portraits.In 1846 he was a member of the J. A. Horrocks exploring expeditionwhich came to an end by the accidental death of Horrocks. InJanuary 1847 Gill raffled some sketches made by him on the journey,and in February an exhibition of pictures was held in Adelaide ofwhich he appears to have been the organizer. In 1849 he publishedHeads of the People, 12 lithographic sketches of SouthAustralian colonists. He went to Victoria in 1851 and made manysketches illustrating life on the goldfields, which werelithographed and published at Melbourne in two parts under thetitleA Series of Sketches of the Victoria Gold Diggings andDiggers as they are (not dated but probably issued about theend of 1852). Seven excellent coloured lithographs of Melbournescenes were executed in 1854, and in 1855 appeared another seriesof lithographs,The Diggers, Diggings of Victoria as they are in1855. In 1856 he visited Sydney where he published some viewsof Sydney in booklet form. It is not clear when he returned toMelbourne, but in 1857 a large collection of his drawings engravedon steel by J. Tingle was published there under the title ofVictoria Illustrated. A second series was published in 1862.Gill also provided the illustrations for Edward Wilson'sRamblesin the Antipodes published in 1859. In 1860 a series of 25Sketches in Victoria appeared, and in 1865 a set of colouredlithographs of scenes from bush life,The AustralianSketchbook, was published at Melbourne. Several of hiswater-colours were shown at the Melbourne exhibition of 1866-7, andin 1869 he was commissioned by the trustees of the Melbourne publiclibrary to do 40 water-colour drawings illustrating the diggings inthe fifties. He appears to have done comparatively little workafter this date and was drinking heavily for some years. On 27October 1880 he fell in the street and died, and was buried in apublic grave. In October 1913, at the suggestion of Mr Arthur Peck,the Historical Society of Victoria organized a subscription, hadthe artist's remains removed to a private grave, and erected atombstone. The inscription understates Gill's age by two years, butlittle was then known of his early life.

Gill's landscapes show him to have been a competent craftsman inwater-colour, sometimes working with a flowing brush and at othertimes using gum or body-colour. His diggings scenes reveal a talentfor caricature and form an interesting commentary on the period. Alarge collection of his drawings is at the Melbourne publiclibrary, several are at the national gallery at Adelaide, and he isalso well represented at the Mitchell library and the Commonwealthnational library at Canberra.

A. W. Greig,The Victorian Historical Magazine,March 1914; W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art; BasilBurdett,Art in Australia, April 1933;The Herald,Melbourne, 31 August 1940; W. H. Langham,Bulletin of theNational Gallery of South Australia, March 1940.

GILLEN, FRANCIS JAMES (1855-1912), anthropologist,

eldest son of Thomas Gillen, was born at Clare near Adelaide on28 October 1855. The year of his birth is sometimes given as 1856,but the earlier date appears to be more likely. He entered the postand telegraph service on 15 January 1867 and, after occupyingvarious junior positions, became an operator on thetrans-continental line on 1 April 1875. On 1 December 1892 he waspromoted to the position of post and telegraph master at AliceSprings and there, when the Horn expedition came to CentralAustralia about 18 months later, he met Professor, afterwards Sir,W. Baldwin Spencer(q.v.), the zoologist to the expedition. Gillen had been studyingthe aborigines for some time and the result of his work wasincorporated in Part IV of theReport on the Work of the HornScientific Expedition to Central Australia. Spencer was able tosuggest to Gillen various lines of inquiry, and two years latercame back to Alice Springs to take up with him the study of theArunta tribe. Writing to theRev. Lorimer Fison (q.v.) Spencermentions that Gillen is called "the Oknirrabata", which means"great teacher". He goes on to say that Gillen knew the languagedeeply enough to understand most of what was said. Gillen in factknew more than the language of the simple folk around him; heunderstood their feelings and was an example to everyone in histreatment of the aborigines. The result of their studies wasTheNative Tribes of Central Australia, which was published byMacmillan in 1899 with both names on the titlepage. In 1900 Gillenwas elected president of the anthropological section at the meetingof the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science heldat Melbourne and enjoyed the experience very much. To Spencer'sregret he had been transferred from Alice Springs to Moonta in1899, but in 1901 he was given leave by the South Australiangovernment to join Spencer in an expedition which took them up tothe Gulf of Carpentaria. Both men were full of energy, and they didan enormous amount of work endeavouring to obtain information fromthe natives. The climate was very trying, but they escaped seriousillness and three years laterThe Northern Tribes of CentralAustralia appeared. Gillen remained at Moonta until July 1908when he became postmaster at Port Pirie. In that year Spencer washoping to arrange to go with him to Western Australia, but Gillen'shealth began to fall and it was found to be impossible. In 1911,although his mind was quite clear, he was weakening physically, andhe died on 5 June 1912. His wife, formerly Miss Besley of MountGambier, three daughters and two sons survived him. A brother,Peter Paul Gillen, who was for many years a member of the SouthAustralian legislative assembly, predeceased him.

Gillen was a first-rate departmental officer and while living inCentral Australia was appointed a special magistrate andsub-protector of aborigines. His special distinction came from hisgreat knowledge of native manners and customs. Spencer valued thisso much that not only was Gillen's name placed on the title-pagesof the books written before the year of his death, it appeared alsoas joint author ofThe Arunta which was published in 1927,15 years after. Writing to his widow Spencer said: "I look back onhis friendship as one of the greatest privileges and blessings ofmy life."

Gillen was "impetuous, generous, witty, and bubbling over withenergy", but always extremely modest about his own achievements.The negatives of his remarkable collection of photographs ofaboriginal life are now the property of the South Australiangovernment.

Marett and Penniman,Spencer's Last Journey;Spencer'sScientific Correspondence;The Advertiser,Adelaide, 6 June 1912;The Register, Adelaide, 6 June1912.

GILLIES, DUNCAN (1834-1903), premier of Victoria,

was born at Overnewton near Glasgow, where his father had amarket garden, in January 1834. His mother was a woman of greatshrewdness and strength of character, much interested in theeducation of her children. Gillies was sent to the high schooluntil he was about 14, when he entered an office in Glasgow. Heemigrated to Australia and arrived in Port Phillip in December1852. He went to the diggings at Ballarat, and it has been statedthat he was one of the leaders of the diggers during the troubleswhich culminated at the Eureka Stockade in December 1854. Thisappears to be unlikely as he was little more than 20 at the time,and his name is not included among those of the prominent men bythe historians of the period. However, in February 1858 he waselected a member of the first Ballarat mining board. In 1859 he wasselected to represent Ballarat West in the legislative assembly ofVictoria, and he was re-elected for the same constituency fourtimes during the next 10 years. During this period he established areputation in the house as a capable debater. In May 1868 he becamepresident of the board of land and works in theSladen (q.v.) ministry, but ongoing before the electors lost his seat. At the next election hecame in for Maryborough and in June 1872 he was commissioner ofrailways and roads in theFrancis (q.v.) andKerford (q.v.) ministries fromJune 1872 to June 1875. He was again in office in October 1875 intheMcCulloch (q.v.)ministry as president of the board of land and works and ministerof agriculture. At the next election, held in 1877, he was returnedfor Rodney, but was unseated on the ground that undue influence hadbeen used by the lands department by the issue of leases toelectors during the contest. The committee found, however, thatthis influence had been used without the knowledge of thecandidate. A new election was held in November, when Gillies wasagain returned, and he retained his seat in 1880. He was ministerof railways in the shortlivedService (q.v.) ministry, andwhen Service returned to power in March 1883 had the same office,and in addition was minister of public instruction. When Serviceretired in February 1886 Gillies became premier and was alsotreasurer and minister of railways. This government lasted nearlyfive years, during a period of great confidence, and there was nodoubt much extravagance. Gillies had the reputation of being shrewdand hardheaded, but he does not appear to have tried to check theextravagance of the time, and must take his share of the blame forthe long period of depression that began in the earlyeighteen-nineties. He was for a time lukewarm on the question offederation, and in 1889, whenParkes (q.v.) raised the questionagain, was doubtful whether it was immediately practicable.However, during the Melbourne conference of 1890, over which hepresided, he became more hopeful and agreed that the difficultieswere not insuperable. Towards the end of the year Gillies broughtbefore the Victorian parliament a huge railway bill involving anexpenditure of about £8,000,000. Unemployment was increasing,partly on account of a great maritime strike, but principallybecause of the beginning of one of those reactions that alwaysfollow a boom period. On 5 November 1890 the Gillies ministryresigned and its leader never again held office. He was appointedagent-general in London in 1894 and held the position for aboutthree years. On his return in 1897 he was elected to the assemblyfor Toorak, and in 1902 was unanimously elected speaker. But heshowed failing health and powers, and a severe illness kept himaway front the house for some months. He died on 12 September 1903.He had always been considered to be a bachelor, but after his deathit was disclosed that in 1897 he had married in London Mrs TurquandFillan who survived him without issue. He declined the honour ofK.C.M.G. in 1887.

Gillies for most of his lifetime was not personally popular. Hewas considered reserved and somewhat unsympathetic, but towards theend of his life, when father of the house, he mellowed and wasgenerally liked. As a freetrader and a one-time working mangenerally voting on the conservative side, he was much criticizedby the protectionist and radical press. He originated littlelegislation of importance, but was a good administrator and a manof force of character, shrewd and honest of purpose.

The Argus, Melbourne, 14 September 1903;TheAge, Melbourne, 15 September 1903. H . G. Turner,A Historyof the Colony of Victoria; Quick and Garran,The AnnotatedConstitution of the Australian Commonwealth; P. Mennell,TheDictionary of Australasian Biography.

GILLIES, WILLIAM NEAL (1868-1928), premier of Queensland,

was born in the Allen River district of New South Wales, on 28October 1868. His father, Dugald Gillies, was a farmer, and bothparents came from Scotland. Gillies was educated at local schoolsand in 1882 went with his parents to the Richmond River country.There he took up farming including sugar-cane growing, and began tobe interested in public affairs. He was an active member of theanti-alien league, and afterwards became president of the New SouthWales sugar growers defence league. At the federal election of 1910he unsuccessfully stood as a Labour candidate for the Richmondseat, and was again defeated when he stood for the New South Waleslegislative assembly in the same district. In 1911 he took up landin Queensland and in 1912 won the Eacham seat for Labour in theQueensland parliament. He held this seat until his retirement frompolitics. He was assistant-minister for justice in theRyan (q.v.) ministry from April 1918to September 1919 and for a few weeks until 22 October, wassecretary for agriculture and stock. He held the last position inthe Theodore ministry from October 1919, and his practicalexperience as a farmer was found to be of great use. Manyamendments were made in existing legislation relating toagriculture and no fewer than 14 new measures were passed. Thisperiod was marked by the establishment of the cotton industry andthe stabilization of the sugar and farming industries. On theresignation of Theodore, Gillies became premier on 26 February1925, taking the positions of chief secretary and treasurer, andvice-president of the executive council. He was premier during aperiod of great labour unrest with constantly occurring strikes.Himself a man of moderate views he found the more extreme sectionof the party very active, and he was beset with anxieties. Hecompromised as much as possible, but on 27 October 1925 was glad toresign and become a member of the newly-established board of tradeand arbitration. He gave much study to the problems to be dealtwith and carried out his work with conspicuous fairness. He,however, felt the strain very much and died suddenly on 9 February1928. He married in 1900 Margaret Smith who survived him with a sonand a daughter.

Gillies was a good type of politician, honest and hardworking,who did sound work for his party and his country. He did not,however, have sufficient personality to be a good leader when hefound himself in difficult circumstances.

The Brisbane Courier, 10 February 1928;TheLabour Daily, Sydney, 10 February 1928; C. A. Bernays,Queensland--Our Seventh Political Decade;TheBulletin, 15 February 1928.

GIPPS, SIR GEORGE (1790-1847), governor of New South Wales,

was the eldest son of the Rev. George Gipps and was born atRingwold, Kent, in 1790, or possibly early in 1791. He was educatedat the King's School, Canterbury, and the military academy,Woolwich. He entered the army as a second lieutenant of the royalengineers in January 1809, and in March 1812 was wounded at thesiege of Badajoz. He continued to see service in the Peninsularcampaigns, and in September 1814 became a captain. From November1814 until July 1817 he was with the Duke of Wellington's army inFlanders and France, but missed Waterloo because he was engaged inpreparing fortifications at Ostend. On his return to England he wasfor some years at Chatham, and from 1824 to 1829 in the WestIndies, where he showed good administrative qualities A report hemade on the question of the emancipation of the slaves in thesecolonies impressed the ministry of the period, which appointed himto two government commissions dealing with the boundaries ofconstituencies in England and Ireland. He became private secretaryto Lord Auckland, who was then first lord of the admiralty, in1834, and in the following year was appointed a commissioner withthe Earl of Gosford and Sir Charles E. Grey to inquire intogrievances in Canada. Their report was drawn up by Gipps and wasadopted by the house of commons. He was knighted, was promoted tothe rank of major, and returned to England in April 1837. He wasappointed governor of New South Wales on 5 October 1837, andarrived at Sydney on 23 February 1838.

Gipps's term as governor was a stormy one. The transitiontowards responsible government that was taking place gave manyopportunities for differences of opinion, and the fight was oftenwaged with a bitterness difficult to conceive. It was stillproceeding when the governor left the colony. Another contentiousmatter was the education question. The practice brought in bySir Richard Bourke(q.v.) of granting a pound for pound subsidy on all privatesubscriptions had resulted in the formation of several smallsectarian schools in the same district. The effect was that theseschools were neither efficient nor economical and they led tosectarian strife. Various schemes were brought forward, but onecould not be found which received general approval. The chiefopposition came from the Church of England, the largest religiousbody in the colony, and Gipps was not to blame because no solutionwas found during his period of office. Another problem was thegovernment of the settlers in the Port Phillip district, which waspartially solved by the appointment in 1839 ofCharles J. La Trobe (q.v.) assuperintendent under Gipps's direction. Provision was also madethat in the new council there should be six representatives of thePort Phillip district. But Melbourne in the then state ofcommunications was very far away from Sydney, and it was impossibleto find local representatives able and willing to live part of theyear at Sydney. A still more pressing question was the problem ofthe land held by the squatters who as their flocks increased hadgone farther and farther afield seeking grazing land. Theynaturally desired some security of tenure, but the system ofoccupation grew more and more confused, and in 1844 Gippsendeavoured to put some order into it. His regulations issued inApril 1844 required a licence fee of £10 a year, in most cases thearea of each station was limited to 20 square miles, and no onelicence covered a station capable of depasturing more than 500 headof cattle and 7000 sheep. This brought a storm of protests from thesquatters and led to the foundation of the Pastoral Association ofNew South Wales, and the struggle continued until the departure ofthe governor. His term of office expired in February 1844, but thecolonial office valued his work and extended his appointment. InAugust 1845 he received a dispatch from Lord Stanley intimatingthat his successor might be expected to arrive towards the end ofthe year.Sir CharlesFitzroy (q.v.), however, did not actually reach Australia until2 August 1846. Gipps had departed on the previous 11 July. He hadfelt the strain very much, and shortly before his departurementioned in public that he had stayed too long for the good of hishealth. He arrived in England on 20 November 1846 and died suddenlyfrom heart failure on 28 February 1847. He married in 1830Elizabeth, daughter of Major-General George Ramsay, who survivedhim with one son, afterwards Sir Reginald Ramsay Gipps, a generalin the British army. A monument to Sir George Gipps is inCanterbury cathedral.

Gipps was a man of great ability and wisdom, conscientious,self-reliant, hard-working, and determined. Unfortunately for hisown peace of mind he had to deal with difficult problems arisingout of the movement towards responsible government. He also came inconflict with the vested interests of the squatters and incurredmuch abuse.(Sir) JamesMartin (q.v.) when a young man wrote an article for theAtlas in which he said of Gipps: "He showed himself to bepossessed of every quality necessary for a bad governor, withscarcely any one of the requisites of a good one, and his eightyears' administration will be a sort of plague spot in our history"(quoted in G. B. Barton'sPoets and Prose Writers of New SouthWales, p. 67). When he left, both the Sydney newspapers, theSydney Morning Herald and theEmpire, called Gipps"the worst governor the colony had ever had". That has not been theverdict of history. Gipps may possibly have had rather too exaltedan idea of the powers of the governor, and he could on occasions bearrogant and tactless, but he was none the less a great man and agreat governor in a difficult time. Jose, in hisHistory ofAustralia, speaks of "his clear judgment . . . his greatqualities. . . . No governor has been more unpopular, none lessdeserved unpopularity". Sir Ernest Scott, inA Short History ofAustralia, referring to his unpopularity says "he was, intruth, a singularly able and most conscientious and high-mindedgovernor". Frederick Watson, editor ofThe Historical Records ofAustralia, takes a similar view (see p. VIII, vol. XIX and p.XVII, vol. XXIV), as does also S. H. Roberts, in hisTheSquatting Age in Australia. During his term as governor Gippsdid much to encourage exploration, the amount of land undercultivation was very largely increased, and the population was morethan doubled.

