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à BECKETT, SIR THOMAS (1836-1919), judge,

was born in London on 31 August 1836. His father, Thomas Turnerà Beckett (1808-92), brother ofSir William à Beckett (q.v.), waseducated at Westminster School. He came to Australia on a visit tohis brother, arrived at Melbourne in January 1851, and, deciding tostay, practised as a solicitor. He was nominated to the legislativecouncil in 1852, and after responsible government came in waselected for the Central Province in 1858. He held this seat for 20years, was a minister without portfolio in theHeales (q.v.) ministry fromNovember 1860 to November 1861, and commissioner of trades andcustoms from April 1870 to June 1871 in the thirdMcCulloch (q.v.) ministry. Hewas the author of several pamphlets on legal and other subjects,and was registrar of the diocese of Melbourne from 1854 to 1887, amember of the council of the university, and a trustee of thepublic library.

His eldest son, Thomas, came to Australia with his father in1851, returned to London in 1856, and entered as a student atLincoln's Inn. He won a studentship and was called to the bar inNovember 1859. Returning to Victoria in 1860 he quickly establisheda practice, specializing in equity. He was lecturer in the law ofprocedure for several years at the university of Melbourne from1874 onwards, and had been leader of the equity bar for some timewhen he was appointed a supreme court judge in September 1886. Hewas just 50 years of age and did not retire until 31 July 1917,nearly 31 years later. In 1916 the bar of Victoria presented hisportrait by Max Meldrum to the supreme court library, and theopportunity was taken to express the affection in which à Beckettwas held. He died at Melbourne on 21 June 1919. He married in 1875Isabella, daughter ofSirArchibald Michie (q.v.), who survived him with two sons andthree daughters. He was knighted in 1909. A younger brother, Edwardà Beckett (1844-1932), was a portrait painter. Examples of his workare at the supreme court, Melbourne.

à Beckett was an active man and continued to play tennis untilan advanced age. Like other members of his family he had a keensense of humour, and many stories are told of him and his sayings,both on and off the bench. He was very popular with the bar, thoughcounsel did not always appreciate his direct methods, which wereaimed at preventing the unnecessary prolongation of cases.Occasionally he would deliver what he called an "interim judgment"when he considered one party had a hopeless case. Thoughgood-tempered, obliging and courteous, he could be called a strongjudge, and he was never afraid to dissent from his colleagues inthe full court. It was found that no judge of the period had hisdecisions less often upset by the high court or the privy council,and he ranks as one of the finest equity judges Australia hasknown.

The Age, Melbourne, 23 June 1919;TheArgus, Melbourne, 23 June 1919; P. Mennell,The Dictionaryof Australasian Biography;Burke's Colonial Gentry,1891.

à BECKETT, SIR WILLIAM (1806-1869), first chief justice of Victoria,

son of William à Beckett and brother of Gilbert A. à Beckett ofPunch, was born in London on 28 July 1806, and educated atWestminster School. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in1829 and for some years was much engaged in literary work. He wasresponsible forA Universal Biography, a substantial work inthree large volumes, published about 1835, which, however, seems tobe largely based on previous compilations. He also wrote many ofthe biographies inThe Georgian Era, published in fourvolumes in 1832-4. He went to New South Wales in 1837, in March1841 was appointed acting solicitor-general, and in March 1843solicitor-general. He became an acting judge in July 1844, in 1846was appointed a judge of the supreme court at Port Phillip, and inJanuary 1851 chief justice of the newly formed colony of Victoria.His health had not been good for many years, and he retired on thisaccount early in 1857. He returned to England in 1863 and died atLondon on 27 June 1869. He was knighted in 1851. He was marriedtwice and was survived by four sons by the first marriage. Hiseldest son, W. A. C. à Beckett, was a member of the legislativecouncil of Victoria from 1868 to 1876. In addition to the worksalready mentioned à Beckett published a youthful volume of verse,The Siege of Dumbarton Castle, in 1824,The Magistrates'Manual for the Colony of Victoria (1852),Out of Harness, anaccount of a tour on the Continent (1854),The Earl's Choiceand other Poems (1863).

à Beckett was a man of culture and refinement and an excellentjudge, who, in spite of his delicate health, carried out his dutieswith ability.

The Times, 1 July 1869; P. Mennell, TheDictionary of Australasian Biography;Historical Recordsof Australia, ser. I, vols. XXI to XXV;British MuseumCatalogue;Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1891.

ADAMS, ARTHUR HENRY (1872-1936), poet, novelist and journalist,

son of C. W. Adams, chief surveyor and commissioner of crownlands, Otago, New Zealand, was born at Lawrence, New Zealand, on 6June 1872. He was educated at the Otago high school and Otagouniversity, where he graduated B.A. and began to study law. He,however, abandoned this, took up journalism at Wellington, andbegan contributing verse to the SydneyBulletin. In 1898 hecame to Australia as literary secretary toJ. C. Williamson (q.v.),and wrote a pantomime,The Forty Thieves, which was producedin Melbourne at the end of that year. In 1899 hisMaoriland andOther Verses was published at Sydney. In the following year hewent to China as representative of a group of New Zealand papersduring the Boxer uprising. Invalided home to New Zealand he shortlyafterwards went to London and published in 1902The Nazarene, AStudy of a Man, written mostly in blank verse, which wasfollowed in 1904 byTussock Land, issued in Unwin's firstnovel library and reprinted in the same year.LondonStreets, published in 1906, though only a slender volume,contains some of his best verse.

Adams returned to Australia and then went to New Zealand wherehe was on theNew Zealand Times for a short period. He cameto Australia again and from 1906 to 1909 was editor of the "RedPage" of theBulletin, and was subsequently editor of theLone Hand, and of the SydneySun. In 1909 hepublishedThe New Churn and other stories, in 1910Galahad Jones (title page dated 1909), and in 1911ATouch of Fantasy (dated 1912). In 1913 a selection of Adams'sshorter poems was published under the titleThe Collected Versesof Arthur H. Adams. This was the last volume of his poemsexcept for a war poem,My Friend, Remember, brought out in1914. Various volumes of fiction appeared at intervals;TheKnight of the Motor Launch (1913),Grocer Greatheart(1915),The Australians (1920), andA Man's Life(1929). Adams also wrote many plays, butThree Plays for theAustralian Stage (1914) were the only ones published. The thirdplay in this volume,Mrs Pretty and the Premier, wasproduced in Melbourne in 1914 and by Arthur Bourchier at HisMajesty's Theatre, London, on 31 January 1916. The Londonproduction ran for about a month. Adams visited England again in1928 and after his return confined his work to journalism. He diedat Sydney on 4 March 1936. He married in 1908 Lilian Paton, whosurvived him with one son and two daughters. In addition to thevolumes already mentioned Adams published some light fiction underthe names "Henry James James" and "James James". These includedDouble Bed Dialogues (1915), English editionHoneymoonDialogues (1916),Lola of the Chocolates (1920), andThe Brute (1922). He also published under the name of "JamesJames"A Guide Book to Women (1921), reprinted 1927.

Adams scarcely fulfilled his early promise. He wrote someexcellent poetry and is represented in several anthologies; hisplays are distinctly above the average, and his novels are quitecapable. The constant demands of journalistic work were against hisdoing himself complete justice, and probably prevented him fromreaching his full powers in any one of these departments.

The Evening Post, Wellington, 5 March 1936;Otago Daily Times, 7 March 1936;The Argus,Melbourne, 5 March 1936;The Telegraph, Sydney, 5 March1936; E. Morris Miller,Australian Literature; personalknowledge.