The Gentleman's Magazine, April 1847;Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols. XIX to XXV;S. K. Barker,Journal and Proceedings Royal AustralianHistorical Society, vol. XVI, pp. 169-260, a careful andbalanced study of the period; S. H. Roberts,The Squatting Agein Australia;Official History of New South Wales;Men and Women of the Time, 1899.

GLEDDEN, ROBERT (1855-1927), public benefactor,

was born at Bishopwearmouth, Durham, England, on 26 December1855. In his youth he spent many years in Germany, Finland andother continental countries, and became a good linguist. He came toAustralia about the year 1890 and was licensed as a surveyor inQueensland. He went to Perth about the beginning of 1892, and afterpractising for a few months as a surveyor was asked by W. Marmion,then the minister of lands, to take charge of mining surveys atCoolgardie. He made a preliminary survey there and about a yearlater laid out the site of Kalgoorlie. He at times acted as miningregistrar and warden, and was well acquainted with all the earlypioneers at the goldfields. Having a good memory and a keen senseof humour his reminiscences of life during the early days of thegoldfields were found very interesting in later years. He retiredin 1900 and spent much time travelling with his wife beforesettling at Caulfield near Melbourne. After his wife died about1921, Gleddon continued to travel, but kept his interest in WesternAustralia and spent a good deal of his time there. He died at Perthon 5 November 1927. He had no children. He was a good business manand made money largely out of investing in land in WesternAustralia. His will provided that the whole of his estate, subjectto three annuities, should go to the university of WesternAustralia to provide scholarships in applied science, beginning 10years after his death. The amount made available to the universitywas about £55,000, and the income is used mainly to provide theRobert Gledden and Maud Gledden travelling fellowships of £750 ayear. In addition there are Gledden studentships to enableengineers or surveyors to travel to other parts of Australia, andGledden scholarships to assist students in engineering, surveyingor the applied sciences generally.

The West Australian, 7 November 1927;information from the Registrar, University of WesternAustralia.

GLOVER, JOHN (1767-1849), artist,

was born in Leicestershire, England, on 18 February 1767, theson of William Glover, a small farmer. He showed a talent fordrawing at an early age, and in 1794 was practising as an artistand drawing-master at Lichfield. He removed to London in 1805,became a member of the Old Water Colour Society, and was electedits president in 1807. In the ensuing years he exhibited a largenumber of pictures at the exhibitions of this society, and also atthe Royal Academy and the Society of British Artists. He hadone-man shows in London in 1823 and 1824. He was a very successfulartist and, although never elected a member of the Academy, hisreputation stood very high with the public. In 1830 he left forTasmania taking his family with him, and arrived in February 1831.He bought an estate called Patterdale, on the northern slopes ofBen Lomond, continued to paint until near the end of his life, andoccasionally sent his works to London. During his last few years hespent most of his time reading, and died at Launceston on 9December 1849. He was survived by his wife, sons and daughters.

Glover was a very capable artist who painted mostly inwater-colours. His Australian paintings rather lack colour. Hispictures have possibly faded, like much of the work of his period.Many examples of his art are in English galleries, and he is alsorepresented at Melbourne, Hobart, Launceston and in privatecollections especially in Tasmania.

Basil S. Long,John Glover; W. Moore,TheStory of Australian Art.

GLYNN, PATRICK McMAHON (1855-1931), politician,

was born at Gort, County Galway, Ireland, on 25 August 1855.Educated at the French College, Blackrock, he was articled to asolicitor at Dublin, graduated B.A. at Dublin in 1878, andsubsequently took the LL.B. degree. He was called to the Irish barin 1879 and emigrated to Victoria in the following year. In 1882 hewent to South Australia and practised his profession at Adelaideand Kapunda, where he also edited for some time theKapundaHerald. In 1887 he was elected to the South Australian assemblyfor Light, and in 1895 he became the representative of NorthAdelaide. He was prominent in the federal movement, was elected oneof the representatives of South Australia at the 1897 convention,sat on the judiciary committee, and did useful work. In 1899 hebecame attorney-general in the Solomon ministry which, however,lasted only a week.

At the first federal election Glynn was returned to the house ofrepresentatives as member for Angas and was subsequently more thanonce elected unopposed for this electorate. He showed ability andknowledge as a constitutional lawyer. He was active in thenegotiations on the Murray waters question, and was chairman of theinter-state commission which drafted the Murray waters bill of1907. He became attorney-general in theDeakin (q.v.) ministry in June 1909and minister for external affairs in the Cook ministry from June1913 to September 1914. He visited England at the invitation of theImperial parliamentary association in 1916, and on his return wasminister for home and territories in the Hughes ministries fromFebruary 1917 until February 1920. Defeated at the general electionat the end of 1919 he retired from politics, and died on 28 October1931. He married Abigail Dynon, who predeceased him, and wassurvived by two sons and four daughters. He was a fineShakespearian scholar; several of his literary papers werepublished, as were also various legal and political pamphlets.

Glynn was a highly cultivated, eloquent Irishman who became agood Australian. He exercised much influence in South Australia inthe later stages of the federation campaign, and proved himself anexcellent fighter in the federal arena especially in connexion withlegal matters and the constitution.

The Advertiser, Adelaide, 29 October 1931; H. G.Turner,The First Decade of the AustralianCommonwealth.

GOE, FIELD FLOWERS (1832-1910), anglican bishop of Melbourne,

son of Field Flowers Goe, solicitor, was born in 1832 at Louth,Lincolnshire, England. He was educated at the grammar school atLouth and Hertford College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1857and M.A. in 1860. He was ordained deacon and priest in 1858, and inthe same year was appointed curate at Kingston-on-Hull. He wasrector of Sunderland from 1873 to 1877 and St George's, Bloomsbury,London, from 1877 to 1887. He had shown ability as a parish worker,preacher, and organizer, and in 1886 was appointed bishop ofMelbourne in succession toMoorhouse (q.v.). Thoughstrongly evangelical he was not bigoted, and had signed thememorial protesting against the persecution of the ritualists. Hewas installed at the cathedral church of St James, Melbourne, on 14April 1887. Goe was aware of many problems in his church whichneeded attention, but resolved that until the cathedral could befinished and paid for, these must stand aside. St Paul's cathedral,Melbourne, was completed, except for its spires, and consecrated on22 January 1891. By that time the land boom had burst and for thenext 10 years Melbourne suffered from a severe depression. Thefinancial question in fact caused so many difficulties that it wasalmost impossible to do more than mark time. The forming of newdioceses had several times been discussed and on 3 October 1901 anact was passed in the church assembly which gave to the state ofVictoria three additional bishoprics, Bendigo, Wangaratta, andGippsland. Goe resigned on 1 November but acted as administratoruntil his departure for England on 7 April 1902. He lived inretirement at Wimbledon, near London. until his death on 25 June1910. He married in 1861 Emma, daughter of William Hurst, who diedin 1901. They had no children.

Goe was a big man, full of kindliness. He was neither a greatscholar nor a great thinker, but he was a man of shrewd sense whopreached peace on earth and goodwill to all men, and kept hisdiocese going through a difficult period.

The Times, 29 June 1910;The Argus, 30June 1910;Crockfords Clerical Directory, 1910;YearBooks of the Diocese of Melbourne, 1899-1902.

GOLDSBROUGH, RICHARD (1821-1886), business man,

son of Joshua Goldsbrough, was born at Shipley, Yorkshire, inOctober 1821. At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a Bradfordfirm and became a wool stapler. He began working for himself in asmall way in 1842, purchasing clips and sorting them for themanufacturers. His business was prospering, but feeling thatAustralia offered him a wider field, he sailed from Liverpool in1847 and after a short stay at Adelaide went on to Melbourne. Hebegan business there in 1848, and in 1853 went into partnershipwith E. Row and George Kirk under the name of E. Row and Company.In 1857 he took Hugh Parker into partnership and the business of R.Goldsbrough and Company was established. The building at the cornerof Bourke- and William-streets was begun in 1862, other partnerswere admitted in later years, and in 1881 the business wasamalgamated with the Australasian Agency and Banking Corporationand formed into a public company, of which Goldsbrough was chairmanof directors. He died at Melbourne on 8 April 1886. His wife haddied some years before and there were no surviving children.

Goldsbrough took no part in public life. He was essentially abusiness man, always abreast of the times. He had much influence inthe development of the wool trade of Australia.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 9 April1886.

GOOLD, JAMES ALIPIUS (1812-1886), first Roman Catholic archbishop of Melbourne,

was born at Cork, Ireland, on 4 November 1812. On leaving schoolhe entered the order of St Augustine to study for the priesthood,and spent his college life largely in Italy. He was ordained priestat Perugia in 1835 and was stationed for a time at an Augustinianconvent in Rome. There he metDr Ullathorne (q.v.) in 1837,who suggested that he should go to Australia. He arrived in Sydneyin February 1838. He was given charge of the district ofCampbelltown, where he spent much of his time travelling throughthe country on horseback. In July 1847 he was appointed bishop ofMelbourne and was consecrated at St Mary's cathedral, Sydney, on 6August 1848. He travelled overland, the journey taking 19 days, andarrived in Melbourne on 4 October. The new diocese stretched fromthe Murray to the sea and the bishop took the opportunity ofmeeting many of his priests and people on the way, and was able toform some idea of the state of the country. Melbourne itself wasthen only a small town, and priests, schools and churches were few.Goold began his work with great zeal and arranged with the heads ofwell-known religious orders such as the Jesuits, the ChristianBrothers the Sisters of Mercy, and the Presentation Nuns toestablish branch institutions in the new colony. Five acres of landon Eastern Hill, after negotiations begun in 1848, were finallygranted by the crown on 1 April 1851 and shortly afterwards becamethe site of St Patrick's cathedral and the bishop's palace. Thediscovery of gold in this year enormously increased the populationof Melbourne, and it was realized that the church of St Patrickthat had been begun would not be worthy of the growing city. It wasdecided to build a great cathedral. In 1858W. W. Wardell (q.v.), thengovernment architect, was asked to draw up the plans, and the firststone of the new building was laid in December 1858. For theremainder of Goold's life he was much occupied with the raising offunds for the cathedral.

There was, however, another problem constantly before him, thequestion of primary and secondary education for Catholic children.In 1872 the Victorian government underFrancis (q.v.) had announced thepreparation of a bill to bring in free, secular and compulsoryeducation. Goold believed that education without religion wasworthless, that the bill was the beginning of an attack on hisChurch, and he issued a strongly-worded pastoral which in effecturged all Roman Catholics to vote against the supporters of Francisat the coming election. The Protestants, however, allied themselveson the side of Francis and much sectarian feeling followed whichdid not die down for many years. It is now clear that Goold'saction was a tactical blunder. He, however, never relaxed hisopposition to the new act after it had been passed, but thoughsubsequent campaigns were conducted ability he had little success.In his younger days Goold had kept much in touch with his largediocese, but when fresh sees had been created his work was moreconfined to Melbourne and much of it was administrative. He madeoccasional visits to Rome, became archbishop of Melbourne in 1874and continued his work with energy. Towards the end of his life hishealth began to suffer but it was difficult to persuade him torelax from his duties. He died at Melbourne on 11 June 1886.

Though really an amiable man, kindly and charitable in anunobstrusive way, Goold had a somewhat distant manner with thelaity, and was a strict disciplinarian to his clergy. He was not abrilliant preacher, and wrote little or nothing, but he was anuntiring worker with much administrative ability, thoroughly fittedfor the work he was destined to do. He began with almost nothingand left a large and flourishing diocese with numerous clergy,churches and schools, and a noble cathedral well on the way tocompletion.

Cardinal Moran,History of the Catholic Church inAustralasia; J. F. Hogan,A Biographical Sketch (Reprintof articles in theArgus, Melbourne, 12, 14 and 16 June1886);The Australasian, Melbourne, 19 June 1886;TheAdvocate, 19 June 1886;St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne,1839-1939.

GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833-1870), poet, [ also refer toAdam Lindsay GORDON page at ProjectGutenberg Australia]

was born at Fayal in the Azores on 19 October 1833. His father,Captain Adam Durnford Gordon, had married his first cousin, HarrietGordon, and both were descended from Adam of Gordon of the ballad,and were connected with other distinguished men of the intervening500 years. Captain Gordon was then staying at the Azores for thesake of his wife's health. They were back in England living atCheltenham in 1840, and in 1841 Gordon went to Cheltenham College.He was there for only about a year. Subsequently he was sent to aschool kept by the Rev. Samuel Ollis Garrard in Gloucestershire. In1848 he went to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. There heappears to have been good at sports, but not studious and certainlyundisciplined. In June 1851 his father was requested to withdrawhim and the young man, he was nearly 18, was again admitted a pupilat Cheltenham College. He was not there for long, he appears tohave left in the middle of 1852, but the story that he was expelledfrom Cheltenham is without foundation. He lived for some time withan uncle at Worcester, and was a private pupil of the headmaster ofthe Worcester Royal Grammar School. He began to lead a wild andaimless life, contracted debts, and was a great anxiety to hisfather, who at last decided that his son should go to Australia andmake a fresh start. Gordon had fallen in love with a girl of 17,Jane Bridges, who was able to tell the story 60 years afterwards tohis biographers. He did not declare his love until he came to saygood-bye to her before leaving for Australia on 7 August 1853."With characteristic recklessness he offered to sacrifice thepassage he had taken to Australia, and all his father's plans forgiving him a fresh start in life, if she would tell him not to go,or promise to be his wife, or even give him some hope." This MissBridges could not do, though she liked the shy handsome boy andremembered him with affection to the end of a long life. It was theone romance of Gordon's life.

That Gordon realized his conduct had fallen much below what itmight have been can be seen in his poems ... "To my Sister",written three days before he left England, and "Early Adieux",evidently written about the same time. He was just over 20 when hearrived at Adelaide on 14 November 1853. He immediately obtained aposition in the South Australian mounted police and was stationedat Mount Gambier and Penola. On 4 November 1855 he resigned fromthe force and took up horse-breaking in the south-eastern districtof South Australia. The interest in horse-racing which he had shownas a youth in England was continued in Australia, and in a letterwritten in November 1854 he mentioned that he had a horse for thesteeplechase at the next meeting. In 1857 he met theRev. Julian Tenison Woods (q.v.)who lent him books and talked poetry with him. He then had thereputation of being "a good steady lad and a splendid horseman". Inthis year his father died and he also lost his mother about twoyears later. From her estate he received about £7000 towards theend of 1861. He was making a reputation as a rider over hurdles,and several times either won or was placed in local hurdle racesand steeplechases. On 20 October 1862 he married Margaret Park,then a girl of 17. In March 1864 he bought a cottage, Dingley Dell,near Port MacDonnell, and, in this same year, inspired by sixengravings after Noel Paton illustrating "The Dowie Dens 0'Yarrow", Gordon wrote a poemThe Feud, of which 30 copieswere printed at Mount Gambier. On 11 January 1865 he received adeputation asking him to stand for parliament and was eventuallyelected by three votes to the house of assembly. He spoke severaltimes but had no talent for speaking in public, and he resigned hisseat on 20 November 1866. He was contributing verse to theAustralasian andBell's Life in Victoria and doing afair amount of riding. He bought some land in Western Australia,but returned from a visit to it early in 1867 and went to live atMount Gambier. On 10 June 1867 he publishedAshtaroth, aDramatic Lyric, and on the nineteenth of the same monthSeaSpray and Smoke Drift. In November he rented Craig's liverystables at Ballarat, but he had no head for business and theventure was a failure. In March 1868 he had a serious accident, ahorse smashing his head against a gatepost of his own yard. Hisdaughter, born on 3 May 1867, died at the age of 11 months, hisfinancial difficulties were increasing, and he fell into very lowspirits. In spite of short sight he was becoming very well known asa gentleman rider, and on 10 October 1868 actually won three racesin one day at the Melbourne Hunt Club steeplechase meeting. He rodewith great patience and judgment, but his want of good sight wasalways a handicap. He began riding for money but was not fortunateand had more than one serious fall. He sold his business and leftBallarat in October 1868 and came to Melbourne. He had succeeded instraightening his financial affairs and was more cheerful. He madea little money out of his racing and became a member of the YorickClub, where he was friendly withMarcus Clarke (q.v.),George Gordon McCrae (q.v.), and alittle laterHenryKendall (q.v.). On 12 March 1870 Gordon had a bad fall whileriding in a steeplechase at Flemington. His head was injured and henever completely recovered. He had for some time been endeavouringto show that he was heir to the estate of Esslemont in Scotland,but there was a flaw in the entail, and in June he learnt that hisclaim must be abandoned. He had seen his last book,Bush Balladsand Galloping Rhymes, through the press, and it was publishedon 23 June 1870. Gordon on that day met Kendall who showed him theproof of the favourable review he had written for theAustralasian. But Gordon had just asked his publishers whathe owed them for printing the book, and realized that he had nomoney to pay them and no prospects. He went home to his cottage atBrighton carrying a package of cartridges for his rifle. Nextmorning he rose early, walked into the tea-tree scrub and shothimself. His wife went back to South Australia, married again, andlived until November 1919. In October 1870 a stone was placed overhis grave at Brighton by his friends, and in 1932 a statue to hismemory by Paul Montfort was unveiled near parliament house,Melbourne. In May 1934 his bust was placed in WestminsterAbbey.

Gordon was tall and handsome (see portrait prefixed toTheLaureate of the Centaurs). But he stooped and held himselfbadly, partly on account of his short sight. He was shy, sensitiveand, even before he was overwhelmed with troubles, inclined to bemoody. After his head was injured at Ballarat he was never the sameman again, and subsequent accidents aggravated his condition. Anysuggestion that drink was a contributing cause may be disregarded.(Sir) Frank Madden who was with him the day before his death saidthat he was then absolutely sober, "he never cared for it (drink)and so far as I know seldom took it at all". The Rev. Tenison Woodsin his "Personal Reminiscences" said "Those who did not know Gordonattributed his suicide to drink, but I repeat he was most temperateand disliked the company of drinking men". His tragic death drewmuch attention to his work and especially in Melbourne theappreciation of it became overdone. This led to a revulsion offeeling among better judges and for a time it was underrated insome quarters. Much of his verse is careless and banal, there arepassages inAshtaroth for instance that are almostunbelievably bad, but at his best he is a poet of importance, whoon occasions wrote some magnificent lines. Douglas Sladen, alife-long admirer, in hisAdam Lindsay Gordon, The WestminsterAbbey Memorial Volume has made a selection of 27 poems whichoccupy about 90 pages. Without subscribing to every poem selectedit may be said that Gordon is most adequately represented in asheaf of this kind. His most sustained effort, the "Rhyme of JoyousGarde", has some glorious stanzas, and on it and some 20 otherpoems Gordon's fame may be allowed to rest.

Edith Humphris and Douglas Sladen,Adam LindsayGordon and His Friends in England and Australia; J.Howlett-Ross,The Laureate of the Centaurs; Julian E.Tenison Woods, "Personal Reminiscences of Adam Lindsay Gordon",Melbourne Review, 1884; Edith Humphris,The Life of AdamLindsay Gordon; J. K. Moir, A Chronology of the Life of AdamLindsay Gordon (at Public Library, Melbourne); Turner andSutherland,The Development of Australian Literature; P,Serle,A Bibliography of Australasian Poetry and Verse;Douglas Sladen,Adam Lindsay Gordon, The Westminster AbbeyMemorial Volume; E. Morris Miller,AustralianLiterature; F. M. Robb, Introduction toPoems of AdamLindsay Gordon, Oxford Ed.

GORDON, SIR JOHN HANNAH (1850-1923), politician and judge,

was born at Kilmalcolm, Scotland, on 26 July 1850, the son ofthe Rev. James Gordon. His father went to South Australia in 1859to take charge of the Presbyterian church at Mount Barker, and wasafterwards stationed at Gawler. Gordon was educated at Mount Barkerunder James Clezy, M.A., and at Gawler under the Rev. J. Leonardand W. L. S. Burton. On leaving school he studied theology andclassics for two years, and was then for some years in the officesof W. Duffield and Company of Gawler, and Dunn and Company, PortAdelaide. He took up the study of law and was admitted to the SouthAustralian bar in 1876, but practised for 11 years at Strathalbynas a successful solicitor. He did not become a Q.C. until 1900. In1888 he was elected to the legislative council for the SouthernDistrict and held the seat for 15 years. He was minister ofeducation in theCockburn (q.v.) ministry fromJune 1889 to August 1890, and held the same position in the firstHolder (q.v.) ministryfrom June to October 1892. He became chief secretary in theKingston (q.v.)ministry in June 1893 but resigned on 15 February 1896. He wasattorney-general in Holder's second ministry from December 1899 toMay 1901 and from May 1901 to December 1903 in theJenkins (q.v.) ministry. He wasthen raised to the supreme court bench. He had shown himself to bea great leader of the legislative council and a good administrator.Always a strong federalist he was a representative of SouthAustralia at the 1891 convention, was elected fifth out of 33candidates in 1897, and sat on the constitutional committee. Hewould probably have had no difficulty in winning a seat had heelected to enter federal politics, but decided to stay in SouthAustralia.

As a judge Gordon was industrious and conscientious, quick inunderstanding, rapid and logical in his conclusions. He was helpfulto timid witnesses and a friend to young barristers. It wasgenerally believed that he could have become a high court judge hadhe desired it, but his health was imperfect, and the same reasonprobably prevented consideration of his claims to be chief justiceof South Australia whenWay(q.v.) died. He was an excellent lecturer on literary subjects,with a fine knowledge of the Elizabethan period, and his occasionalarticles in the Adelaide press showed great journalistic ability.He died at Adelaide on 23 December 1923. He married in 1876 AnnRogers who survived him with a daughter. He was knighted in1908.

Gordon was of athletic build, a charming companion with abrilliant mind. He was excellent both as an after-dinner speakerand in parliament, and always had a complete grip of the details ofthe bills he was bringing before parliament. No South Australianever excelled his management of the upper house.

The Register andThe Advertiser,Adelaide, 24 December 1923; J. Quick and R. R. Garran,TheAnnotated Constitution of the AustralianCommonwealth.

GOUGER, ROBERT (1802-1846), one of the founders of South Australia,

was born on 26 June 1802 and educated at a school in Nottingham.His father, Robert Gouger, was a prosperous city merchant and onleaving school the boy entered his office. He became friendly withRobert Owen and, influenced by him, began taking an interest insocial questions. In 1829 he became associated withEdward Gibbon Wakefield (q.v.)and assisted him in advocating his colonization schemes. In thisyear Wakefield publishedA Letter from Sydney which appearedas edited by Robert Gouger. In the same year Gouger forwardedWakefield's pamphlet, aSketch of a Proposal for ColonizingAustralia, to the colonial office, but received noencouragement. Later on he was associated with another bookpublished in 1831,The State of New South Wales in December1830; in a Letter (addressed to R . Gouger; with remarks byhim). In 1830 Gouger went to Spain to fight for theconstitutional cause and saw active service. In the years between1830 and 1834 various colonization schemes were brought forward andGouger was active in their promulgation. Some of these schemes wereintended to be money-making, but the South Australian Association,founded in December 1833 with Gouger as honorary secretary, wasprincipally philanthropic in its objects. Gouger worked untiringlywith Wakefield, many obstacles had to be surmounted and manycompromises made, but in August 1834 the act for the establishmentof South Australia became law. In May 1835 Gouger applied for theposition of colonial secretary for South Australia. He disagreedstrongly with Wakefield about the price to be asked for land in thenew colony and they became estranged in June 1835. Gouger was giventhe appointment of colonial secretary at a salary of £400 a yearand sailed in theAfricaine on 30 June 1836. He bad beenmarried to Harriet Jackson on the previous 22 OCtober. They landedin South Australia on 10 November. On 28 December, as senior memberof the council, Gouger administered the oaths of office to thenewly arrived governorSir John Hindmarsh(q.v.).

Gouger had a troubled time in South Australia, and to the manydiscomforts of a new settlement was added anxiety for his wife'shealth. She died on 14 March 1837 and his infant son died two dayslater. The quarrels between the governor andColonel William Light (q.v.) causedmuch dissension and created many difficulties for Gouger, who waseventually suspended on a charge of having struck Gilles thecolonial treasurer. He felt this very deeply and the sympathy ofhis many friends could not atone for what he considered to be agreat injustice. On 8 November 1837 he left for England to lay hiscase before the government. On his arrival in July 1838 he foundthat he had been re-instated and Governor Hindmarsh recalled. Hehad busied himself on the voyage in preparingSouth Australia in1837 in a Series of Letters. This was published soon after hisarrival, and a second edition was called for in the same year. Atthe end of the year he was gratified to receive a present of apiece of plate from the leading colonists of South Australia as atribute to his exertions in founding the colony. In February 1839he started on his return journey and reached Adelaide in June. Hefound that the new governor,Colonel Gawler (q.v.), was besetwith difficulties in which Gouger shared. He eventually felt thatthe strain was too great and asked that he might resign hisposition and take up the less exacting one of colonial treasurer.He continued in this position until 1844 when he resigned onaccount of his health and returned to England. He died there inAugust 1846. About the end of 1838 he had married Sarah Whitten.Their daughter, Adelaide Gouger, preserved his journals and papers,which formed the basis of Hodder'sThe Founding of SouthAustralia.

Gouger has an honoured place among the founders of SouthAustralia. Wakefield was the controlling mind, but Gouger was hisable and hard-working representative at a time when it wasimpossible for Wakefield to take any prominent part in affairs.When they finally disagreed Gouger held firmly to his own views,and later on showed himself to be an efficient public servantduring the difficult times attending the birth of the colony.

Ed. E. Hodder,The Founding of South Australia,based on Gouger's papers and journals; R. C. Mills,TheColonization of Australia (1829-1842); A. Grenfell Price,The Foundation and Settlement of SouthAustralia.

GOULD, JOHN (1804-1881), ornithologist,

was born at Lyme, Dorset, England, on 14 September 1804. Littleis known of his childhood; his father was a gardener, and the boyprobably had a scanty education. He was employed as a gardenerunder his father in the royal gardens at Windsor from 1818 to 1824,and he was subsequently a gardener at Ripley Castle in Yorkshire.He left this position in 1827 to become taxidermist to the recentlyformed Zoological Society. In 1832 he published his first book,A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains, and in thesame year began the publication of hisBirds of Europe infive volumes, completed in 1837. These and subsequent books werepublished in a very large size, imperial folio, with magnificentcoloured plates. Eventually 41 of these volumes were published withabout 3000 plates. They appeared in parts at £3 3s. a number,subscribed for in advance, and in spite of the heavy expense ofpreparing the plates, Gould succeeded in making his ventures payand in realizing a fortune. He made the sketches of the birdshimself, and his wife, formerly Elizabeth Coxon, painted picturesfrom the sketches and drew them on the stone. She died in 1841 andin later years various artists were employed by Gould to do thispart of the work. Immediately Gould had completed hisBirds ofEurope he began preliminary work on hisBirds ofAustralia, began publishingA Synopsis of the Birds ofAustralia, and in 1838 went to Australia to investigate whatwas then a little-known subject. Accompanied by his wife and hisable assistant,JohnGilbert (q.v.), he arrived in Tasmania in September, spentseveral months there, and also visited adjacent islands and NewSouth Wales. He sent Gilbert to Western Australia, went himself toAdelaide, and spent about three months on the banks of the Murray,and some time on the south coast and on Kangaroo Island. In August1839 he again went to New South Wales, explored country near themouth of the Hunter River, and then followed the river to itssource in the Liverpool Ranges. From there he penetrated aconsiderable distance into the interior, returned to Sydney earlyin 1840, and sailing for England on 9 April arrived in August 1840.The publication ofThe Birds of Australia began soonafterwards, and the thirty-sixth and final part appeared in 1848.The parts were bound in seven volumes and the cost to subscriberswas £115. A supplementary volume was brought out in 1869. Otherworks by Gould wereA Monograph of the Trochilidae or HummingBirds with 360 plates (1849-61),The Mammals ofAustralia (1845-63),Handbook to the Birds of Australia(1865),The Birds of Asia (1850-83),The Birds of GreatBritain (1862-73),The Birds of New Guinea and the adjacentPapuan Islands (1875-88). Others will be found listed in theBritish Museum catalogue, and in addition considerably over 200papers were contributed to scientific journals. For the last fiveyears of his life Gould was in bad health and he died at London on3 February 1881. He was survived by a son and three daughters. Theson, Charles Gould, emigrated to Australia and became geologicalsurveyor of Tasmania. He wroteMythical Monsters, publishedin 1886. Final and supplementary volumes of some of Gould's workswere completed and published by R. Bowdler Sharp. Gould was electeda fellow of the Royal Society in 1843. In 1909 the Gould League ofBird Lovers was founded in Australia. Thirty years later it had amembership of 250,000, largely school children.

Gould was a combination of born naturalist and shrewd businessman. He had great industry and though he had the assistance of ablehelpers such as his wife, John Gilbert, and his faithful secretaryE. C. Prince, he did an immense amount of work himself. Somewhatbrusque in manner he had a kindly disposition, much courage andgreat organizing powers. Sixty years after his death his works wereas much sought after as when they were published.

The Zoologist, Third Series, vol. V, p. 109;Nature, vol. XXIII, p. 361;Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of London, vol. XXXIII, p. XVII; A. H. Chisholm,Strange New World; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography; C. Barrett,The Bird Man. For anaccount of Mrs Gould and her relations, see article by A. H.Chisholm inThe Emu, April 1941, and for a remarkable andinteresting collection of papers on Gould and his associates the"Gould Commemorative Issue" ofThe Emu for October 1938.Reference should also be made to Chisholm's paper on "Gould'sAustralian Prospectus" inThe Emu, vol. XLII, p. 74, whichhas a Bibliography of papers inThe Emu andVictorianNaturalist between 1938 and 1942.

GOULD, NATHANIEL (1857-1919), always known as Nat Gould, novelist,

was born at Manchester on 21 December 1857. His father was amerchant in the tea trade, and the boy, the only remaining child,was indulgently brought up and well-educated. His father died justbefore he was to have left school, and Gould tried first hisfather's business and then farming at Bradbourne. He became a goodhorseman but a poor farmer. In 1877, in reply to an advertisement,he was given a position on theNewark Advertiser andobtained on it a good all-round knowledge of press work. After afew years he became restless, and in 1884 sailed for Australia,where he became a reporter on the BrisbaneTelegraph. In1886 he went to Sydney and worked on theReferee,SundayTimes, andEvening News. Then followed 18 months atBathurst as editor of theBathurst Times during which hewrote his first novel,With the Tide, which appeared as aserial in theReferee. This was followed by six other novelsin the same paper. In 1891 his first novel,With the Tide,was published in book-form in England under the title ofTheDouble Event and was an immediate success. It was dramatized inAustralia and had a long run in 1893. In 1895 Gould returned toEngland. He had been 11 years in Australia and he felt that hisexperiences had made a man of him.

Back in England Gould began steadily writing fiction and formany years wrote an average of over four novels a year; about 130are listed in Miller'sAustralian Literature. He alsopublished in 1895On and Off the Turf in Australia, in 1896Town and Bush, Stray Notes on Australia; in 1900SportingSketches; and in 1909The Magic of Sport, mainlyautobiographical. His novels attracted an enormous public and hissales ran into many millions of copies. He travelled, retained hisinterest in racing to the end, and died on 25 July 1919. He marriedin Brisbane, Miss E. M. Ruska, and there were five children of themarriage.

Nat Gould was a modest man who did not take himself or his worktoo seriously. But within its limits his work was very good. Hetold a simple story exceedingly well in an unaffected way. Nearlyall the books were concerned with racing, and no great originalityof plot was to be expected, but they, were written with such verveand genuine interest, that their countless readers took up eachbook as it was published, confident in their belief that here wasanother rattling good story.

The Times, 26 July 1919; Nat Gould,The Magicof Sport; E. Morris Miller,AustralianLiterature.