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ADAMS, FRANCIS WILLIAM LAUDERDALE (1862-1893), miscellaneous writer,

was born at Malta on 27 September 1862. His father, Andrew LeithAdams, then an army surgeon, became afterwards well known as ascientist, a fellow of the Royal Society, and an author of travelbooks. His mother wrote novels, and his father's father, FrancisAdams, was a distinguished classical scholar. Adams was educated atShrewsbury school and in 1884 published a volume of poems,Henryand Other Tales. In the same year he married and went toAustralia.

In 1885Leicester, An Autobiography was published inLondon, and in 1886Australian Essays appeared in Melbourne,where Adams lived for a short period. In these essays we find oneon "Melbourne and her Civilization" and another on "Sydney and herCivilization". The first was dated 1884 the second October 1885,and presumably Adams had gone to Sydney in the interim. There hebegan writing for theBulletin and other Australianpublications. He then went to Brisbane, where his wife died, andremained there until the early part of 1887. In this year hepublished a novel,Madeline Brown's Murderer, at Melbourne,and hisPoetical Works at Brisbane, a quarto volume of over150 pages printed in double columns. This was followed in 1888 bySongs of the Army of the Night, his best known book. After ashort stay at Sydney Adams married again, returned to Brisbane, andremained there until about the end of 1889 writing leaders for theBrisbaneCourier. He then returned to England and publishedtwo novels,John Webb's End, a Story of Bush Life (1891),andThe Melbournians (1892). A volume of short stories,Australian Life, came out a year later. His health wasfailing rapidly and he was obliged to spend his last two winters inthe south of France and in Egypt. After his return to England,realizing he had no hope of recovery, he shot himself on 4September 1893. He left a widow but had no children. He had nearlycompleted another volume,The New Egypt, which was publishedat the end of 1893. His early novel,Leicester, had beenlargely rewritten towards the close of his life, and it wasrepublished in 1894 asA Child of the Age. The original bookwas called "an autobiography" but in a prefatory note to the newedition Adams said:--"Beware of taking my characters for myself . .. even when I wroteLeicester I wrote of one entirely unlikemyself."Tiberius: a Drama, which has been highly praised,was also published in this year. A collection of his literarycriticism,Essays in Modernity, did not appear until1899.

Adams crammed an immense amount of work into a short life. Heoften wrote quickly and he revised little. Though most of his prosework is interesting, not much of it is of outstanding merit. Someof his short poems of about 12 lines have a certain Heine-likesimplicity which is pleasing, and the blank verse of some of hislonger poems is graceful if a little too facile. HisSongs ofthe Army of the Night has often been reprinted, but thereputation of these poems arises from their sentiments rather thantheir value as pure poetry. Adams felt passionately about alldowntrodden races and men. At a time when London Dock labourersworked for fourpence an hour he could not help but raise his voice,and the rhetoric of his "At the West India Docks" echoed throughoutthe world of labour. Some of his verses caused resentment inConservative circles, but Adams realized, as few did in thosetimes, how deep was the poverty and misery of a large part of theBritish nation. It was a time when even such ameliorations asunemployment insurance and old-age pensions were scarcely thoughtof, and the change that has come about is largely due to men likeAdams who were not afraid to express what they so passionatelyfelt.

H. S. Salt, Introduction,Songs of the Army of theNight, 1894 ed.; H. A. Kellow,Queensland Poets; E.Morris Miller,Australian Literature; information from JohnOxley Library, Brisbane.

ADAMSON, LAWRENCE ARTHUR (1860-1932), schoolmaster,

was born at Douglas, Isle of Man, on 20 April 1860, the son ofLawrence William Adamson, LL.D., grand seneschal of the island andhis wife Annie Jane, a daughter of Captain J. T . E. Flint. In 1866the family went to Newcastle-on-Tyne where the father became highsheriff of Northumberland. At 14 years of age L. A. Adamson wassent to Rugby, was well trained in the classics, and played in theschool football team. At Oxford he studied classics and law, tookhis M.A. degree, and was called to the bar in December 1885. Aftera bad attack of pleurisy he was advised to live in a warmer climateand on 20 December 1885 left for Australia, intending to practiseat the bar in Sydney. But the moist heat of midsummer did not suithis health and he went to Melbourne. While waiting for admission tothe bar he occupied himself with coaching and in January 1887 wasappointed senior resident master at Wesley College underA. S. Way (q.v.). There he added tohis duties the functions of sports master and chairman of the gamescommittee, and, withJ. L. Cuthbertson (q.v.)of Geelong Grammar School, helped to frame a code of rules forinter-school athletics. In 1892 he became second master and wasalso resident tutor and lecturer at Trinity College, Melbourneuniversity. In 1898 he joined O. Krome as joint-headmaster of theUniversity high school. Four years later he was appointedheadmaster of Wesley College.

For many years Melbourne had been slowly recovering from theeffects of a land boom and all the public schools had suffered. ButWesley's troubles had been greater than any of the others, and whenAdamson took charge he found that only 100 boys of the previousyear had returned to school. By the end of the year 243 were on theroll and the attendance gradually rose until it reached 600 in1930. Adamson wanted no more as he did not believe in large publicschools, and always held that it was impossible for the head toknow the boys in a school whose numbers were much over 500. Whilein no way neglecting scholarship, Adamson encouraged athletics atWesley and quickly set up an ideal of sportsmanship of which thekeynote was that boys should learn to win decently and losedecently. He advocated good manners with pithy illustrations on theeffect of them, he inculcated a sense of honour, he believed inhero-worship, but all the while he was mindful of practical things.His school was the first to have medical examinations for all theboys, and the knowledge of a boy's physical condition was appliedto his work in class. Justice was the basis of all his work, and hebecame not only efficient as a headmaster but thoroughly popularwith the boys. There was no want of respect in his nickname "Dicky"and there was a really genuine affection.

Adamson made his influence felt outside his school. He wasactive during the early years of the Victorian Amateur AthleticAssociation and was its president from 1901 to 1905. For no fewerthan 37 years he was president of the Victorian Amateur FootballAssociation and he did good work for the Victorian CricketAssociation during difficult times as delegate, honorary treasurerand president. In education he was not merely the headmaster of apublic school. As early as 1892 he was one of the founders of theVictorian Institute of Schoolmasters, and his continual interest inthe whole question of education enabled him to do valuable work,before and after the passing of the registration of schools act in1905, as a member of the registration board, the council of publiceducation, the faculty of arts at the university, and theuniversity council. This by no means exhausts the list ofcommittees on which he served but none of these interfered with hiswork as headmaster, which went steadily on until a long illness ledto his retirement in October 1932. He died a few weeks later on 14December.

Adamson was 42 years of age when he became headmaster of Wesley,a quiet, somewhat portly man of medium height. He made no specialclaim to scholarship, he was far too busy to be able to give muchtime to studies, but he liked to take a class and he got to knowthe many generations of boys who passed through his hands. He wasfond of poetry, he wrote the words and music of some of the schoolsongs, and he collected and appreciated old silver, china andfurniture. Possibly part of his success as a schoolmaster came fromthe fact that he was able to retain much of his boyish outlook. Hecould still delight in stories likeTreasure Island andAGentleman of France, and he could read Kipling'sStalky andCo. with an appreciation granted to few schoolmasters. He was alay canon of St Paul's cathedral and a practical Christian of thekind that boys could understand. To read so moving an address asthat given to the boys after the close of the war enables one torealize his power over them. He never married, the school took theplace of wife and children for him, and his name will continue tobe an inspiration and a tradition for generations of Wesley boys tocome. His portrait by W. B. McInnes is at Wesley College.

Ed. by Felix Meyer,Adamson of Wesley; Cyclopaediaof Victoria, 1903; personal knowledge.

AGNEW, SIR JAMES WILLSON (1815-1901), premier of Tasmania,

was born at Ballyclare, county Antrim, Ireland, on 2 October1815. His father, James William Agnew, was an M.D. of Glasgowuniversity, his mother was originally Ellen Stewart. Agnew waseducated at London, Paris and Glasgow, and qualified for themedical profession, M.R.C.S. in 1838, and M.D. Glasgow, 1839. Healmost at once went to Australia and arrived at Sydney before theclose of 1839. He decided to settle in what is now the Westerndistrict of Victoria, but not liking the life, went to Melbourne,where he was offered the position of private secretary to Sir JohnFranklin then governor of Tasmania. He sailed for Hobart and foundthat the position had been filled. He was, however, appointedmedical officer at the Cascades Peninsula, whence he transferred tothe General Hospital at Hobart. This was followed by privatepractice in Hobart for many years. He had joined the TasmanianSociety, afterwards the Royal Society of Tasmania, in 1841, and inthat year contributed an article to its journal on the "Poison ofthe Tasmanian Snakes". In March 1851 he was elected a member of thecouncil and remained on the council until his death some 50 yearslater. He was honorary secretary from 1861 to 1893, and for severalyears a vice-president. He retired from his profession and waselected to the legislative council in 1877. He was a member of theFysh (q.v.) ministry in thatyear, without portfolio, and was also in theGiblin(q.v.) ministry whichsucceeded it, and in the second Giblin ministry from October 1879to February 1881. He was then absent from the colony on a longvisit to Europe. After his return he was elected to the legislativecouncil in 1884, and in 1886 formed a ministry in which he waspremier and chief secretary. This lasted a little more than 12months and he resigned on 20 March 1887. His last years were spentat Hobart where he died on 8 November 1901. He was created K.C.M.G.in January 1895. He married (1) in 1846 Louisa Mary Fraser who diedin 1868, and (2) in 1878, Blanche Legge. There were severalchildren by the first marriage, of whom only a daughter survivedhim.

Agnew was much respected in Hobart all his life. He was a usefulpolitician, and his general interests, especially in the culturallife of the community, made him one of the best-known men inTasmania. He fostered the Royal Society and gave many volumes toits library, he was much interested in the museum and botanicalgardens and the public library, of which he was chairman. He wasalso president of the Tasmanian Racing Club and of the TasmanianClub.

Burke's Colonial Gentry, 1895, vol. II, p. 591;The Mercury, Hobart, 9 November 1901;The Examiner,Launceston, 9 November 1901; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography.

ALEXANDER, SAMUEL (1859-1938), philosopher,

was born at 436 George-street, Sydney, on 6 January 1859, ofJewish parents. His father, Samuel Alexander, was a prosperoussaddler, his mother was originally Eliza Sloman. His father diedjust before the boy was born, and the mother moved to Victoria fouror five years later. They went to live at St Kilda, and Alexanderwas placed at a private school kept by a Mr Atkinson. In 1871 hewas sent to Wesley College, then under the headmastership ofProfessor Irving (q.v.).Long afterwards Alexander said he had always been grateful for theefficiency and many-sidedness of his schooling. He matriculated atthe university of Melbourne on 22 March 1875, and entered on thearts course. He was, placed in the first class in both his firstand second years, was awarded the classical and mathematicalexhibitions in his first year, and in his second year won theexhibitions in Greek, Latin and English, mathematics and naturalphilosophy; and natural science. On 12 May 1877 he left for Englandwhere he arrived at the end of August. He was in some doubt whetherto go to Oxford or Cambridge, but chose the former. He sat for ascholarship at Balliol and among the competitors were George Curzonand J. W. Mackail. His tutor thought little of his chances, but hewas placed second to Mackail and was awarded a scholarship. AtOxford he obtained a first class in classical and mathematicalmoderations, a rare achievement, and a first class in greats, hisfinal examination for the degree of B.A., in 1881. Two of histutors were Green and Nettleship, who exercised a great influenceon his early work. After taking his degree he was made a fellow ofLincoln, where he remained as philosophy tutor from 1882 to 1893.It was during this period that he developed his interest inpsychology, then a neglected subject, comparatively speaking. In1887 he won the Green moral philosophy prize with an essay on thesubject "In what direction does Moral Philosophy seem to you toadmit or require advance?" This was the basis of his volume onMoral Order and Progress, which was published in 1889 andwent into its third edition in 1899. By 1912, however, Alexanderhad altered his views to some extent and considered that the bookhad served its purpose, had become "dated", and should be allowedto die. During the period of his fellowship at Lincoln he had alsocontributed articles on philosophical subjects toMind, theProceedings of the Aristotelian Society, and theInternational Journal of Ethics. He did some travelling onthe continent, and in the winter of 1890-1 was in Germany workingat the psychological laboratory of Professor Münsterberg atFreiburg. Among his colleagues at Lincoln wasWalter Baldwin Spencer(q.v.).

For some time Alexander had wished to obtain a professorship. Hemade three unsuccessful attempts before, in 1893, he was appointedat Manchester. There he quickly became a leading figure in theuniversity. Unconventional in his attire and his manner ofconducting his classes, there was something in him that drewstudents and colleagues alike to him. He wrote little, and hisgrowing deafness made it difficult for him to get much out ofphilosophical discussions, though he could manage conversation, Animportant change in his home life occurred in 1902 when the wholeof his family, his mother, an aunt, two elder brothers and hissister came from Australia to live with him. This in some familieswould have been a dangerous experiment, but it worked well inAlexander's case. His sister became a most efficient hostess and onWednesday evenings fellow members of the staff, former pupils, afew advanced students and others, would drop in and spend amemorable evening. He was given the Hon. LL.D. of St Andrews in1905, and in later years he received Hon. Litt. D. degrees fromDurham, Liverpool, Oxford and Cambridge. In 1908 appearedLocke, a short but excellent study, which was included inthe Philosophies Ancient and Modern Series. He was president of theAristotelian Society from 1908 to 1911 and in 1913 was made afellow of the British Academy. He was appointed Gifford lecturer atGlasgow in 1915, and delivered his lectures in the winters of 1917and 1918. These developed into his great workSpace Time andDeity, published in two volumes in 1920, which his biographerhas called the "boldest adventure in detailed speculativemetaphysics attempted in so grand a manner by any English writerbetween 1655 and 1920". That its conclusions should be universallyaccepted was scarcely to be expected, but it was widely and wellreviewed, and made a great impression on philosophic thinkers atthe time and for many years after. His Arthur Davis MemorialLecture onSpinoza and Time was published in 1921, and in1924 Alexander retired from his chair.