GRAHAM, SIR JAMES (1856-1913), physician and public man,

son of Thomas Graham of Edinburgh, was born on 29 July 1856. Hegraduated M.A. at Edinburgh university in 1879 and M.B. and C.M. in1882. He went to Sydney in 1884 but returned to Europe and studiedat Berlin, Vienna and Paris. He obtained the M.D. degree ofEdinburgh University and a gold medal for his thesis on "HydatidDisease in its Clinical Aspects". Returning to Sydney he wasappointed superintendent of the Royal Prince Alfred hospital which,largely by his influence, became an excellent training-ground forthe medical profession. From 1897 he was lecturer in midwifery atthe university of Sydney and held this position until 1912. He wasfounder of the Surgical Appliances Aid Society, the Women'sHospital, the Trained Nurses' Association, and was the firstpresident of the New South Wales Dental Board.

In spite of these activities Graham found time to do much publicwork. He was elected a member of the legislative assembly forBelmore in 1894 and held the seat until 1901. In 1898 he became amember of the Sydney city council and took a prominent part in asuccessful reform movement. His professional knowledge was also ofgreat use during the plague scare in 1900. He was mayor of Sydneyin 1901 during the visit of the Duke of York and was knighted. Hewas again elected to the legislative assembly in 1907 but lost hisseat at the 1910 election. He was for several years vice-presidentof the Liberal Association. He died at Sydney on 8 March 1913. Hemarried in 1890 Fanny, daughter of the Rev. G. W. Millard, whosurvived him with a son.

Graham was an able man of broad sympathies and high ideals. Hisdeath at a comparatively early age was a loss to the public life ofhis state.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 10 March 1913;TheDaily Telegraph, Sydney, 10 March 1913;The British MedicalJournal, 15 March 1913;The Lancet, 17 May 1913;Who's Who, 1913;Burke's Peerage, etc.,1913.

GRANT, JAMES (1772-1833), navigator, [ also refer toJames GRANT page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

was born in 1772. At the end of 1799 he was given command of theLady Nelson, a new vessel of 60 tons fitted with acentre-board keel. His instructions were to proceed to Australia toprosecute "the discovery and survey of the unknown parts of thecoast of New Holland". He left England on 18 March 1800 and at theCape of Good Hope received a letter from the Duke of Portlandinstructing him to sail through the newly-discovered Bass Strait.Grant came in sight of Australia near the present boundary of SouthAustralia and Victoria on 3 December 1800, and theLadyNelson successfully passed through the strait, the first shipsailing from England to Australia to do so. Grant arrived at Sydneyon 16 December. He had been instructed to join H.M.S.Supplyat Sydney, but she was laid up as a hulk, andGovernor King (q.v.) reappointedhim to theLady Nelson. He was ordered to return and surveythe deep bay which he had sailed across in Bass Strait, and in factto make a general survey of the south coast. He left on 6 March1801, got as far as Western Port of which a survey was made, andwas back at Sydney on 14 May. On 10 June Grant sailed to the HunterRiver conveyingLieut.-colonel Paterson (q.v.),to consider the question of a settlement there and the probableextent of the coal deposits. On 31 August Grant asked permission toreturn to Europe which was granted. It is evident that King was notsatisfied with Grant's work on his voyage to Bass Strait, andGrant, though an excellent seaman, was himself conscious of hiswant of knowledge of nautical surveying. After his return Grantpublished in 1803 hisNarrative of a Voyage of Discoverywhich was shortly afterwards translated into Dutch and German. Hereached the rank of commander in 1805, was given a pension in 1806for wounds received in action, and afterwards was in command of theRaven and Thracian sloops. He died at St Servan, France, on 11November 1833.

Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols.II to IV; Grant'sVoyage of Discovery;The Gentleman'sMagazine, vol. 104, p. 343; Ida Lee,The Logbooks of the"Lady Nelson".

GRANT, JAMES MACPHERSON (1822-1885), politician,

was born at Alvie, Invernesshire, Scotland, in 1822. Heemigrated to Sydney with his parents in 1836 and was articled toChambers and Thurlow, solicitors. In 1844 he paid a visit to NewZealand and served as a volunteer against the Maoris. Returning toAustralia he was admitted to practise as an attorney and solicitorin 1847, and was taken into partnership by Mr Thurlow. In 1850,with a partner, he chartered a vessel and took supplies toCalifornia, and in June 1851 was still at San Francisco. Hereturned to Australia and in 1853 was a successful digger atBendigo. He was practising as a solicitor at Melbourne in 1854, andshowed much sympathy for the diggers at the time of the Eurekarebellion in December 1854. The mayor of Melbourne,J. T. Smith (q.v.), had called ameeting at the town hall to concert measures for keeping law andorder. Grant and Dr J. H. Owens issued a placard asking the publicnot to go to the town hall, but to attend an open air meeting onthe present site of St Paul's cathedral. About 5000 peopleattended. Grant was one of the speakers and a committee wasappointed to interview the governor. At the trial of the Ballaratminers Grant acted as their attorney without fee. In 1855 he waselected a member of the legislative council, and when responsiblegovernment was established a year later, was elected a member ofthe legislative assembly for Sandhurst. He did not stand at the1859 election, but shortly afterwards was elected for Avoca andheld this seat until his death. He joined theHeales (q.v.) ministry inFebruary 1861 as vice-president of the board of land and works andcommissioner of public works, and resigned with Heales in November.He was commissioner for railways in theMcCulloch (q.v.) ministry fromJune 1863 to September 1864 and then became president of the boardof lands and works and commissioner of crown lands and survey fromSeptember 1864 to May 1868. In 1865 Grant succeeded in passing aland act which promised to be little more successful than previousacts, the conditions being too exacting for poor men. One clause,however, which had been meant to apply to goldfield areas, allowedselectors to take up 20 acres at a rental of two shillings an acre.Grant interpreted this very liberally and many applicants wereallowed to hold four licences and thus farms of 80 acres wereestablished. However, in May 1869, Grant brought in a new land billwhich allowed the selection of up to 320 acres with conditions ofresidence, cultivation and improvement at a yearly payment of twoshillings an acre, with liberal terms to convert into freehold.Grant was then holding the same position in the second McCullochministry as in the previous one, and went out of office inSeptember 1869. The act, however, came into force on 1 February1870 and, though amended in detail by later governments, was thebasis of all subsequent land settlement in Victoria. Grant earnedgreat popularity from it, and was afterwards presented with atestimonial of £3000 raised by public subscription. He again heldthe lands portfolio in theDuffy (q.v.) ministry from June 1871to June 1872, was minister of justice in the firstBerry (q.v.) ministry for a fewweeks in 1875, held the same position in the second Berry ministryfrom May 1877 to March 1880, and was chief secretary and ministerof public instruction in theO'Loghlen (q.v.) ministry fromJuly 1881 to March 1883. He was able to do valuable work at theeducation department by insisting on the importance of merit inconsidering promotions. He had a stroke of paralysis in November1884 and died on 1 April 1885, leaving a widow, a son and threedaughters. A grant of £4000 was subsequently voted by parliament tohis family.

Grant was of a genial nature and was personally liked. He wasnot a great orator, but at his best had a clear grasp of questionswhich commanded attention. He was also a thorough and hard-workingadministrator. His land act cleared up what seemed to be an almosthopeless position, and had great influence in the development ofVictoria.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 2 April1885;The Leader, 4 April 1885; H. G. Turner,A Historyof the Colony of Victoria;Victoria: the FirstCentury.

GRAVES, JOHN WOODCOCK (1795-1886), author of "D'ye ken John Peel",

son of Joseph Graves, a plumber, glazier and ironmonger ofWigton, England, was born on 9 February 1795. His father died whenhe was nine years old and he had comparatively little education. At14 he began to work for an uncle who was a house, sign, and coachpainter, but he learnt little from him. He owed more to an oldbachelor, Joseph Falder, a friend of John Dalton the scientist.Graves afterwards said of Falder "he fixed in me a love of truth,and bent my purpose to pursue it". Graves did some drawing, and atone time wished to study art, but his circumstances did not allowof this, and he became a woollen miller at Caldbeck. There he wasfriendly with John Peel (1776-1854), with whom he hunted. He wassitting in his parlour one evening with Peel when Graves's littledaughter came in and said, "Father what do they say to what grannysings?" "Granny was singing to sleep my eldest son with a very oldrant called 'Bonnie (or Cannie) Annie'. The pen and ink being onthe table, the idea of writing a song to this old air forced itselfupon me, and thus was produced, impromptu, 'D'ye ken John Peel withhis coat so grey'. . . . I well remember saying in a joking style,'By jove, Peel you'll be sung when we're both run to earth'."

Graves was unfortunate with his woollen mills, left forTasmania, and arrived at Hobart in 1833 with his wife and fourchildren, and about £10 in his pocket. Except for a short period atSydney he remained in Tasmania for the rest of his life. He was ofan inventive turn of mind and "brought to considerable perfectionseveral machines--especially one for preparing the New Zealandflax". His fortunes varied but he was able to give his children agood education. His eldest son, his namesake, became a well-knownHobart barrister but died before his father, and another son inbusiness in Hobart looked after him in his last days. Graves diedat Hobart on 17 August 1886. He was twice married (1) to JaneAtkinson and (2) to Miss Porthouse. There were eight children ofthe second marriage, of whom at least one son and a daughtersurvived him. His death notice stated that he was in his 100thyear, but in his autobiographical sketch, written when he was about70, he stated that he was born in 1795, to which he put a note, "Ithink I am correct about the year". Even if he were not correct, hewould not be likely to have been more than one year out, and he wastherefore about 92 when he died. Sidney Gilpin'sThe Songs andBallads of Cumberland includes six poems by Graves.

The Mercury, Hobart, 18 and 20 August 1886;autobiographical note in Gilpin'sSongs and Ballads ofCumberland, 1866; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

GRAYSON, HENRY JOSEPH (1856-1918), designer of machine forruling diffraction gratings, scientist,

was born in Yorkshire, England, in 1856 or early in 1857. Hecame of a family of market-gardeners, arrived in Victoria whenabout 30 years of age, and for some time worked as a nurserygardener. Becoming interested in science he joined the FieldNaturalists' Club, made some study of botany, and did some work onthe Diatoniaceae, a group of minute plants. This led to an interestin microscopy and before 1894 he had constructed a machine formaking micrometer rulings on glass, the results being very good forthat time. In 1897 some very beautiful work Grayson had done incutting sections of plants led to his being given a position in thephysiology department of the university of Melbourne underProfessor Martin. He was afterwards transferred to the geologydepartment, and in December 1901 accompaniedProfessor Gregory (q.v.) on hisexpedition to Central Australia. In the preface toThe DeadHeart of Australia Gregory paid a special tribute "To myassistant Mr Grayson on whom much of the hard work of theexpedition fell". In 1910 Grayson was associated with D. J. Mahonyin the preparation of a paper on "The Geology of the Camperdown andMount Elephant Districts" (No. 9 in theMemoirs of theGeological Survey of Victoria), and in the same year, whileworking at the university under professor Skeats, who succeededGregory, Grayson made a highly efficient apparatus for preparingrock sections, a description of which will be found in theProceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria for the year1911.

In the meanwhile Grayson had been perfecting his fine rulingwork. References to it will be found in theJournal of the RoyalMicroscopical Society for 1899, p. 355; 1902, p. 385; 1904, p.393; 1910, pp. 5, 144, 701 and 801; 1911, pp. 160, 421 and 449. Inthe 1910 volume, on pages 239 and 243, there is an interesting noteby Grayson himself "On the Production of Micrometric andDiffraction Rulings". He had then succeeded in ruling 120,000 linesto the inch. From this time onwards much of his time was given tothe preparation of a dividing engine for ruling diffractiongratings. In 1913 he was transferred to the national philosophydepartment of the university under Professor T. R. Lyle and wasallowed to give his full time to the machine. In July 1917 he reada paper before the Royal Society of Victoria giving a fulldescription of the machine, which was published with several platesin the society'sProceedings for that year. In the same yearhe was awarded the David Syme Research Prize of £100 by theuniversity of Melbourne. He died on 21 March 1918 leaving a widowbut no children.

Grayson was a modest, quiet man absorbed in his work and dauntedby no difficulty. He was never content with anything less than thebest, and would spend endless pains in the endeavour to getcomplete efficiency from his mechanism. Much work of the same kindwas being done in America and other parts of the world, but no onein his time had equal success with Grayson.

W. M. Bale,Journal of the Royal MicroscopicalSociety, 1919, p. 20, 1938, p. 239 and as cited above;Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. XXXI,Annual Report, 1918;The Argus andThe Age,Melbourne, 23 March 1918; private information and personalknowledge.

GREENWAY, FRANCIS HOWARD (c. 1777-1837), architect,

was born about 1777. Little is known of his education or earlylife. He was practising as an architect "of some eminence" at thebeginning of the nineteenth century in Bristol and Bath, but in1811 was made insolvent. In 1812 he was in desperate straits as hewas charged with forging part of a building contract and, pleadingguilty "under the advice of his friends", was sentenced to death.The sentence was afterwards commuted to transportation for 14years. Why he pleaded guilty is not now ascertainable; he may havebeen told it was the only way to save his life. He had beenfriendly withAdmiralPhillip (q.v.) who was living in retirement at Bath, andPhillip wrote toMacquarie (q.v.) recommendingGreenway to him. He arrived in Sydney in February 1814, was soonafterwards granted a ticket of leave, and immediately begandesigning for Macquarie.

In January 1816 Greenway, as acting civil architect, was amember of a committee appointed to report on the recently completedsecretary's house and offices in Macquarie Place. Greenway was ofopinion that it could have been built for one third of the amountspent. This was the beginning of his struggle against thecorruption commonly practised by the contractors of the period. InApril of the same year, in a memorandum full of wisdom, he urged onMacquarie the necessity of a proper plan of Sydney being made, withprovision for fresh water and drainage. In April 1817 his nameappears in the "List of Names of Persons holding Civil and MilitaryAppointments" as acting civil architect at a salary of £54 13s. ayear. In addition "himself and family" were victualled. In the samemonth Macquarie writing to Lord Bathurst, mentions that Greenway"is extremely useful and has already rendered very essentialservice to government in his capacity of civil architect". Again,in a similar dispatch written in March 1819, Macquarie takesoccasion to speak in the highest terms of his ability as anarchitect, and made an unsuccessful appeal for an increase in hissalary. In September 1820MrCommissioner Bigge (q.v.) sent a long list of public buildingsrequired in the colony to Greenway who must at this period havebeen a very busy officer. He had been emancipated in December 1817. His name appeared in the "List of Persons holding Civil andMilitary Employment" dated 30 November 1821. He unfortunately nowbecame engaged in controversy with Macquarie, who had promised thathe would make up for the smallness of his salary by giving him agrant of 800 acres of land and some cattle. Greenway held that hehad been promised more than that and his pertinacity turnedMacquarie against him. Macquarie's final report probably led toGreenway's dismissal by the new governor,Brisbane (q.v.), on 15November 1822. He continued to follow his profession with littlesuccess, but he got his grant of land, though he does not appear tohave received the promised cattle. In 1835 he advertised that"Francis Howard Greenway, arising from circumstances of a singularnature is induced again to solicit the patronage of his friends andthe public". The exact date of his death is not known, but he wasburied at Maitland on 25 September 1837. He married and had anumerous family of which at least two survived him. A son wasafterwards well known as a clergyman in New South Wales. A selfportrait is at the Mitchell library, Sydney.

The mystery of how Greenway became a convict has not beencleared up. He was essentially honest, and at the time of hisconviction theBristol Journal pointed out "the singularityof the forgery is that it is impossible to trace the motive whichcould have actuated the prisoner to commit it; for had any fraudbeen effected the amount would have gone to his creditors and notto himself, and these creditors had already given him hiscertificate". Possibly there was a miscarriage of justice. Asgovernment civil architect Greenway saved the colony thousands ofpounds for which he was miserably rewarded. His plans were stolen,his designs were mutilated, his far-seeing views of what Sydneymight become were not appreciated. But he had far too independent aspirit to be entirely subdued, and, in spite of all obstacles, hesucceeded in doing much beautiful work which gives him adistinguished and honoured place on the roll of Australianarchitects. Among his buildings may be mentioned St Matthew'schurch, Windsor (1817-22), The Barracks, Queens Square, Sydney(1817), and St James church, Sydney (1819-22).