Before he retired Alexander had longed for some leisure, but itis impossible for men of his temperament to be idle. He continuedto do a certain amount of lecturing, giving short courses andsingle lectures in connexion with the extra-mural department, heexamined for higher degrees and also did some reviewing, and heretained until 1930 the office the presenter for honorary degrees.His little orations when presenting were models of grace and skill.He remained on many committees, always ready to give them thebenefit of his help and wisdom. He kept up his interest in theBritish Academy and the British Institute of Philosophy, as well asin Jewish communities in England and Palestine. In 1925 he washonoured by the presentation of his bust by Epstein to theuniversity of Manchester, where it was placed in the centre of thehall of the arts building. He was Herbert Spencer lecturer atOxford in 1927, and in 1930, amid congratulations from all over thecountry, the Order of Merit was conferred on him. It wasunfortunate that as he grew older his deafness increased, but hestill liked to see his friends, there were still good books to beread, and he never lost his love for beautiful things. In 1933 hepublishedBeauty and other Forms of Value, mainly an essayin aesthetics, which incorporated passages from papers which hadappeared in the previous 10 years. Some of the earlier parts of thebook were deliberately meant to be provocative, and Alexander hadhoped that artists of distinction in various mediums might betempted to say how they worked. He had, however, not reckoned withthe difficulty most artists find in explaining their methods ofwork and the response was comparatively meagre. He was greatlytroubled by the sufferings of the Jews in Europe and gave much ofhis time and money in helping to alleviate them. Early in 1938 herealized that his end was approaching and he died on 13 Septemberof that year. He was unmarried. His will was proved at about£16,000 of which £1,000 went to the university of Jerusalem and thebulk of the remainder to the university of Manchester. In 1939 hisPhilosophical and Literary Pieces was published with amemoir by his literary executor, Professor John Laird. This volumeincluded charming papers on literary subjects, as well asphilosophical lectures, several of which had been publishedseparately. A list of his other writings is given at the end ofthis volume.

Alexander was above medium height, somewhat heavily built, andwore a long beard. The charm of his personality attracted men andwomen of all kinds to him and he never lost their affection. He hada quiet sense of humour, was completely unselfish, transparentlyhonest, a guide, philosopher and friend to all. He suffered attimes from low spirits, but in company cheerfulness persisted inbreaking in. He had great sympathy with children, young people, andwomen; he loved his kind and it was only natural that he shouldbecome the "best-loved man in Manchester". He confessed to beavaricious because "if he were not he could not give to things".The truth was that, though frugal about his personal expenses, hewas always a liberal giver. He was fond of bridge but could neverbecome an expert player. As a lecturer in his early years he oftenhesitated for the right word, and had some difficulty incontrolling his voice, but these difficulties disappeared in time,and in later years he had a beautiful voice. He could be bothprofound and simple without talking down to his audience. Whenlecturing he could be quite informal, at times dropping into a kindof conversation with his class, and not disdaining a side track ifit looked promising. He did not always give the impression that hewas much interested in teaching, yet he was a great teacher whoseinfluence was widespread. He was one of the greatest speculativethinkers of his time, a great philosopher, a great man.

John Laird, Memoir,Philosophical and LiteraryPieces;The Manchester Guardian, 14 September 1938;The Times, 14 and 15 September 1938;The Times LiterarySupplement, 23 March 1940.

ALLAN, JOHN (1866-1936), premier of Victoria,

son of Andrew Allan, a farmer, was born at Deep Creek nearRomsey, Victoria, on 27 March 1866. He became a farmer andestablished one of the finest wheat and dairy farms in the Goulburnvalley. He early took an interest in municipal questions, was amember of the Deakin shire council for many years, and his specialinterest in irrigation led to his becoming a member of the RodneyWater Trust. He took a leading part in the formation of theVictorian Farmers' Union which was merged, in the Victorian Countryparty during the war years. In 1917 he was elected a member of thelegislative assembly for Rodney and retained that seat for theremainder of his life. He was soon elected leader of the Countryparty and proved himself to be a vigorous and logical debater. Hejoined the H. S. W. Lawson ministry in September 1923, as presidentof the board of land and works and minister of immigration, butonly held office until March 1924, when the ministry wasre-constructed. In November 1924 he moved a vote of want ofconfidence in theG. M.Prendergast (q.v.) ministry and became premier and minister ofwater-supply. He also became minister of railways in August 1926.Among the legislation, passed by this ministry was a superannuationact for the government service on a contributory basis, and an actmaking voting at elections compulsory. Legislation was also broughtin to assist the financing of wheat growers, and for suspendingpayments by farmers affected by drought conditions. The ministrywas defeated in May 1927. When theArgyle (q.v.) ministry came intopower in May 1932 Allan became minister of agriculture andvice-president of the board of lands and works. He resigned hisleadership of the Country party in June 1933, and died on 22February 1936. He married in 1889 Annie Stewart who survived himwith four sons and two daughters.

"Honest John" as Allan was called was a picturesque figure inVictorian politics. He had an imperturbable and genial disposition,a sense of humour a clear-thinking brain and a resonant voice. Heknew the difficulties of the man on the land from personal contactwith him, and as leader of the Country party fought a hard but fairbattle for him.

The Argus, Melbourne, 23 February 1936;TheAge, Melbourne, 24 February 1936;Year-Book of theCommonwealth of Australia, 1925-35.

ALLEN, SIR GEORGE WIGRAM (1824-1885), politician,

was born at Sydney on 16 May 1824. His father George Allen(1800-77) came to Sydney in 1816 and was the first attorney andsolicitor admitted by the supreme court of New South Wales. He wasan alderman of the first Sydney city council and was mayor in 1845.He was nominated to the old legislative council in this year, in1856 was made a member of the new legislative council, and waselected chairman of committees. He was much interested in educationand was a member of the senate of the university to which hebequeathed £1000 for a scholarship in mathematics. He died on 3November 1877. His son was educated underW. T. Cape (q.v.) at SydneyCollege, where he showed ability in classics and mathematics, andin 1841 was articled to his father and became a solicitor. He wasappointed a commissioner of national education in 1853 and held theposition until 1867. He was nominated to the legislative council in1860, in 1869 was elected a member of the legislative assembly forGlebe, and from December 1873 to February 1875 was minister forjustice and public instruction in the firstParkes (q.v.) ministry. In thefollowing March he was elected speaker and remained in thatposition until January 1883. He retired from politics in thefollowing August, and died after a short illness on 23 July 1885.He married Marian, eldest daughter of theRev. W. B. Boyce (q.v.), whosurvived him with four daughters and six sons. He was knighted in1877 and created K.C.M.G. in 1883.

Allen was a man of the highest character, everywhere held in thehighest repute, whether as president of the Bible Society or of thelaw institute, as a director of well-known companies, as asteadfast friend of education, or in connexion with his manycharities. As speaker he showed dignity, courtesy and ability, hisonly fault being that occasionally he was not sufficiently firmwith some of the wilder spirits in the house.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 July 1885;TheDaily Telegraph, Sydney, 24 July 1885; P. Mennell,Dictionary of Australasian Biography.

ALLEN, SIR HARRY BROOKES (1854-1926), pathologist,

son of Thomas Watts Allen, was born at Geelong, Victoria, on 13June 1854. He was educated at Flinders School, Geelong, andMelbourne Church of England Grammar School. At the matriculationexamination in 1870 he won the exhibitions in classics,mathematics, and English and French. At the university of Melbournehe secured first-class honours in every year of his course, andgraduated M.B. in 1876, M.D. in 1878, and B.S. in 1879. In 1876 hewas appointed demonstrator in anatomy, in 1882 he became lecturerin anatomy and pathology, and from the beginning of 1883 wasprofessor in these subjects. He was also pathologist at theMelbourne Hospital. He had been editor of theAustralian MedicalJournal from 1879, but pressure of work now obliged him to giveup this office. As a result of strong representations thegovernment of Victoria had provided the funds for a building forthe medical school, and Allen was asked to collaborate with thegovernment architects in preparing the plans. He also succeeded inhaving the collection of pathological specimens at the MelbourneHospital transferred to the university, and thus began thepathological museum to which he was henceforth to give much time.It eventually became a great collection that was invaluable inconnexion with the teaching of the subject. In the same year he wasappointed to the central board of health, for which he drew up aset of by-laws for the use of local health authorities, and he didvaluable work in connexion with an inquiry into tuberculosis incattle, and also in connexion with freezing chambers for the frozenmeat trade, then in its infancy. In 1886 Allen became dean of thefaculty of medicine and succeeded in bringing in an amendedcurriculum for the medical course. In 1888 he was made president ofthe royal commission appointed to inquire into the sanitary stateof Melbourne; typhoid fever was then common and the commission'sreport included the recommendation that a water-borne seweragesystem should be adopted. This however was not commenced for someyears. Allen was appointed president of the intercolonial rabbitcommission in 1889; he was only 35, but his reputation was alreadyspreading beyond Victoria. In the same year he was generalsecretary of the intercolonial medical congress, held at Melbourne.His next important work was the obtaining of recognition ofMelbourne medical degrees in Great Britain. The universitypetitioned the privy council and Allen was sent to England in 1890to support the petition. He succeeded in satisfying the generalmedical council that the Melbourne curriculum was among the best inexistence and the recognition was granted.

Allen was elected to the university council in 1898, the firstprofessor to be a member of that body. He was a most valuablemember, constant in attendance and interested in the welfare ofevery department. Dr C. J. Martin who was subsequently to have adistinguished career in Europe had been appointed lecturer inphysiology in 1894 and Allen encouraged him in every way,eventually recommending that he should be given the title ofacting-professor. Martin resigned in 1903 to become director of theLister Institute of Preventive Medicine, London. Dr W. A. Osbornewas appointed to take his place in 1904 as professor of physiologyand in 1906 Dr R. J. A. Berry was appointed to the chair ofanatomy, Allen taking the title of professor of pathology. Awell-equipped laboratory of bacteriology had been established, andAllen could now feel that he had a medical school in which he couldtake some pride. But though apparently wrapped up in hisdepartment, he was able to spare time to do valuable work outsideit. There were two medical societies in Melbourne, the MedicalSociety of Victoria, and the Victorian branch of the BritishMedical Association, and in 1906 Allen succeeded in healing thebreach between them. In the same year there was a strong differenceof opinion as to whether the proposed Institute of TropicalMedicine should be established at Sydney or Townsville. A committeewas formed with Allen as chairman.Anderson Stuart (q.v.), a manof much personality, was in favour of Sydney, but Allen succeededin persuading him to withdraw his opposition. Allen was electedpresident of the Australasian medical congress held in Melbourne in1908, an honour he valued very much. In 1912 he visited Europe andrepresented his university at the congress of universities of theempire and at the bicentenary of the medical school of TrinityCollege, Dublin. He was everywhere recognized as a pathologist ofthe highest standing. In 1914 came the jubilee of the medicalschool at Melbourne and the opportunity was taken of presenting anexcellent portrait of Allen byE.Phillips Fox (q.v.) to the university, the cost of which wassubscribed by its medical graduates. A report of the variousproceedings was published in 1914,University of MelbourneMedical School Jubilee. To this Allen contributed the openingchapter "A History of the Medical School". With the coming of thewar he quickly realized that his students would do more valuablework by remaining and completing their courses than by enlisting ascombatants. He himself worked at great pressure and possibly laidthe seeds of his later break-down. In 1919 he publishedPathology. Notes of Lectures and Demonstrations, a volume ofnearly 500 pages. He drafted a new medical curriculum in 1921,which was adopted, but fell ill in 1923, and though he temporarilyrecovered, a serious cerebral haemorrhage so incapacitated him thathe was obliged to give up his chair. He died at Melbourne on 28March 1926. He married in 1891 Ada, daughter of Henry Mason, whosurvived him with three daughters, one of whom, Mary Allen, becamewell-known in the United States as a painter and lecturer on art.Allen was given the honorary degree of LL.D. by the university ofEdinburgh in 1912, and was knighted in 1914. An elder brother,George Thomas Allen, C.M.G., held a distinguished position in theCommonwealth public service.

Allen lived for his work but was also interested in literatureand in art. He was not without vanity, lacked humour, and madecomparatively few close friends; but there was an immenseearnestness in his character, and a constant striving after thebest, which commanded respect. He had untiring energy, great powersof organization, and a remarkable memory. His post-mortemdemonstrations were models of their kind; he was ambidextrous andshowed absolute control of the materials, complete knowledge, andhad a burning desire that the students should understand everythingthat could be learned from the particular subject. His lectureswere concise and orderly, consistently keeping a very high level ofinstruction, and his department was run with tact and efficiency.When he first became a lecturer he shouldered everything that camehis way and gradually became the guiding force in the department.Halford (q.v.) hadlaid the foundations, and considering his manifold duties had doneremarkable work, but it fell to Allen to develop a really greatmedical school at Melbourne. Another of his monuments is the Walterand Eliza Hall Institute which, the memorial plate to Allen at theRoyal Melbourne Hospital states, owed its origin to hisinspiration.

The Medical Journal of Australia, 10 April 1926;The Lancet, 17 April 1926;The British MedicalJournal, 10 April 1926, 2 March 1935, p. 432;The Argus,Melbourne, 29 March 1926; H. B. Allen,A History of the MedicalSchool; Liber Melburniensis, 1937;Debrett's Peerageetc., 1926; personal knowledge.

ALLEN, WILLIAM (C. 1790-1856), joint founder of St Peter's College, Adelaide,

was born probably before 1790. Entering the navy of the EastIndia Company he afterwards transferred to the merchant service,and for about 25 years traded from India. About 1833 or 1834, whenAllen was captain of a ship, the crew rose in mutiny and killed oneof the mates. Allen knocked the leader down with an oar andpractically quelled the mutiny single-handed. He came to Adelaidein theBuckinghamshire in March 1839 and bought land in theneighbourhood of Port Gawler. In 1845 he was a part proprietor ofthe Burra copper mine and, joining in the foundation of the SouthAustralian Mining Association, subsequently became its chairman. Hetook an interest in the Church of England and in the words ofBishop Short (q.v.)became "the greatest temporal benefactor--next after the BaronessBurdett-Coutts--whom the diocese has yet been permitted to know".On 24 May 1849, when the foundation-stone of St Peter's College waslaid, William Allen and the Society for Promoting ChristianKnowledge were referred to as "being the Principal Founders".Allen's gifts to this school, one of the earliest public schoolsestablished in Australia, eventually reached £7000. Hisbenefactions were not confined to institutions connected with hisown denomination, and he was well known for his private charity. Hedied suddenly at Adelaide on 17 October 1856. Under his will £5000was left to the diocese of Adelaide to be used in increasing theincomes of the clergy.

The South Australian Register, 18 October 1856;Ceremony of Laying the First Stone of the Collegiate School ofSt Peter's, Adelaide; F. T. Whitington,Augustus Short,First Bishop of Adelaide, p. 156.

ANDERSON, SIR FRANCIS (1858-1941), philosopher and educationist,

son of Francis Anderson, was born at Glasgow on 3 September1858. He was a pupil-teacher at the age of 14, and proceeding toGlasgow university had a brilliant course and graduated M.A. He wasawarded Sir Richard Jebb's prize for Greek literature, took firstplace in the philosophical classes of Professors Veitch and Caird,and won two scholarships. He was for two years assistant to theprofessor of moral philosophy and came to Melbourne in 1886 asassistant to theRev. DrStrong (q.v.) at the Australian Church. This was a valuableexperience to Anderson as his work brought him in contact with boththe best and the worst types of human nature. In 1888 he wasappointed lecturer in philosophy at the university of Sydney, andwas the first Challis professor of logic and mental philosophy fromthe beginning of 1890. He held this position until the end of 1921,when he retired and became emeritus professor.