George Mackaness,Admiral Arthur Phillip, p.452;Historical Records of Australia, vols. IX, XX; W. L.Havard,Journal and Proceedings Royal Australian HistoricalSociety, vol. XXII, pp. 138-89; A. W. Jose,Builders andPioneers of Australia; W. Hardy Wilson,The MacquarieBook; W, Moore,The Story of AustralianArt.

GREGORY, SIR AUGUSTUS CHARLES (1819-1905), explorer, [ also refer toAugustus GREGORY page at ProjectGutenberg Australia]

was born at Farnsfield, Nottingham, England, on 1 August 1819.He was the son of Joshua Gregory and his wife, Frances Churchman.Gregory was educated privately and was taken by his parents toWestern Australia in 1829. In 1841 he entered the government surveyoffice, and in 1846, with his two brothers,F. T. Gregory (q.v.) and H. C.Gregory, made his first exploration. With four horses and sevenweeks' provisions they left T. N. Yule's station 60 milesnorth-east of Perth on 7 August 1846 and explored a considerableamount of the country to the north of Perth. A coal-seam wasdiscovered on the Irwin River and the party returned after anabsence of 47 days during which they had covered 953 miles. Twoyears later Gregory took command of another expedition withinstructions to proceed north to the Gascoyne River, to examine itscourse, and especially to look for new pasture land. It left on 2September 1848 and the Murchison River was crossed on 25 September,but the country everywhere was very dry and great difficulty wasfound in getting sufficient water for the horses. Gregory decidedto turn south again in the beginning of October, and on 6 Octoberit was found necessary to rest the horses for five days by theMurchison River. The river was then followed for some distance andvarious tributaries were explored. The party then returned toPerth, which was reached on 12 November. Good pastoral country hadbeen found, but Gregory came to the conclusion that expeditions tothat district should start in July rather than September. In spiteof water difficulties about 1500 miles were covered in a period of10 weeks.

In 1854 Gregory was asked to lead an expedition to the interiorstarting from the north. Gregory had his brother, H. C. Gregory, assecond in command andBaron von Mueller (q.v.) asbotanist. There were 18 men altogether, with 50 horses and 200sheep. Moreton Bay was left by sea on 12 August 1855, and PortEssington was sighted on l September. On the next day their vesselgrounded on a reef and it was found impossible to float her offuntil 10 September. At the end of the month the party was split intwo, one going up the river in a schooner, while Gregory led theother over the range, and it was not until 20 October that theywere reunited. It was found necessary to repair the schooner, whichcaused a delay of some weeks. It was not until 3 January 1856 thatGregory and eight others started on the inland journey, the othersbeing in charge of the camp. The course steered was generallysouth-west, on 29 January a depot camp was made, and Gregory andthree others pushed on towards the head-waters of the Victoria. On8 February, finding nothing in sight but barren country, a turnnorth was made, but 10 days later the south-west course was againbeing followed. On 21 February it was necessary to turn northagain, and a return was made to the depot, which was reached on 28March. The country to the east of the Victoria was then explored bya party of four, starting on 2 April and finishing on 17 April. Areturn was then made to the principal camp which was reached on 9May. Careful preparations were made for a journey to the Gulf ofCarpentaria and on 21 June a party of seven under Gregory started.On 13 July the party came upon the remains of a camp where treeshad been cut down with iron axes, but Gregory came to theconclusion that it could not have been one of Leichhardt's camps in1845 as it was 100 miles south-west of his route, though it mighthave been one of a later date. No identifying marks of any kindcould be found. Two days later the Roper River was crossed, asouth-east course was followed, and the McArthur River was reachedon 4 August. On 31 August the Albert River was found and four andnine days later respectively the Leichhardt and Flinders rivers.Keeping generally a south-east or east course the Burdekin Riverwas reached on 16 October, the Mackenzie on 15 November, the Dawsonon 21 November and next day the explorers found themselves inoccupied country. They reached Brisbane on 16 December 1856.

In September 1857 Gregory was asked by the government of NewSouth Wales, to make an estimate of the cost of an expedition tosearch for traces of Lelchhardt. His estimate was that it could bedone for less than £4500. A party of nine was formed with A. C.Gregory in command and his brother, C. F. Gregory, as second incommand. On 24 March 1858 the expedition left Juandah, the rangewas crossed and the Maranoa River reached by 5 April. On 21 April atree marked with an L was found in latitude 24 degrees 35 min. andlongitude 146 degrees 6 min. The Barcoo River was then followed toits junction with the Thompson River. On 15 May the country was sodry the expedition was obliged to turn south to save the horses. AsLeichhardt might have found himself similarly placed Cooper's Creekwas followed until it was close to the South Australian border.Gregory came to Strzelecki Creek on 14 June. Continuing his coursemostly to the south, on 26 June he decided to proceed to Adelaide,which was reached at the end of July 1858.

Gregory did no further exploring but was appointedsurveyor-general of Queensland in 1859 and held the position until1879 when he retired. In 1882 he was made a member of thelegislative council and continued to be a member until his death.He had a wide knowledge of the colony and was always listened towith attention. He was never a member of a cabinet, preferring tobe an independent member free to vote for measures of which heapproved. He was interested in scientific research and was atrustee of the Queensland museum. He died unmarried on 25 June1905. He was awarded the gold medal of the Royal GeographicalSociety in 1858 and was created a K.C.M.G. in 1903. With hisbrother, F. T. Gregory, he published In 1884 theirJournals ofAustralian Exploration.

Gregory was of an unassuming and cheerful disposition. He ranksamong the most competent, prudent and successful of Australianexplorers. Everything was carefully worked out before each stage ofthe journey, nothing was left to chance, conflicts with aborigineswere avoided, and though less spectacular than some of the otherexplorers he was an admirable leader who usually succeeded incarrying out what he set out to do, and brought his men backwithout loss of life.

Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1891; A. C. Gregory,and F. T. Gregory,Journals of Australian Exploration;The Brisbane Courier, 26 June 1905;The WestAustralian, 27 June 1905; R. L. Jack,NorthmostAustralia, pp. 266-73.

GREGORY, FRANCIS THOMAS (1821-1888), explorer,

younger brother ofSir A.C. Gregory (q.v.), was born at Farnsfield, Nottingham, England,on 19 October 1821. He was brought to Western Australia in 1829,entered the public service in 1841, and became a staff-surveyor in1847. With his two brothers he explored the country north of Perthin 1846. In 1857 he explored the Upper Murchison River, and in thefollowing year examined the country still farther to the east andnorth. In 1860 he visited London and was put in charge of anexpedition to explore the north-west coast, the British governmentmaking a grant of £2000 towards the expenses. Gregory leftFremantle on 23 April 1861 and four days later, at Champion Bay, hewas joined by three volunteers, bringing his party to a total ofnine. They completed the landing of the horses near the site ofRoebourne on 24 May, and started for the interior on the followingday. The Fortescue River was followed for several days and a turnto the south-west was then made and the Hardey River was followed.On 25 June, having reached latitude 23 degrees 56 min., they beganto retrace their steps and reached their landing place on the coaston 19 July. On 29 July another journey to the east was begun but tothe north of the previous track. Gregory returned with his party on17 October having discovered some excellent country. A return wasmade by sea to Perth which was reached on 9 November 1861. Gregoryestimated that there were two or three million acres of land in thedistrict examined suitable for grazing, and he also drew attentionto the possibilities of the pearl-oyster industry.

In 1862 Gregory went to Queensland and was for some yearscommissioner of crown lands. He became a member of the legislativecouncil in 1874, and for a short period in 1883 waspostmaster-general in theMcIlwraith (q.v.) ministry. Hedied at Toowoomba on 24 October 1888. He married in 1865 MarionScott Hume and was survived by three sons. He was given the goldmedal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1863.

Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1891; A. C. and F. T.Gregory,Journals of Australian Exploration; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography.

GREGORY, JOHN WALTER (1864-1932), geologist and traveller,

was born at Bermondsey, England, on 27 January 1864, the son ofa wool merchant. He was educated at Stepney grammar school and at15 years of age entered a business house. He studied for a Londonuniversity degree in his evenings, and in 1887 was appointed anassistant in the geological department of the natural historymuseum, London. He remained in this position until 1900 and wasresponsible for aCatalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa in threevolumes (1896, 1899 and 1909), and a monograph on theJurassicCorals of Cutch (1900). He obtained leave at various times totravel in Europe, the West Indies, North America, and East Africa.The Great Rift Valley (1896), is an interesting account of ajourney to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo made in 1892-3. In 1896 hedid excellent work as naturalist to Sir Marten Conway's expeditionacross Spitsbergen. His well-known memoir on glacial geologywritten in collaboration with E. J. Garwood belongs to this period.On 11 December 1899 he was appointed professor of geology at theuniversity of Melbourne, and began his duties in the followingFebruary.

Gregory was less than five years in Australia but his influencelasted for many years after he left. He succeeded in doing anamazing amount of work, his teaching was most successful, and hewas personally popular. But he came to the university when it wasin great financial trouble, there was no laboratory worthy of thename, and the council could not promise any immediate improvement.In 1904 he accepted the chair of geology at Glasgow, and he wasback in Great Britain in October of that year. Besides carrying outhis professional work he had many other activities during his stayin Australia. In 1900-1 he was director of the civilian scientificstaff of an Antarctic expedition, and during the summer of 1901-2he spent his vacation in Central Australia and made a journeyaround Lake Eyre. An account of this,The Dead Heart ofAustralia, was published in 1906, dedicated to the geologistsof Australia. He also published a popular book onThe Foundationof British East Africa (1901),The Austral Geography(1902 and 1903), for school use, andThe Geography ofVictoria (1903). Another volume,The Climate ofAustralasia (1904), was expanded from his presidential addressto the geographical section of the Australasian Association for theAdvancement of Science which met at Dunedin in January 1904.TheMount Lyell Mining Field, Tasmania, was published in 1905. Thisdoes not give a complete impression of Gregory's activities inAustralia, for he was director of the geological survey of Victoriafrom 1901, in which year he was elected a fellow of the RoyalSociety, London, and he was able also to find time for universityextension lecturing.

Gregory occupied his chair at Glasgow for 25 years and obtaineda great reputation both as a teacher and as an administrator. Hemade several expeditions including one to Cyrenaica in North Africain 1908, where he showed the same interest in archaeology as in hisown subjects; another was to southern Angola in 1912. His journeyto Tibet with his son is recorded inTo the Alps of ChineseTibet by J. W. and C. J. Gregory (1923). Other books publishedduring this period includeGeography: Structural Physical andCompartitive (1908),Geology (Scientific Primers Series)(1910),The Making of the Earth (1912),The Nature andOrigin of Fiords (1913),Geology of To-Day (1915),Australia (1916), in the Cambridge manuals of science andliterature, and theRift Valleys and Geology of East Africa(1921), a continuation of the studies contained in his volumepublished in 1896. Two other volumes which followed, largelysociological in character, wereThe Menace of Colour (1925),andHuman Migration and the Future (1928). Anotherinteresting volume wasThe Story of the Road (1931). Bookson geology includedThe Elements of Economic Geology (1928),General Stratigraphy (in collaboration with B. H. Barrett)(1931), andDalradian Geology (1931). In January 1932Gregory went on an expedition to South America to explore and studythe volcanic and earthquake centres of the Andes. His boat upsetand he was drowned in the Urubamba River in northern Peru on 2 June1932. He married Audrey, daughter of the Rev. Ayrton Chaplin, andhad a son and a daughter. He was president of the GeologicalSociety from 1928 to 1930, and was awarded many scientific honoursincluding the Bigsby medal in 1905. Most of his books have beenmentioned, and in addition he wrote about 300 papers on geologicalgeographical, and sociological subjects.

Gregory was one of the most modest of men, simple and sincere,charming of manner, interested in every subject, and bringing toevery subject an original point of view. A rapid thinker who did anextraordinary amount of work, it is possible that as a geologist hesometimes generalized from insufficient data; his last workDalradian Geology was adversely reviewed in theGeological Magazine. Nevertheless he was one of the mostprominent geologists of his period, widely recognized outside hisown country. Most of his books could be read with interest by bothmen of science and the general public, and as scientist, teacher,traveller, and man of letters, he had much influence on theknowledge of his time.

G. W. Tyrrell,The Quarterly Journal of theGeological Society, vol. 89, p. XCI;The Times, 14 and18 June 1932; Sir Ernest Scott,A History of the University ofMelbourne.

GREGSON, THOMAS GEORGE (1798-1874), premier of Tasmania,

was born in Durham, England, in 1798 and went to Tasmania in1821. He brought over £3000 with him and was given a grant of 2500acres. Subsequently he received an additional 1000 acres. He wasmade a magistrate and in 1825 was assisting Andrew Bent in hisconflict withGovernorArthur (q.v.) for the liberty of the press. In July 1842 hebecame a member of the legislative council, and three years laterled the opposition to the governor, Sir Eardley-Wilmot, in hisattempt to raise the import duties. Shortly afterwards he resignedwith five other members as a protest against the voting ofexpenditure the colony could not bear, and, among other things, thestatement by the governor that he would carry the estimates by hiscasting vote. The six members became known as "the patriotic six"and Gregson was presented by the colonists with two thousandguineas and a piece of plate. At the end of 1850 he was elected tothe new legislative council, and, when responsible government wasgranted, was elected a member of the house of assembly for Richmondin September 1856 and held the seat for many years. On 14 February1857 Gregson moved and carried a motion in favour of reductions inthe salaries of the governor, colonial secretary, colonialtreasurer and attorney-general. TheChamp (q.v.) ministry resignedand Gregson became premier and colonial secretary. But he was foundto be unsuitable for his office; he lacked moderation, self-controland tact, and his government was defeated about eight weeks later.He was never in office again, though often a turbulent critic ofother administrations. In January 1862 he was more than oncecommitted to the custody of the sergeant-at-arms and was onceexpelled from the house. He retired from parliament not long beforehis death at Risdon on 4 January 1874. He was survived by his wife,a son and two daughters.

Gregson was an amateur artist and exhibited at the first artexhibitions held in Hobart in 1845 and 1846. He is represented inthe Beattie collection at Launceston by a sketch of theRev. Robert Knopwood (q.v.) onhis white horse. He worked hard for the good of the colony to theneglect of his own interests for he died comparatively poor. He wasparticularly important as a reformer in his early days, fightingfor the liberty of the press, for trial by jury, and theabolishment of transportation. His son, John Compton Gregson, waselected a member of the house of assembly for Norfolk Plains in1856 and was attorney-general in his father's ministry. He died on16 December 1867.

The Mercury, Hobart, 6 January 1874; J. Fenton,A History of Tasmania; R. W. Giblin,The Early History ofTasmania, vol. II; W. Moore,The Story of AustralianArt; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography.

GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812-1898), governor and statesman, [ also refer toGeorge GREY page at Project GutenbergAustralia]

was born at Lisbon on 14 April 1812. His father, Lieut.colonelGrey, who was killed during an assault on Badajoz about a weekbefore his birth, belonged to an aristocratic English family, hismother was the daughter of an Irish clergyman, the Rev. JohnVignoles. Grey was sent to a school at Guildford in Surrey, and wasadmitted to the royal military college in 1826. Early in 1830 hewas gazetted ensign in the 83rd regiment. In 1830, his regimenthaving been sent to Ireland, he developed much sympathy with theIrish peasantry whose misery made a great impression on him. He waspromoted lieutenant in 1833 and obtained a first-class certificateat the examinations of the royal military college at Sandhurst in1836. It was at that time believed that a great river entered theIndian ocean on the north-west of Australia, and that the countryit drained might be suitable for colonization. Grey, in conjunctionwith Lieutenant Lushington, offered to explore this country and on5 July 1837 Grey sailed from Plymouth in command of a party offive, the others being Lieutenant Lushington, Mr Walker, a surgeonand naturalist, and two corporals of the royal sappers and miners.Others were added to the party at Cape Town and early in Decemberthey landed at Hanover Bay. Explorations were made into theinterior where the river Glenelg was discovered. At one point theywere attacked by aborigines and Grey was severely wounded in theleg by a spear. He went to Mauritius to recuperate, and theredecided not to return to the north-west coast but to sail to Perthand consult the governor,Sir James Stirling (q.v.). Hearrived there on 18 September. He made some short expeditions fromPerth and on 17 February 1839 set sail again and arrived at Shark'sBay eight days later. Here Grey made the mistake of burying hisstores too close to the sea and found them destroyed when hereturned. The party had to make its way back and endeavoured to rowdown the coast. A heavy gale beached them 300 miles from Perth,which was reached by land after undergoing the greatest privations.One member of the expedition died on the journey and others arrivedalmost completely exhausted. Grey discovered several rivers andreported favourably on parts of the country. His reports wereafterwards discredited but later explorations showed that he hadbeen substantially correct. In June 1839 he was raised to the rankof captain and in August was appointed resident magistrate at KingGeorge's Sound. Here he began to show the interest in native raceswhich later on formed an important element of his life. andprepared hisVocabulary of the Aboriginal Language of WesternAustralia, published at Perth in 1839. He returned to Englandin September and prepared for the press hisJournals of TwoExpeditions of Discovery which was published in two volumes in1841. He was, however, unable to personally see this through thepress as within a few weeks he was appointed governor of SouthAustralia. He arrived at Adelaide in May 1841, with instructions toreverse the financial policy of his predecessorGawler (q.v.), and immediatelybrought about great reductions in expenditure. There had beendifficulties with the aborigines and Grey, fortified by hisexperience in Western Australia, inaugurated a policy of firmness,justice and kindness which had complete success. His financialpolicy though ultimately successful brought Grey much unpopularity.He was determined that no encouragement should be given to thesettlers to stay in Adelaide, and he was equally determined todiscourage speculation in land. His efforts were successful. Whenhe arrived only some 6000 acres of land were in cultivation, butwhen he left four years later the area had increased five-fold andproduction was increasing by leaps and bounds. Grey seldom appearedin public, and he refused to read newspaper criticisms of hispolicy. But gradually the silent self-contained young man (he wasonly 29 when he arrived in the colony) won his way, and before heleft Australia it was recognized that he had done an excellentpiece of work. He had not entirely escaped criticism from thecolonial office, but Lord John Russell was able to say of him inthe house of commons: "In giving him the government of SouthAustralia I gave him as difficult a problem in colonial governmentas could be committed to any man, and I must say . . . that he hassolved the problem with a degree of energy and success which Icould hardly have expected from any man." Towards the end of 1845Grey received orders to go at once to New Zealand and take over thegovernment of the colony. He sailed for Auckland and becamelieutenant-governor of New Zealand on 18 November 1845.

War with the Maoris had broken out before Grey arrived. One ofits causes was the alienation of the land, a problem full ofdifficulties. Grey was given sufficient troops and soon brought theMaoris to subjection and, once beaten, the chiefs quicklyrecognized his courtesy and courage. He began to study theircharacter and customs, their legends and their art. He learned thelanguage, he interested himself in their health and generalwell-being, and he helped to found schools for them. He made anhonest attempt and had some success in clearing up the difficultiesof the land question, and showed himself to be a strong man byopposing the British government when it tried to impose itsconstitution of 1846 on the colonists. He became an autocrat, butwas fortunate in having by his side men like William Swainson hisattorney-general and (Sir) William Martin the chief justice, whowere in sympathy with his ideals especially in regard to histreatment of the Maoris. One mistake Grey made, he did nothing tostop the execution of a Maori named Wareaitu, who was tried as arebel for attacking the troops and condemned to death by acourt-martial in 1847. The execution was indefensible, it is one ofthe few real blots on Grey's career. Apart from this he did goodwork encouraging the Maoris to grow grain, to allow their childrento be educated, and to associate themselves with the administrationof justice. When Grey left in 1853 he was universally praised bythe Maoris. But time was to show a great weakness in that the powerof the chiefs had been relaxed without a properly acceptedauthority having been substituted. When Grey left the binding forcebetween the two races was removed, and a breach gradually widenedwhich eventually brought about the war of 1860. Grey, however, hadother problems to deal with while he was governor. In 1848 heinaugurated representative provincial councils and was hoping thatthe colony would soon be ready for representative government. This,however, was not established until after he left New Zealand on 31December 1853.

At the end of Grey's term of office in New Zealand he returnedto England and at first was received coldly. More than once asgovernor he had not carried out the instructions of the colonialoffice, an unforgivable offence in the minds of its officials. Hewas attacked in the house of commons and made a capable defence ofhis actions in July 1854. The colonial office, however, could notafford to stand on its dignity. Trouble was brewing in SouthAfrica, a strong man was needed to cope with it, and Grey wasaccordingly appointed governor of Cape Colony and high commissionerfor South Africa. He would have to deal largely with problemsrelating to the natives, and Grey could be trusted to treat themwith justice and sympathy. Before he left for South Africa he sawthrough the press a work in the Maori languageKo Nga Mahinga aNga Tupuna Maori containing traditions written down largelyfrom the dictation of chiefs and high priests. His collection ofpoems, traditions and chants of the Maoris,Ko Nga Moteatea, MeNga Hakirara, had already appeared in New Zealand in 1853. HisPolynesian Mythology and Ancient Traditional History of the NewZealand Race, largely a translation into English ofKo NgaMahinga, was published in London in 1855, has since beenreprinted several times, and continues to be a work of greatinterest.

In South Africa Grey dealt firmly with the natives butendeavoured by setting apart tracts of land for their exclusive useto protect them from the white colonists. He more than once actedas arbitrator between the government of the Orange Free State andthe natives, and eventually came to the conclusion that a federatedSouth Africa would be a good thing for everyone. The Orange FreeState would have been willing to join the federation, and it isprobable that the Transvaal would also have agreed. Grey, however,was 50 years before his time and the colonial office would notagree to his proposals. In spite of their instructions Greycontinued to advocate union, and, in connexion with other matters,such as the attempt to settle soldiers in South Africa after theCrimean war, he several times disregarded his instructions. Whenall the circumstances are considered it is not surprising that hewas recalled in 1859. He had, however, scarcely reached Englandbefore a change of government led to his being given another term,on the understanding that his schemes for the federation of SouthAfrica should be abandoned and that he would in future obey hisinstructions. Grey was convinced that the boundaries of the SouthAfrican colonies should be widened, but could not obtain thesupport of the British government. He was still working for thissupport when, war with the Maoris having broken out, it was decidedthat Grey should again be appointed governor of New Zealand. Whenhe left his popularity among the people of Cape Colony wasunbounded, and the statue erected at Capetown during his lifetimedescribes him as "a governor who by his high character as aChristian, a statesman, and a gentleman, had endeared himself toall classes of the community, and who by his zealous devotion tothe best interests of South Africa and his able and justadministration, has secured the approbation and gratitude of allHer Majesty's subjects in this part of her dominions".

Grey arrived in New Zealand on 26 September 1861. Hisadministration of nearly six years was a stormy one. He was oftenat odds with his ministers, largely because their points of viewwere fundamentally different from his. Grey was anxious thateverything possible should be done to preserve the Maoris, whilethe legislature of New Zealand at this period attached littleimportance to the Maoris and great importance to the development ofthe colony and the prosperity of the colonists. The war dragged on,and in 1863 acts were passed of the severest nature which providedfor confiscation of native lands. Grey supported his ministers atfirst and the royal assent was obtained, though the Duke ofNewcastle warned Grey that the confiscation must not be carried toofar. Accordingly, in May 1864, Grey refused to issue certain ordersin council until the ministry would state the amount of land thatwas to be confiscated. When Grey found that it was to be eightmillion acres, he strongly opposed the ministry which eventuallyfell. TheWeld (q.v.)ministry which then took office, however, persuaded Grey to consentto very large confiscations. Grey for once appears to have beeninconsistent, but his difficulties were great, for he was also inopposition to the English general in command of the forces, SirDuncan Cameron, and presently he incurred the enmity of Cardwell,now secretary for war, by bringing a dispatch marked "confidential"before his ministers. This was the beginning of Grey's downfall. InMay 1867 the Duke of Buckingham in a dispatch mentioned without anypreliminary warning, that in his next dispatch he would inform himof the name of his successor. This was practically a recall, Greyaccepted it as such, and was deeply wounded. Both chambers of thelegislature passed resolutions of sympathy, the citizens ofWellington organized a great demonstration of farewell, but hewould take no part in it. In February 1868 he left for England. Nodoubt he hoped to successfully defend his actions, but he was givenno opportunity and never received another appointment; the colonialoffice had decided that he was a dangerous man. He made a tourthrough England and Scotland advocating emigration and spoke tolarge audiences. He became a candidate for the house of commons in1870 but withdrew because he could not obtain the support of theliberal party. He then decided to leave England and retired toKawan Island near the head of Hauraki Gulf not far from Auckland,where he lived for some years. Early in 1875 Grey was elected amember of the house of representatives for Auckland city west. Hefought strenuously but without success for the preservation of theprovinces, and endeavoured to carry bills establishing manhoodsuffrage and triennial parliaments. Commonplaces now, thesemeasures causedRusden(q.v.), a contemporary historian, to speak of Grey as a"demagogue". On 15 October 1877 he became premier, and though hisministry had early troubles he was able to carry on. He started apolicy of breaking up the lands, and reducing duties on thenecessaries of life. But more than one of his ministers resigned,and obtaining a dissolution in August 1879 he was defeated in thenew parliament by two votes, and resigned in October. He had becomedifficult to work with, and was not even elected leader of theopposition. But his influence remained and he lived to see some ofhis measures made law, including manhood suffrage, "one man onevote", and Maori representation. A later premier, R. J. Seddon,associated himself with Grey and owed much to his advice. Greyindeed became more of a radical as he grew older, he believed inthe power of education and was willing to trust in the good senseof the people. But he also had grown more bitter, less able tobrook opposition, and far too ready to impute motives to thoseopposed to him. In 1891 he renewed his connexions with Australia.At that time it was still thought possible that New Zealand mightbecome one of the federated states of Australia, and Grey attendedthe 1891 federal conference as a New Zealand representative. Headvocated that no limit should be placed on the legislative powersof the federal parliament, and that the governor-general should beelected by the people. He, however, received scarcely any supportfor either proposal. In 1894 Grey, now 82 years of age, visitedEngland. He was received there with much respect and his views werelistened to with attention. He was made a member of the privycouncil and his last four years brought him quiet and many friends.He had married in 1839 the daughter of Sir Richard Spencer. Partedfor over 30 years, he met his wife again and they were reconciledsome months before her death on 4 September 1898. Grey died a fewdays later on 19 September. Their only child, a son, died at theage of five months in 1841. On the suggestion of the colonialoffice, Grey was buried in St Paul's Cathedral where he lies besideSir Bartle Frere, not far from the graves of Nelson and Wellington.He had been created K.C.B. in 1848. When he left South Africa hepresented his magnificent library to Cape Town. He then collectedanother great library and presented it to the city of Auckland.These are enduring monuments to Grey as a student.

Grey was tall, slight of frame, distinguished in appearance,blue-eyed and with a fair complexion in his youth. In his lateryears his estrangement from his wife, his ceaseless battle withauthority and his disappointment at the frustration of his ideals,all contributed to a certain bitterness of expression when inrepose, and to a look of fierce imperiousness when he had clearedfor action. Yet he had an unforced sense of humour and his facewould light up in the most charming way when this was appealed to.He was an idealist and a passionate champion of the oppressed.Though he hated injustice he was sometimes unjust to his opponentsand unreceptive of their arguments; and though generally the mostcourteous of men his strong feelings occasionally broke througheven his courtesy. He had an extraordinary memory, great breadth ofview, and a passion for public service. He was autocratic, and hishabit of disregarding instructions must have made him a thorn inthe side of the colonial office. But he also had a habit of beingin the right, and four times in his life was selected to clear updifficult situations in different colonies. An aristocraticradical, he feared nothing and no man, and his one time radicalviews are now almost generally accepted. He was not a great leaderin parliament, he walked too often alone, neither was he a greatdebater, but he was a great orator, who could, wherever he was, winthe mass of the people to his side. A strong, brave, sincere man,his influence extended far beyond his own time.

Geo. C. Henderson,Sir George Grey, Pioneer ofEmpire in Southern Lands; James Collier,Sir George Grey, AnHistorical Biography;The Times, 20 and 27 September1898; W. Pember Reeves,The Long White Cloud; G. W. Rusden,History of New Zealand; W. L. and L. Rees,The Life andTimes of Sir George Grey; James Milne,The Romance of aPro-Consul; F. Sutton,South Australia and Its Mines,which contains a contemporary sketch of Grey's administration ofSouth Australia.

GRICE, SIR JOHN (1850-1935), business man,

son of Richard Grice, a Melbourne merchant, was born atMelbourne on 6 October 1850. He was educated at Melbourne GrammarSchool, Wesley College, and the university of Melbourne, where hegraduated LL.B. in 1871, and B.A. in 1872. He rowed for hisuniversity and was also a member of the Victoriain four-oared crewin 1872. He was called to the bar in that year but never practised.Instead he entered the firm of Grice Stunner and Company andeventually became one of the leading business men of Melbourne. Hewas for 45 years on the board of the National Bank of Australasia,and for 26 of these years was chairman of directors. He was alsofor many years chairman of directors of the Metropolitan GasCompany, of the Trustees Executors and Agency Company, and theDunlop Rubber Company. His ability, sound business sense, andabsolute probity made him an important influence in the commerciallife of Melbourne. He was also a good citizen in other ways. He wasfirst elected to the committee of the Melbourne hospital in 1886,and was president from 1905 to 1918. He became a member of theMelbourne university council in 1888, gave valuable service on thefinance committee when the institution was passing through adifficult period, and was vice-chancellor from 1918 to 1923. Duringthe 1914-18 war he did good work as honorary treasurer for theVictorian branch of the Australian Red Cross Society. He died atMelbourne on 27 February 1935. He married in 1878, Mary Anne,daughter of David Power, who died in 1931. He was survived by twosons. One of his sons was killed in the South African war in 1901and another in France in 1916. He was knighted in 1917.

The Argus andThe Age, Melbourne, 28February 1935;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1935; Sir ErnestScott,A History of the University of Melbourne; personalknowledge.

GRIFFIN, WALTER BURLEY (1876-1937), designer of the Australian federal capital,

was born at Maywood, Illinois, U.S.A., on 24 November 1876. Hetook the degree of B.Sc. in architecture at the university ofIllinois, and practised as an architect at Chicago in partnershipwith F. L. Wright. On 30 April 1911 the Commonwealth governmentinvited competitive designs for the federal capital city, which hadto arrive at Melbourne by 31 January 1912. By a majority decisionGriffin was awarded the first premium of £1750; second and thirdpremium's of £750 and £500 were also awarded, and a fourth designwas purchased. A board of departmental officers was then appointedto report on the designs. Its decision was that it was unable torecommend the adoption of any of the designs, but suggested anotherdesign prepared by the board which differed radically fromGriffin's. The government officially approved of the board'srecommendation and a copy of its plan was sent to Griffin inChicago. In January 1913 he wrote suggesting a conference with theboard at Canberra, but this offer was not accepted. In the meantimethe board's plan was much criticized, and, when theCook (q.v.) government came intopower in July, it was arranged that Griffin should visit Australia,see the actual site and confer with the board. This was done andthe government adopted his premiated plan subject to amendment. On18 October Griffin was appointed federal capital director of designand construction. He altered his plan slightly, returned to Americato settle his private affairs, and took up his duties in May 1914.During the next six years there was considerable friction with theofficers of the departments and the war added to Griffin'sdifficulties. A good deal of preliminary work was done, but in theyears ending June 1918, 1919 and 1920 a total of only £8744 wasspent on the construction of the city. In 1920 Griffin came intoconflict with W. M. Hughes, who was then prime minister, and on 29December 1920 he was informed that his appointment would not berenewed. Griffin issued a moderate statement of what had occurred,and the impression given is that he was treated with less thanjustice. The plan which was eventually carried out, thoughmodified, is essentially Griffin's.

Griffin, who had an original mind, had an undoubted influence onarchitecture in Australia. He had the right of private practice andwas responsible for the Capitol Theatre, Melbourne, and largely forNewman College at the university of Melbourne. He lived for someyears at Sydney, and planned Castlecrag, a large estate on MiddleHarbour with a scenic open-air amphitheatre. In 1935 he went toLucknow, India, and designed the library building for theuniversity of Lucknow and other important buildings. He died thereon or about 13 February 1937. It was stated in Australian papers of15 February that news of his death had been cabled from India. Hemarried Marion Lucy Mahony, herself a competent architect, whosurvived him.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 February 1937;The Argus, Melbourne, 15 February 1937; F. Watson,ABrief History of Canberra;Federal Capital, Termination bythe Government of Engagement of Walter Barley Griffin;Who'sWho in America, 1924-25.