Anderson was president of the mental science and educationsection at the meeting of the Australasian Association for theAdvancement of Science held at Brisbane in January 1895 and gave anaddress on "Politics and Education", and on 26 June 1901, at aconference of teachers, in an address on "The Public School Systemof New South Wales", spoke frankly on "the defects, limitations andneeds of the existing system of education". Mr J. Perry, theminister of public instruction, immediately called a conference ofinspectors and principal officers of his department, and in 1902 J.W. Turner and(Sir) G. H.Knibbs (q.v.) were appointed as commissioners to inquire intoeducational systems in Europe and America. Their report confirmedAnderson's strictures, the pupil-teacher system was abolished, andthe training of teachers at the Teachers' College wasreconstructed. Thirteen years later Anderson was able to report animmense improvement in the state of education in New South Wales(see his chapter on "Educational Policy and Development" in theFederal Handbook prepared for the meeting of the BritishAssociation for the Advancement of Science held in Australia in1914). Anderson was president of the social and statistical sciencesection at the meeting of the Australasian Association for theAdvancement of Science held at Adelaide in 1907, and gave anaddress on "Liberalism and Socialism". This was followed by a paperon "Sociology in Australia. A Plea for its Teaching" given at theSydney meeting held in 1911. Following on the discussion aresolution was unanimously passed recommending the institution of achair of sociology in Australia.

At the time of Anderson's resignation at the end of 1921 it wasproposed to have his portrait painted, but he suggested thatinstead of this a frieze emblematic of the history of philosophyshould be placed in the philosophy lecture room of the university.Eventually two panels were painted for it by Norman Carter, onerepresenting Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, the other Descartes,Bacon, and Spinoza.

Anderson became the first editor of theAustralasian Journalof Psychology and Philosophy from 1923 to 1926, and he alsotook a great deal of interest in the tutorial classes and Workers'Education Association movements. Another interest was the League ofNations. He died at Sydney on 24 June 1941. He was twice married(1) to Maybanke Selfe Wolstenholme, and (2) to Josephine Wight whosurvived him. He was knighted in 1936. Some of his papers andaddresses were published separately as pamphlets. His monograph onLiberty, Equality and Fraternity was issued by theAssociation of Psychology and Philosophy.

As a teacher Anderson was always interesting and free frompedantry. He had a gift of exposition and was passionately inearnest especially when some great truth was in question. Hisgreatest interests lay in moral philosophy and sociology; logic andpsychology had less attraction for him, though in his early days atSydney he had had to cover every branch of his subjects includingeven politics and economics. He was a good friend, a great workerfor education, and a distinguished figure in the cultural life ofhis state.

The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 June 1941; H. T.L.,The Australasian Journal of Psychology and Philosophy,August 1941;Calendar of the University of Sydney, 1923, p.782;Burke's Peerage etc., 1937; S. H. Smith and G. T.Spaull,History of Education in New SouthWales.

ANDREWS, RICHARD BULLOCK (1823-1884), politician and judge,

was born in 1823, practised as a solicitor in England, and cameto South Australia about 1853, in which year he was appointed anotary public. He practised at Mount Barker but after beingadmitted to the South Australian bar in 1855 came to Adelaide. InJune 1857 he was elected to the house of assembly for Yatala andwas attorney-general in theTorrens (q.v.) ministry from 1to 30 September. He was again attorney-general in theDutton (q.v.) andAyers (q.v.) ministries in 1863,1865, 1867 and 1868. He had been made a Q.C. in 1865 and in January1870 resigned from parliament to become crown solicitor and publicprosecutor. In March 1881 he was appointed a judge of the supremecourt. He fell into ill-health, was obliged to take six monthsleave of absence at the end of 1883 and died at Hobart on 26 June1884 leaving a widow and a daughter. A man of commanding presence,amiable and just, with a gift for concision, Andrews was anexcellent public prosecutor and had the qualifications of a goodjudge. His health however gave him few opportunities of showingthis during the short time he was on the bench. In private life hewas interested in viticulture, and made some good wines during theeighteen-sixties.

The South Australian Register, 27 and 28 June1884;The South Australian Advertiser, 27 June1884.

ANGAS, GEORGE FIFE (1789-1879), a founder of South Australia, philanthropist,

was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, on 1 May 1789. He wasthe seventh son of Caleb Angas, a prosperous coach manufacturer andshipowner, and was educated at a boarding school under the Rev. J.Bradley. At 15 he was apprenticed to his father as a coachbuilder.After serving four years he went to London for further experienceand in 1809 returned to Newcastle to become an overseer in hisfather's business. On 8 April 1812 he was married to RosettaFrench. During the next 20 years Angas steadily developed hisbusiness, spending some time in Honduras. On his return toNewcastle he took much interest in Sunday schools (he had beenbrought up in a religious household), and became one of the twosecretaries of the Newcastle Sunday School Union. He continued hissupport of this kind of work for the rest of his long life. InDecember 1822 he became president of the Newcastle Seamen's Societyand on his removal to London in 1824 was an active member of theBritish and Foreign Seamen's Friend Society and took a personalinterest in the seamen employed on his own ships. During the firstyears in London Angas went through a period of financial depressionand had many business anxieties; but in the main his affairsprospered. He was twice asked to stand for parliament but declinedpartly for reasons of health. He was largely instrumental infounding the National Provincial Bank of England, afterwards one ofthe most important banks in England, and sat as a director on itsfirst board. He had become a comparatively wealthy man, anxiousabout the wise use of his money. A new interest came to him in thefoundation of the South Australian Land Company, and he soon beganto set out his views on the proposed settlement. His principalpoints were the exclusion of convicts, the concentration of thesettlers, the taking out of persons with capital and intelligence,and especially men of piety, the emigration of young couples ofgood character, free trade, free government, and freedom in mattersof religion. He was disheartened by the failure of the company toget the support of the government, but nevertheless associatedhimself with the South Australian Association formed in 1834 withRobert Gouger (q.v.) assecretary. In the long negotiations about the price to be paid forthe land, Angas was in opposition toWakefield (q.v.) and fought forthe price to be reduced to 12 shillings an acre. There weredifficulties too in raising money for preliminary expenses andAngas eventually formed the South Australian Company of which hewas appointed chairman of directors. Land was purchased from theSouth Australian Association and on 22 February 1836 theJohnPirie set sail, loaded with emigrants, provisions and livestock, and two days later it was followed by theDuke ofYork and theLady Mary Pelham. The heads of departmentsof the company were all furnished with letters giving minuteinstructions regarding almost every problem that might arise. Allthree vessels arrived by the middle of August. That so much hadbeen achieved was principally due to Angas but his difficultieswere by no means over. Three powerful bodies were concerned in thesuccess or failure of the settlement, the colonial office, theboard of commissioners, and the South Australian Company, and itwas still unsettled which would be the controlling body. Early in1837 there was friction between the commissioners and the companybut gradually these troubles were overcome. The establishment ofthe South Australian Banking Company in 1837, as suggested byAngas, was an important factor in the early growth of the colony.Angas was working hard for it in England, lecturing, writingpamphlets, and supplying information to the newspapers. He helpedalso to establish the South Australian School Society and sent outGerman colonists, and missionaries for the aborigines. Despite hiswork in these directions Angas found time to establish in Englandthe Union Bank of Australia, and to do work for the colonization ofNew Zealand. It may in fact be said that only the energetic actionsof Angas and Wakefield prevented New Zealand from becoming a Frenchcolony. The government recognized the work of Angas by offering himfirst a knighthood and then a baronetcy, but both weredeclined.

In 1839 Angas through no fault of his own was in danger offinancial ruin. He had advanced much money to settle Germanemigrants in South Australia and had sent out his chief clerk, a MrFlaxman, who spoke German, to look after them. Flaxman, thinking hesaw an opportunity to make money for both his employer and himself,invested largely in land. Angas had great difficulty in finding thenecessary money. He was compelled to borrow considerable amountsand to sell his interests in the Union Bank and other companies.While still under these anxieties he heard that the Britishgovernment had dishonoured the drafts drawn by the governor,Colonel Gawler (q.v.), andthat the colony was thus in danger of ruin. Angas appealed to thegovernment, and as a result of his efforts it was decided toguarantee a loan and the dishonoured drafts were paid. During 1842Angas was doing much lecturing on South Australia throughoutEngland, and he also wrote a pamphlet,Facts Illustrative ofSouth Australia, which was widely distributed. Gawler hadreturned to England and suggested to Angas that he should settle inSouth Australia. At the beginning of 1843 his affairs were in a badstate (in his diary he speaks of being "at my wits' end"), and inApril 1843 he sent his sonJohnHoward Angas (q.v.) to the new colony, to look after his landand to try and retrieve his fortunes. The boy was less than 20years old but he was helped by the gradual recovery of the colonyfrom its troubles, and the land eventually became valuable. Hisfather's difficulties in England still continued and in 1847everything was at its worst. It was not until 1850 that Angas wasable to sell his properties in the north of England. Fortunately,too, the German settlers were now repaying some of the money Angashad advanced to them. His health had been feeling the constantstrain for some years, prospects were now better in Australia, andit was felt that a change would be all for his good. On 3 October1850 with his wife and youngest son he sailed for Adelaide, andarrived in the middle of January 1851.

Angas was now nearly 62 years old, a late age to settle in a newcountry, but he was met by his two sons and his eldest daughter andhe could not but feel that he was surrounded by friends, for hisefforts for the good of the colony were everywhere well known. Afew days after he landed a public dinner was given in his honour,and he renewed his acquaintance with the officers of the SouthAustralian Company. He was soon elected a member of the legislativecouncil for the Barossa district. He interested himself especiallyin education and other public business, and found that every hourhad its occupation. His health improved and his affairs soprospered in Australia that he soon discharged all his Englishliabilities. He began to buy high-class merino sheep and cattle andin 1855, finding many emigrants were out of work, thought it hisduty to make work for them. One piece of work was the building of abridge with stone piers over the Gawler near his house at Angaston.In 1857 he paid a visit to England in order to complete matters inconnexion with his father's estate and did not return untilSeptember 1859. He continued his parliamentary work and fought hardbut unsuccessfully against the colony being saddled with theresponsibility of the Northern Territory. In 1866 he resigned hisseat in the legislative council feeling he was no longer able todischarge his duties properly. He had long been contributingliberally to schools, churches and benevolent institutions, andcontinued to do so for the rest of his life. He was now verywealthy and his benefactions amounted to thousands of pounds everyyear. In 1869 he published aHistory of the New castle-on-TyneSunday School Union which was compiled with the help of hissecretary W. R. Lawson. In 1867 his wife died. She had been hisfriend and companion for 55 years. Though retired from parliamenthe still lived a busy life managing his estate, and when past 82years of age he was able to say that time passed more agreeablywith him then than ever before in his past life. In hiseighty-seventh year he had a serious illness but recovered. Hecompleted his ninetieth year on 1 May and died on 15 May 1879. Hewas survived by three sons, two of whom (John Howard Angas andGeorge French Angas) are noticedseparately, and three daughters.

George Fife Angas was a sincerely religious man and the Biblewas the great influence of his life. That he also became verywealthy arose from the fact that he was naturally a first-ratebusiness man of excellent judgment. But he did not seek wealth, andwhen it came he was chiefly exercised in considering the wisest wayof spending it. There was no limit to his hours of work and this attimes affected his health and temper, but essentially he was athoroughly good and great man. He was somewhat puritanical in hisoutlook and disapproved of dancing and theatres. That was part ofhis early training and, having a passion for hard work himself, itwas difficult for him to realize the need for relaxation felt byother people. He ranks high among the early philanthropists ofSouth Australia, but his greatest importance lies in the invaluablepart he played in saving the South Australian colonization schemewhen it was in grave danger of being completely wrecked, and hisconsistent fostering of the colony in its early years.

Edwin Hodder George Fife Angas,Father and Founderof South Australia; A. Grenfell Price,Founders and Pioneersof South Australia;The South Australian Register, 17May 1879.

ANGAS, GEORGE FRENCH (1822-1886), artist and naturalist,

eldest son ofGeorge FifeAngus (q.v.) and his wife Rosetta French, was born atNewcastle-on-Tyne on 25 April 1822. As a youth he studied drawingand lithography and in 1842 publishedA Ramble in Malta andSicily illustrated with his own sketches. In September 1843 hesailed for South Australia and arrived at Adelaide on 1 January1844. Soon afterwards he went into the lake country near the mouthof the Murray with W. Giles, manager of the South AustralianCompany, hoping to find suitable country for sheep and cattle runs.In April he accompanied the governor,Captain Grey (q.v.), and his party onan exploring journey along the south-east coast of South Australia.Subsequently he visited New Zealand, came back to Australia, andspent some time at and near Sydney. He returned to England in March1846. An interesting account of these travels with illustrations bythe author was published in two volumes in 1847 under the title ofSavage Life and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand. In thesame year appeared two volumes of his drawings,The NewZealanders Illustrated, andSouth Australia Illustrated.Each book has many large coloured lithographs after paintings byAngas which show him to have been a very capable artist. The volumeon South Australia is especially valuable for his reproductions ofspecimens of aboriginal art. He next travelled to South Africa andpublishedThe Kaffirs Illustrated in 1849. Returning toAustralia he became secretary of the Australian Museum at Sydney,and held this position from 1853 to 1860. He was at Adelaide inOctober 1861 but returned to London shortly afterwards. HepublishedAustralia a Popular Account in 1865, andPolynesia a Popular Description in 1866. His book of verses,The Wreck of the Admella, which appeared in 1874, has littlevalue as poetry. Angas was a fellow of the Linnean Society and ofthe Zoological Society. Several of his papers on land and seashells and Australian mammals were published in theProceedingsof the Zoological Society, and he also did a large amount ofmiscellaneous writing for various periodicals. He died at London on8 October 1886. He married in 1849, Alicia Mary Moran. There werefour daughters of the marriage.

Angas was a competent writer and, allowing for the conventionsof the time, an excellent artist. The national gallery at Adelaidehas a large collection of his paintings, and he is also representedat the Mitchell library at Sydney and the Commonwealth nationallibrary at Canberra.

W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art;Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, July 1887; E.Hodder,George Fife Angas; George French Angas,SavageLife and Scenes in Australia and New Zealand, and other worksby him;Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers;Introduction,Guide to the Australian Museum,1890.

ANGAS, JOHN HOWARD (1823-1904), pioneer and philanthropist,

was the second son ofGeorgeFife Angus (q.v.) and his wife Rosetta French. He was born on 5October 1823 at Newcastle-on-Tyne and when only 18 years of age wastold by his father that he must prepare himself to go to SouthAustralia to take charge of his father's land. As part of hispreparation he learned German, so that he might be able to conversewith the German settlers. He left England on 15 April 1843 and wasstill only in his twentieth year when he arrived. The colony was infinancial difficulties, and he needed all his courage, caution, andgood judgment. With better times the estate began to pay, goodshorthorn cattle and merino sheep were purchased, and when hisfather arrived in 1851 it was realized that the property was now avaluable one. In 1854 the younger Angas went to Europe on a holidayand on 10 May 1855 was married to Susanne Collins. He returned in1855 and settled at Collingrove near his father's estate. He becamea breeder of stud cattle, horses, and sheep, and is known to havegiven as much as £1000 for a single ram. The prizes won by him atshows for live-stock and wheat were numberless. In 1871 he waselected a member of the legislative assembly for Barossa butresigned in 1875 on account of his health. In 1887 he re-enteredpolitics as a member of the legislative council and remained amember for seven years. He made numerous gifts to all kinds ofcharitable movements, religious institutions, and hospitals, andgave £10,000 to the university of Adelaide to found scholarships.He died on 17 May 1904 and was survived by his wife, a son and adaughter.