GRIFFITH, SIR SAMUEL WALKER (1845-1920), premier of Queensland and first chief justice of the high courtof Australia,

was born at Merthyr-Tydvil in South Wales, on 21 June 1845. Hewas the younger son of the Rev. Edward Griffith, a Congregationalminister, and his wife, Mary, second daughter of Peter Walker.Though of Welsh extraction, his forbears for at least threegenerations were natives of England. Griffith came to Australiawith his family in 1854, living first at Ipswich, then at WestMaitland, and from 1860 at Brisbane. He was educated at a privateschool at Sydney, and at the Maitland high school. He matriculatedat the university of Sydney when he was 15, and completed his B.A.course when he was 18, with first-class honours in classics,mathematics and natural science. During his course he was awardedthe Cooper and Barker scholarships and other prizes. On his returnto Brisbane he was articled toA. Macalister (q.v.), in oneof whose ministries Griffith afterwards had his first portfolio. In1865 he gained the T. S. Mort Travelling Fellowship. Going toEurope he spent some of his time in Italy, and became much attachedto the Italian people and their literature. Many years after he wasto become the first Australian translator of Dante. He was calledto the bar in 1867, obtained a good practice, and in 1871 became arepresentative for East Moreton in the legislative assembly. In1874, as a private member, he brought in and carried an insolvencybill and soon afterwards became a member of Macalister's fourthministry as attorney-general. In the following year he introducedand carried his education bill, which provided that education inQueensland must be free, secular and compulsory. From June 1876 tothe end of 1878 he was attorney-general and secretary for publicinstruction in theThorn(q.v.) andDouglas (q.v.)ministries.Sir ThomasMcIlwraith (q.v.) was in power for nearly five years fromJanuary 1879, and found in Griffith a most determined opponent whosucceeded in displacing McIlwraith in November 1883, and won thenext election largely on his policy of preventing the importationof Kanaka labour from the islands. He passed an act for thispurpose, but it was found that the danger of the destruction of thesugar industry was so great that the measure was never madeoperative. Recruiting was, however, placed under regulations andsome of the worst abuses were swept away. Griffith took a specialinterest in British New Guinea, and was eventually responsible forthe sending ofSir WilliamMacgregor (q.v.) there in 1888. In 1887 Griffith was one of theQueensland representatives at the colonial conference held inLondon, where he initiated the debate on the question ofpreferential trade and proved himself to be one of the outstandingmen at the conference. The McIlwraith andMorehead (q.v.) ministrieswere in power from June 1888 to August 1890 when Griffith formed acoalition with McIlwraith, who succeeded him as premier in March1893 when Griffith resigned to become chief justice of Queensland.He had had a distinguished career in Queensland politics. Includedin the legislation for which he was responsible were an offenders'probation act, and an act which codified the law relating to theduties and powers of justices of the peace. He also succeeded inpassing an eight hours bill through the assembly which was,however, thrown out by the legislative council. His work inconnexion with federation was even more important. At theintercolonial conference held at Sydney in November 1883James Service (q.v.), theVictorian premier, thought that Australia was ready for a realfederal government, but Griffith, who was not prepared to go sofar, moved and carried a resolution providing that a federalcouncil should be formed to deal with the defence of Australasia,matters relating to the islands and Australia, quarantine, theprevention of the influx of criminals, and other matters of commoninterest to the various colonies. At the Sydney convention held in1891 he was appointed vice-president, and as a member of theconstitutional committee had an important part in framing theCommonwealth bill. This formed the basis of the constitution whichwas eventually adopted.

When Griffith was offered the position of chief justice ofQueensland there was a general feeling that he was the outstandingman for the position. The salary was, however, comparatively low,Griffith was making a large income at the bar, and it seemed thathe was being asked to make too great a sacrifice. Eventually thesalary was increased to £3500 a year. He showed himself to be anadmirable judge. He had an absolute knowledge of Queensland supremecourt practice, and his industry never allowed his generalknowledge of law to become rusty. With his fellow judges hecompiled the Queensland criminal code which is a monument to theclarity of Griffith's mind. He did not henceforth take any publicpart in the question of federation. Unofficially he was able toinfluence the decision to delete the clause from the draftconstitution disallowing any appeal from the federal high court tothe privy council. He was also able to apply his great knowledge ofconstitutional law to the final settlement of other problems thathad to be cleared up before federation could come into being. From1899 to 1903 Griffith was also lieutenant-governor of Queensland,and when it was decided in 1903 to constitute the high court ofAustralia, it was generally agreed that the choice of Griffith forthe position of chief justice was the only possible one. A fewmembers of the Labour party who had been opposed to his views onthe high court and the privy council raised objections to theappointment but received little support. Griffith carried out hisduties as chief justice with great ability until his retirement on31 August 1919. He then lived at Brisbane until his death on 9August 1920. He married in 1870, Julia Janet, daughter of JamesThomson, who survived him with one son and four daughters. He wascreated K.C.M.G. in 1886, G.C.M.G. in 1895, and was made a memberof the privy council in 1901.

Griffith had been interested in Dante for many years before hepublished his translation ofThe Inferno of Dante Alighieriin 1908. This was followed by his translation of the complete work,The Divina Commedia of Dante Alighleri, in 1912, andThePoems of the Vita Nuova in 1914. Critical opinion of Griffith'stranslation of Dante has ranged from "the finest translationextant" to "he has succeeded in rendering the Poetry of Dante intothe language of a parliamentary enactment". The second verdict goestoo far. But though the translation is a most painstaking piece ofwork, Griffith's sense of harmony and rhythm was defective. This isevident when his translation is compared with Longfellow's writtenin a similar metre.

Griffith was tall, fair and bearded. In private life he was amodel husband and father, but he could not be described as apopular man. He had an air of aloofness and apparent coldness whichheld in check even the most hail-fellow-well-met of hisparliamentary colleagues. Yet he was clever as a parliamentarianand a strong party leader. He had perfect faith in himself, but notrouble was too great in ascertaining the facts, no care too greatin drafting a clause of a bill. His power of work was tremendous,and it has been said that he kept himself going by drinking largequantities of whisky. The statement is probably based on the factthat he certainly took liquor with his meals and on otheroccasions, but it has never been suggested that it had any evileffect on him. This has been referred to because his biographer, A.Douglas Graham, found it necessary to deal at some length with thepopular stories relating to this question. (See hisLife,pp. 96-8). In politics Griffith was consistent except on oneoccasion, his reversal of policy on the Kanaka question. Heregretted this himself, but was convinced that serious injury wouldhave been done to the colony if the prevention of the use ofcoloured labour had not been postponed. As a lawyer he was astute,brilliant, incisive, with encyclopaedic knowledge and the power ofkeeping his eye on the principal object, however involved theproblem might be. He was an excellent judge, whether he was a greatjudge is more difficult to say, as later members of the high courthave tended to reverse some of his judgments. He did an immenseservice by broadening the procedure of his time and discouragingthat undue taking of technical points that has too often in thepast defeated the ends of justice. His mind was possiblyover-subtle, and this may have given the impression that he lackedthe intellectual honesty ofHiginbotham (q.v.). But hewas easily the greatest man of his time in Queensland, and one ofthe very greatest in all Australia.

A. Douglas Graham,The Life of the Right Hon. SirSamuel Walker Griffith;The Sydney Morning Herald, 10August 1920, 9 May 1927;The Brisbane Courier, 10 August1920; C. A. Bernays,Queensland Politics During Sixty Years;Quick and Garran,Annotated Constitution of the Commonwealth ofAustralia; A. B. Piddington,Worshipful Masters;TheArgus, Melbourne, 26 July 1919.

GRIMES, CHARLES (1772-1858), surveyor-general of New South Wales, discoverer of theYarra,

was born, probably in England, in 1772. Towards the end of 1790he was appointed deputy surveyor of roads in New South Wales, buthe did not arrive at Sydney until 21 September 1791. From there hewent to Norfolk Island, and soon after his arrival, on 4 November,Governor King (q.v.)appointed him deputy surveyor-general of New South Wales. AtNorfolk Island he was employed correcting a previous survey whichhad been made without proper instruments, and he also undertooksome of the administrative work. He returned to Sydney in April1794 and, the surveyor-general Augustus Alt being in bad health,Grimes took over most of his work. In February 1795 he spent abouta week at Port Stephens and reported unfavourably on the locality.Between then and 1803 Grimes was engaged in surveying grants androads in the county of Cumberland, and in November 1801, withBarrallier (q.v.), hecompleted a survey of the Hunter River. In August 1802 he wasappointed surveyor-general, in November sailed from Sydney for KingIsland and Port Phillip, of which he made a survey, and on 2February 1803 the mouth of the Yarra was discovered. Next dayGrimes ascended the river in a boat and explored what is now theMaribyrnong River for several miles. Returning to the Yarra it wasexplored for several miles but the boat was stopped by Dight'sFalls. The journal of James Flemming, a member of the party, hasbeen preserved, and in it he several times refers to finding goodsoil; and though it was evidently a dry season Flemming, who wasdescribed by King as "very intelligent", thought from theappearance of the herbage that "there is not often so great ascarcity of water as at present". He suggested that the "mosteligible place for a settlement I have seen is on the Freshwater(Yarra) River". Grimes returned to Sydney on 7 March and, in spiteof Flemming's opinions, reported adversely against a settlement atPort Phillip.

Grimes obtained leave of absence and went to England in August1803. It was nearly three years before he was back in Sydney. InMarch 1807 he was sent to Port Dalrymple, where he made a survey ofthe district and examined the route to Hobart. He returned at theend of the year, and became involved in the deposition ofBligh (q.v.) on 26 January 1808.He was one of the committee formed to examine the administration ofBligh, was appointed acting judge-advocate, and sat in thatcapacity at the trial ofJohn Macarthur (q.v.). Herealized, however, that he had no legal training, resigned on 5April, and was sent to England with dispatches in the same month.He was not well received in England, and his salary was held backfor a long period on account of his association with the mutineers.He resigned his position on 18 July 1811, in the following yearbecame a paymaster in the army, and saw service in Canada, GreatBritain and India. He was appointed paymaster at the recruitingdepot, Maidstone, in September 1833 and was transferred to Chathamin 1836. He retired from the army on a pension in July 1848, anddied at Milton-next-Gravesend on 19 February 1858. He married andhad two sons.

B. T. Dowd,Journal and Proceedings Royal AustralianHistorical Society, vol. XXII, pp. 247-88;HistoricalRecords of Australia, ser. I, vols. I to VII, ser. III. vol. I;J. J. Shillinglaw,Historical Records of Port Phillip;The Gentleman's Magazine, March 1858, p. 343.

GRITTEN, HENRY (c. 1817-1873), artist,

the son of a London picture dealer, was born probably in 1817.He studied art and was on friendly terms with David Roberts andother leading artists of the period. He began exhibiting at theRoyal Academy in 1835, and during the next 10 years 12 of hispictures were hung at its exhibitions. He was a more frequentexhibitor at the British Institution, and had 30 of his pictureshung there between 1836 and 1848. In the latter year he went to theUnited States and in about 1852 arrived in Australia. He went firstto the Bendigo goldfields, but soon resumed painting in Victoriaand Tasmania; there is aView of Hobart in 1857 by him atthe Commonwealth national library at Canberra. He was representedat the first exhibition of the Victorian Academy of Art held atMelbourne in 1870. He died suddenly at Melbourne on 14 January 1873leaving a widow and four children in poor circumstances.

Gritten was quite a capable painter of his period who had a hardstruggle in Australia. He is represented in the national galleryand Connell collections, Melbourne, the Mitchell library, Sydney,and the Commonwealth national library, Canberra.

The Argus, Melbourne, 16 January and 12 February1873; A. Graves,The British Institution andThe RoyalAcademy Exhibitors; W. Moore,The Story of AustralianArt, which calls him Henry C. Gritten apparently, inerror.

GROOM, SIR LITTLETON ERNEST (1867-1936), politician,

son ofWilliam HenryGroom (q.v.), was born at Toowoomba, Queensland, on 22 April1867. He was educated at Toowoomba Grammar School, where he was duxof the school and captain of the football and cricket teams. Goingon to Ormond College, university of Melbourne, he graduated B.A.with the final honours scholarship in modern languages in 1889, andLL.B. with the final honours scholarship in March 1891. He wascalled to the bar in Victoria and Queensland, and before enteringpolitics was on occasions an acting district court judge inQueensland. He succeeded his father as representative of DarlingDowns in the federal house of representatives in 1901, and heldthis seat continuously for 28 years. In July 1905 he becameminister for home affairs in the secondDeakin (q.v.) ministry, exchangingthis position for the attorney-generalship in October 1906. Theministry was defeated in November 1908, but Deakin formed his thirdcabinet in June 1909 with Groom as his minister for externalaffairs. This ministry resigned in April 1910 and Groom was inopposition for three years. He was minister for trade and customsin Cook's ministry from June 1913 to September 1914. He wasvice-president of the executive council in Hughes's nationalgovernment from November 1917 to March 1918, minister for works andrailways from March 1918 to December 1921, acting attorney-generalfrom April 1918 to August 1919 and attorney-general from December1921 to December 1925. He visited Geneva in 1924 as leader of theAustralian delegation to the fifth assembly of the League ofNations, was elected chairman of the first committee, and showedmuch ability in managing the discussions of the committee which wasa large one including delegates from every member state of theleague. After his return Groom resigned the portfolio ofattorney-general on 18 December 1925, and on 13 January 1926 waselected without opposition speaker of the house of representatives.He held this position until in 1929 his refusal to vote with theBruce-Page government on the question of the transfer ofarbitration from the federal sphere to that of the states led toits defeat. He disagreed with the government on the questioninvolved, but his refusal was based on a different reason. He feltthat following the British precedent the speaker must be absolutelyimpartial and keep free of any party ties. At the election whichfollowed Groom was strongly opposed by the government and lost hisseat. He was re-elected at the 1931 general election but did nothold office again. From 1932 to 1936 he was chairman of thebankruptcy legislation committee, and in earlier years he alsoacted on various royal commissions and select committees. He diedat Canberra after a short illness on 6 November 1936. He wascreated K.C.M.G. in 1924. He married in 1894 Jessie, daughter ofthe Rev. C. Bell who survived him with a daughter. Groom wasjoint-author withSir JohnQuick (q.v.) of theJudicial Power of the Commonwealth,and was part author of various Queensland legal publications. Hiselder brother, Harry Littleton Groom, was for many years a memberof the Queensland legislative council.

Groom took much interest in the Church of England, was avice-president of the Church of England Men's Society, and a memberof the General Synod of Australia. In politics he was hard-workingand dependable, and from 1905 to 1926 was a member of everynon-Labour ministry. He carried through much important legislationand, though representing a rural district, was a great advocate forthe extension of secondary industries, and no trouble was too greatin ascertaining the merits of the causes in question. He realizedthat many problems would have to be treated in a large way asAustralian problems. He is found for instance about 1909 and 1910making several efforts to establish a federal department ofagriculture. Though he failed at the time, the Commonwealth Councilfor Scientific and Industrial Research, established in 1916,included many of the functions of Groom's proposals. He worked hardfor federal old age pensions, and carried in 1922 against a gooddeal of opposition the public service act and the superannuationact. Generally he was both a political and a moral force in federalpolitics.

Nation Building in Australia, The Life and Work ofSir Littleton Ernest Groom;The Argus, Melbourne, 7November 1936;The Courier-Mail, Brisbane, 7 November 1936;The Bulletin, 11 November 1936;The CommonwealthParliamentary Handbook, 1936.

GROOM, WILLIAM HENRY (1833-1901), politician,

was born at Plymouth, England, on 9 March 1833. He was educatedat St Andrew's College, Plymouth, and in 1857 emigrated toQueensland. He began business as a storekeeper at Toowoomba, in1861 was elected to the local council, and immediately became thefirst mayor of Toowoomba. Early in 1863 he was elected a member ofthe Queensland legislative assembly for Drayton and Toowoomba, butin 1866 resigned his seat, having been compelled to assign hisestate owing to the failure of the Bank of Queensland. He wasre-elected in 1867 and held the seat until he entered the federalhouse of representatives in March 1901. He more than once hadstrong opposition, but always headed the poll. He was speaker from1883 to 1888, but did not become a member of any ministry, largelybecause of his being opposed to the views ofMcIlwraith (q.v.) andGriffith (q.v.), the two strongmen of his period. He had been practically 38 years in theQueensland parliament when he resigned to go into federal politics,a unique record in Australia up to that period. He died atMelbourne on 8 August 1901. He married Grace Littleton who survivedhim. There was a family of four sons and three daughters, of whomthe third son,Sir LittletonErnest Groom, is noticed separately.

Groom was an industrious member of parliament, extremelyinterested in land settlement which he kept constantly before thehouse. He exercised much influence in Queensland, partly throughhis journal theToowoomba Chronicle which he had founded andowned, but principally because he became the leader in parliamentof a group colloquially known as the "Darling Downs Bunch". He wasa fluent and earnest speaker, and as the "father of the house" hisadvice was constantly sought and given. When Toowoomba was littlemore than a village he was probably the only person who was able tovisualize the possibilities of the town and the surroundingdistrict. Much of the development of the Darling Downs was due tohis efforts.

The Brisbane Courier, 9 August 1901;TheQueensland Times, 10 August 1901; C. A. Bernays,QueenslandPolitics During Sixty Years;Nation Building in Australia.The Life and Work of Sir Ernest Littleton Groom.

GROSE, FRANCIS (1754-1814), lieutenant-governor of New South Wales,

was the son of Francis Grose the well-known English antiquary.At the time of his death in 1814 he was stated to have been 56years of age (Gentleman's Magazine, July 1814, p. 85). Thiswould have made the year of his birth either 1757 or 1758, butunless he obtained promotion at unusually early ages the year ofbirth usually given, 1754, appears to be more probable. He was bornin England, received a commission as an ensign in 1775, and foughtin America, where he was twice wounded. He attained the rank ofmajor in 1783, in November 1789 was placed in command of the NewSouth Wales Corps, and appointed lieutenant-governor of New SouthWales. He did not leave England until late in 1791, and he arrivedat Sydney on 14 February 1792.Governor Phillip (q.v.) hadalready asked permission to resign, and in December left thecolony. The conduct of the government then fell on Grose. Philliphad realized that unless there was some control over the sale ofspirits great evils would follow, but Grose made no efforts in thisdirection, and great abuses such as the payment of wages in spiritsbecame common. The custom of officers trading in spirits was almostuniversal, and in the interregnum before the arrival ofCaptain Hunter (q.v.) thecolony was given up to drunkenness, gambling, licentiousness andcrime. How far Grose was responsible for this state of affairs itis now impossible to say. There is, however, no reason to doubt thestatements of the chaplain, theRev. Richard Johnson (q.v.),that he could get no support from the lieutenan t-governor and noassistance in building a church. On the other hand the chargesagainst Grose of making indiscriminate grants of land to hisfriends and fellow officers appear to be without foundation, as thegrants made were in accordance with his instructions. In spite ofthe low state of morality, and the drinking habits of the people,the position of the colony had improved very much when Grose leftfor England on 17 December 1794. But the credit for this cannot begiven to him. His substitution of military for civil power was notfor the good of the state, and he showed no foresight or realstrength in his government. In all probability the improvement wassimply the result of better farming methods, for much of whichcredit may be given to the two chaplains, Johnson andMarsden (q.v.). After leavingAustralia Grose filled various posts in the army. In 1798 he was onthe staff in Ireland, and in 1805 was at Gibraltar with promotionto the rank of major-general. He was again on the staff in Irelandin 1809. He was promoted lieutenan t-general, and died in Englandabout June 1814.

A. Britton,History of New South Wales, vol. II;Historical Records of New South Wales, vol. II;Historical Records of Australia, ser. I, vols. I andII.

GRUNER, ELIOTH (1882-1939), artist,

was born at Gisborne, New Zealand, on 16 December 1882. Hisfather, Elioth Gruner, was a Norwegian, his mother was Irish. Hewas brought to Sydney before he was a year old and at an early ageshowed a desire to draw. When about 12 years old his mother tookhim toJulian Ashton whogave him his first lessons in art. His father and elder brotherhaving died, the boy had to help to maintain the household, and at34 obtained a position in a shop where he worked from 7.40 a.m. to9.30 p.m. He managed to do some painting at week-ends, and about1901 began to send work to the exhibitions of the Society ofArtists at Sydney. About 10 years of hard work followed before themerit of his work was recognized. In 1911 a small shop was startedin Bligh-street, Sydney, to sell works of art produced in Australiaand for a time Gruner took charge of it. He then became anassistant to Julian Ashton at the Sydney Art School, and duringAshton's illness took complete charge of the classes for aboutthree months. In 1916 he was the winner of the Wynne art prize witha small landscape "Morning Light" which was purchased by thenational gallery of New South Wales. He was the winner of the Wynneprize again in 1919, and in the following year the trusteescommissioned him to paint a large picture for the gallery "TheValley of the Tweed". Though this was awarded the Wynne prize in1921 and is a capable work it scarcely ranks among his bestefforts. He seldom afterwards took anything larger than a 24-inchcanvas.

In 1923 Gruner visited Europe and was away for more than twoyears. The effect of travel on his work was very noticeable. Therewas generally a good deal of simplification, more attention topattern, and a freer and wider sweep of his brush. He was lessinterested in the problems of light and occasionally his work tookon a slightly cold aspect. The changes were not always welcomed byhis admirers, but Gruner was right not to allow himself to fallinto a groove. In 1927 he held a one man show, but he was not avery productive artist and henceforth he was in a position to sellpractically everything he produced. He spent much time in finding asuitable subject, and more in carefully considering it before abrush was put to the canvas. He became interested in the study oflight again, and some excellent work of his latest period combinedthe qualities of his first and second periods. He died at Sydney on17 October 1939. He never married. He is well represented at thenational gallery at Sydney, and examples will also be found atMelbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane, Geelong and Castlemaine. Nearly allhis work was in landscape but he did a few flower pieces andinteriors, and a small number of dry-points. Memorial exhibitionsof his work were held in Sydney and Melbourne in 1940.

Gruner had few interests outside his work. He was scarcely agreat draughtsman but had a beautiful feeling for delicate colour,light, and atmosphere. He is entitled to a high place amongAustralian painters.

The Art of Elioth Gruner;Art inAustralia, 1929 and 1933; W. Moore,The Story of AustralianArt;The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 October 1939; D.Lindsay,Catalogue, Melbourne MemorialExhibition.

GUERARD, JEAN EUGENE VON (1811-1901), (his first name was neverused), [ebook editor's comment: This person is now referred to as"GUERARD, Johann Joseph Eugen von"--SeeAustralian Dictionary of Biography, Online Edition.] landscape painter

was born at Vienna in 1811. His father, Bernhard von Guerard,was court miniature painter to Francis I of Austria. As a young manGuerard spent some years in studying art in Italy and atDusseldorf. He emigrated to Australia in 1853 and did muchlandscape painting. In 1866 his "Valley of the Mitta Mitta" waspresented to the national gallery at Melbourne, and in 1870 thetrustees purchased his "Mount Kosciusko". In the same year he wasappointed master of the school of painting and curator of thegallery. He held these positions until the end of 1881 when heretired and went to live in Europe. In 1885 he published a seriesof lithographs of Australian landscapes. He died in England in1901.

Von Guerard's painting was careful and finished though lackingin light and atmosphere. He had some interesting men among hispupils includingF.McCubbin (q.v.) andTomRoberts (q.v.) but appears to have had little influence ontheir work. He is represented at the galleries at Sydney, Melbourneand Ballarat. A large number of his pencil sketches will be foundin the historical collection at the public library, Melbourne, andother examples of his work are in the Commonwealth national libraryat Canberra, and the Turnbull library at Wellington, N.Z.

Thieme-Becker,Allgemeines Lexikon der BildendenKünstler; W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art; E. LaT. Armstrong,The Book of the Public Library, Museums andNational Gallery of Victoria.

GUILFOYLE, WILLIAM ROBERT (1840-1912), landscape gardener,

son of Michael Guilfoyle, was born at Chelsea, England, on 8December 1840, and came to Australia with his father who conducteda well-known nursery at Sydney for many years from 1851 onwards.Guilfoyle was educated at Lyndhurst College, Glebe, and was alsohelped in his studies byW.S. MacLeay (q.v.) and John McGillivray, the naturalist. In 1868Guilfoyle was on theChallenger on a botanical voyage to theSouth Sea islands, and subsequently he was engaged in growingsugar-cane and tobacco in Queensland. In 1873 he succeededBaron von Mueller (q.v.) asdirector of the botanic gardens, Melbourne, and spent the next 36years of his life in developing them. The area was comparativelysmall when he began, but it grew to slightly over 100 acres, andwhile not neglecting the purely scientific side of the workGuilfoyle created it as a landscape garden. What had been littlebetter than swamps became lakes, a delightful fern gully was madeout of a small depression, noble lawns bounded by carefullydisposed groups of trees were laid out, and the result was thefinest gardens in Australia and probably one of the finest in theworld. Guilfoyle was forced by poor health to resign his positionin September 1909, and he died at Melbourne on 25 June 1912. Hemarried late in life and left a widow and one child. He was theauthor ofAustralian Botany specially designed for the Use ofSchools (1878), theA.B.C. of Botany (1880), andAustralian Plants (1911).

Men of the Time in Australia, 1878;TheArgus andThe Age, Melbourne, 26 June 1912; J. W Maiden,Journal and Proceedings Royal Society of New South Wales,1921; Sir Frank Clarke,In the Botanic Gardens.

GUNN, RONALD CAMPBELL (1801-1881), botanist,

son of Robert Gunn, an officer in the army, was born at Capetownon 4 April 1808. He accompanied his father to Mauritius, the WestIndies, and Scotland where he was educated. He was given anappointment in the royal engineers at Barbadoes, but left there in1829 to go to Tasmania, where he obtained the position ofsuperintendent of convict barracks at Hobart, and in 1830superintendent of convicts for North Tasmania. In 1831 be becameacquainted with an early Tasmanian botanist, Robert WilliamLawrence (1807-1833), who encouraged his interest in botany andplaced him in touch with Sir W. Hooker and Dr Lindley, with whom hecorresponded for many years. In 1836 Gunn was appointed policemagistrate at Circular Head. From there he visited Port Phillip andWestern Port and also travelled much in Tasmania. He becameassistant police magistrate at Hobart in 1838, and in 1839 privatesecretary toSir JohnFranklin (q.v.) and clerk of the executive and legislativecouncils. In 1841 he gave up these appointments to take charge ofthe estates of W. E. Lawrence, and spent much time investigatingthe flora of Tasmania. But his interests were not confined tobotany; he became a general scientist and made collections ofmammals, birds, reptiles and mollusca, for the British Museum.Taking up the study of geology he was employed by the government toreport on mining fields, and also on the general resources of thecolony. In 1864 he was appointed one of the commissioners forselecting the seat of government at New Zealand. Subsequently hebecame recorder of titles at Launceston, holding this positionuntil 1876 when he retired owing to ill health. He died atNewstead, near Launceston, after a long illness, on 13 March 1881.He became a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1850, and was electeda fellow of the Royal Society, London, in 1854.

Gunn was a first-rate botanist and general scientist. Sir J. D.Hooker, who dedicated hisFlora Tasmaniae to Gunn, andanother Tasmanian botanist, William Archer (1820-74), speaking ofGunn in his "Introductory Essay" said: "There are few Tasmanianplants that Mr Gunn has not seen alive, noted their habits in aliving state, and collected large suites of specimens with singulartact and judgment. These have all been transmitted to England . . .accompanied with notes that display remarkable powers ofobservation, and a facility for seizing important characters in thephysiognomy of plants, such as few experienced botanists possess".(The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage, part III,FloraTasmaniae, vol. I, p. CXXV). Though so competent Gunn publishedlittle. With Dr J. E. Gray he was responsible for a paper "Noticesaccompanying a Collection of Quadrupeds and Fish from Van Diemen'sLand", and he was the author of a few papers on the geology andbotany of that island. When private secretary to Sir John Franklinhe assisted in founding, and was editor of, theTasmanianJournal of Natural Science, which recorded papers read atgovernment house. From these beginnings sprang the Royal Society ofTasmania. TheTasmanian Journal was succeeded by theProceedings of the Royal Society of Van Dieman's Land, inwhich some of Gunn's few papers appeared. He was much liked andrespected and may be ranked as the most eminent of Tasmanianbotanists. He is commemorated by the genus Gunnia and manyspecies.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, vol.XXXIV, p. XIII; J. H. Maiden,Papers and Proceedings of theRoyal Society of Tasmania, 1909, p. 15;The Mercury,Hobart, 15 March 1881.

GUTHRIE, FREDERICK BICKELL (1861-1927), agricultural chemist,

son of Frederick Guthrie, F.R.S., was born at Mauritius in 1861.He was educated at University College, London, and at theuniversity of Marburg. He was assistant to the professor ofchemistry at Queen's College, Cork, for some years, and in 1887became demonstrator in chemistry at the Royal College of Science,London. He came to Australia about 1890 and in that year wasappointed demonstrator in chemistry at the university of Sydney. In1892 he was made chemist to the New South Wales department ofagriculture. In this department he did much research in connexionwith soil analysis, manures, and the milling qualities of wheat. Hewas also closely associated withWilliam Farrer (q.v.) and his workon wheat breeding. For periods in 1896, 1904-5, and 1908-9 Guthriewas acting-professor of chemistry at the university of Sydney. In1901 he was president of the chemical section of the AustralasianAssociation for the Advancement of Science, and in 1913 presidentof the agricultural section. He was elected president of the RoyalSociety of New South Wales for 1903 and was one of the jointhonorary secretaries from 1906 to 1910. Guthrie was also anoriginal member of the Commonwealth advisory council of science andindustry. He retired from the agricultural department of New SouthWales in January 1924, and died at Sydney on 7 February 1927. Hemarried Ada Adams, who survived him with a daughter. He lost histwo sons in the 1914-18 war. He wrote many papers for scientificsocieties some of which were published as pamphlets. His work as aneconomic and agricultural chemist was of widespread benefit toprimary production in Australia.

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NewSouth Wales, 1927, p. 12;The Daily Telegraph, Sydney,andThe Sydney Morning Herald, 8 February 1927.

GWYNNE, EDWARD CASTRES (1811-1888), judge,

son of the Rev. William Gwynne, was born at Lewes, Sussex,England, in February 1811. He was educated at St Anne's GrammarSchool and under the Rev. George Evans at Sheffield. He studiedlaw, was articled, and then practised as an attorney until 1837. Atthe end of that year he left for South Australia, and arrived atAdelaide on 15 April 1838 with letters of introduction to judgeJeffcott. He immediately applied for admission to the bar andpractised as a barrister. In 1840 he entered into partnership withWilliam Bartley, and later was joined by Charles Mann. Heestablished a reputation as a lawyer, especially for his knowledgeof equity law and the law of property. In 1851 he was nominated tothe legislative council, and soon afterwards brought in a bill toestablish state aid to religion, which was defeated. In 1853,during the discussion of the proposed new constitution, he spoke infavour of a nominee upper house, but it was eventually decided thatthe house should be an elected one with a property qualificationfor voters. Gwynne was defeated at the election for the council in1854, but was elected unopposed to the new legislative council in1857. He opposed theTorrens (q.v.) real propertybill, being afraid that it would have dangerous consequences.Though his opposition was not successful his criticisms had theeffect of improving the bill. He was attorney-general in the Bakerministry which lasted for only 10 days in August 1857, and in 1859was appointed third judge of the supreme court. In 1867 he becamesecond judge and primary judge in equity. From December 1872 toJune 1873 he was acting chief-justice, and in February 1877received extended leave of absence to visit England. He retired ona pension on 28 February 1881. Before becoming a judge he had ownedsome good racehorses and was himself a good horseman all his life.In retirement he grew oranges on a comparatively large scale, andalso gave some attention to viticulture. He died on 10 June 1888.He married a daughter of R. E. Borrow who survived him with foursons and four daughters.

A man of imposing appearance and fine character, Gwynne was animportant figure during his comparatively short career inparliament. As a lawyer he was a good pleader, and as a judge hewas distinguished for his clearness of apprehension, breadth ofview, strict impartiality, and excellent knowledge of the law.Sir John Downer (q.v.), whohad appeared before him as a young advocate, spoke of him manyyears later as "a very great judge".

The South Australian Register, 11 June 1888 and3 August 1915;The South Australian Advertiser, 11 June1888; J. Blacket,The Early History of SouthAustralia.

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