Angas was a worthy son of his father. When he was developing theland at Barossa he had to make important decisions while littlemore than a boy and was a fine type of early pioneer. Like hisbrother,George French Angus(q.v.), he had some talent as an artist, but the responsibilitiesthrown on him in early life prevented him from developing it to thesame extent.

The Adelaide Register, 18 May 1904; E. Hodder,George Fife Angas; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography;Burke's Colonial Gentry,1891.

ARCHER, THOMAS (1823-1905), Queensland pioneer,

son of William Archer and his wife Julia, daughter of DavidWalker, was born at Glasgow on 27 February 1823. When he was threeyears old he was taken to Narvik in Norway, where his parents livedfor the rest of their lives, and at the age of 14 he went with anelder brother to Australia, arriving at Sydney on 31 December 1837.Other brothers followed and land was taken up in New South Wales.In 1841 the brothers moved over what is now the border between NewSouth Wales and Queensland, taking about 5000 sheep with them.Travelling approximately on the line of the present towns ofWarwick and Toowoomba, they crossed the main range at Hodgson'sGap, and established themselves for four or five years in thecountry to the north. They also did a good deal of exploratory workas far north as the Burnett River. In 1849 Thomas Archer went toCalifornia, had a little but not great success at the diggings, andthen went to Europe. In 1853 he married Grace Lindsay, daughter ofJames Morison, and then returned to Queensland. The rough life,however, did not suit the young wife's health and a return was madeto Scotland in 1855. Part of the next five years was spent inNorway, and most of the time between 1860 and 1872 in Scotland.Archer had retained an interest in the Queensland station, and theeldest son having been established at Edinburgh university, thefamily set sail for Australia in March 1872 and spent about eightyears at the station at Gracemere, some seven miles fromRockhampton in central Queensland.

Archer was back in London with his family in 1880 and fromNovember 1881 to May 1884 was agent-general for Queensland. He wasreappointed to the position in 1888 and resigned in December 1890.While agent-general he published two pamphlets,The HistoryResources and Future Prospects of Queensland, andAllegedSlavery in Queensland. He lived in retirement near London untilhis death on 9 December 1905. His wife survived him with children.He was created C.M.G. in 1884.

Archer was one of those pioneering pastoralists who did muchvaluable exploratory work in the early days, but who do not getinto the history of exploration because they did not fit upexpeditions with definite objects in view. His brothers Charles andWilliam did exploratory work in the country near Rockhampton, andCharles with Mr Wiseman, a police magistrate, fixed the site ofthat town. Another brother, Colin, sailed with a cargo up theFitzroy River when it was almost if not quite unknown. Colin wentto Norway and became well known as a naval architect, builder oftheFram and designer of the unsinkable sailing "RescueBoats". Thomas Archer's eldest son, William Archer (1856-1924),became famous as a dramatic critic, playwright, and miscellaneouswriter. He was not born in Australia, and visited it only once, in1876-7, when he came out to see his parents and stayed six monthswith them at Gracemere. HisA Ramble Round gives pictures ofMelbourne and Sydney at that period. The connexion of WilliamArcher's family with Norway led to his study of the Norwegiandramatist Ibsen and, ultimately, to a great change for the betterin the English school of play-writing.

C. Archer,William Archer: Life, Work andFriendships; P. Mennell,The Dictionary of AustralasianBiography;The Times, 11 December 1905;The Age,Melbourne, 13 December 1905;British Museum Catalogue. Seealso, William Clark,Journal of the Historical Society ofQueensland, April 1919, pp. 327-37.

ARCHIBALD, JULES FRANCOIS, originally John Feltham(1856-1919), journalist,

was born at Kildare, near Geelong, Victoria, on 14 January 1856.Early in life he substituted Jules Francois for his baptismal namesJohn Feltham; possibly he felt that his personality had someaffinity with the French spirit, and it has been suggested that hebelieved he was partly of French descent. His father, however, wasa sergeant of police of Irish stock, much interested in literature,his mother, originally Charlotte Jane Madden, came from an Englishfamily. She died when the boy was five years old. He was educatedat a Catholic school at Warrnambool, and at 14 was apprenticed toFairfax and Laurie, lessees of the WarrnamboolExaminer. Hisemployers afterwards founded theStandard, on which theeditor Henry Laurie, afterwards professor of philosophy atMelbourne university, used a ruthless blue pencil; a fact not loston Archibald who had already begun to write. At the end of hisindentures he went to Melbourne, obtained with difficulty somecasual work on theHerald, and then was given a juniorreportership on theDaily Telegraph at thirty shillings aweek. Finding he had no prospects, he got a clerical position inthe education department but left it in 1878 to go to Maryborough,Queensland. He was for a few months in the far north but in 1879decided to try his fortune in Sydney. He found it snobbish andconservative--in his own words, it was a cant-ridden community. Hehimself was only 23 years of age, but the urge for journalism wasin him and he had a hatred of all shams. On 31 January 1880, withhis friend John Haynes, he published the first number of theBulletin, a poor thing in its early number, as he himselfadmitted, but destined to become a national organ of greatinfluence.

TheBulletin was a weekly paper and was illustrated fromthe beginning. It had the usual early struggles, but wasstrengthened by the advent ofW. H. Traill (q.v.) as editor andmanager when in 1882 both Archibald and Haynes, who were unable topay the costs of the Clontarf libel action, were sent to jail. Theywere released when the amount of the costs was raised by publicsubscription. Traill sold Archibald a quarter interest in thejournal, and he acted as editor when Traill was away. In 1886Traill sold the remainder of his interest and Archibald againbecame editor. He held the position for 16 years and was a greateditor, with an instinct for good writing, and a talent for findingable assistants.

In 1902 his health began to fail, he had to hand over theeditorship toEdmond(q.v.), and except for the part taken in the founding of theLone Hand magazine, he was inactive for some years. InNovember 1908 he had a mental break-down but recovered, though hewas never quite his old self again. In 1914 he sold his interest intheBulletin. He became literary editor of thenewly-establishedSmith's Weekly in March 1919, and wasworking until a fortnight before his death, on 10 September 1919,following an operation. His wife predeceased him and he had nochildren. Under his will a sum of money was left to provide a prizeeach year for the best portrait painted by an Australian artist,preferably of some man or woman distinguished in art, letters,science or politics. The value of the prize is usually about £500.Another sum was left to provide a fountain in Sydney to commemoratethe association of France and Australia in the first world war. Thesculpture on this fountain is the work of Francois Siçard. Othersums were left to charities.

Archibald was a man of medium height, bearded, slightly sardonicin expression, frail, nervy and mercurial, a wit and an excellentraconteur. A brilliant journalist and editor, with a gift of ironyand satire, he was also a discoverer and encourager of new writers,appreciative of their good work and giving full credit to them,although it was said of him as a sub-editor that he sharpened thepoint of every paragraph. He was not a great student of politics,he had little knowledge of finance or business; but his personalcharm and loyalty drew brilliant associates to him, and through theBulletin he was for many years a great influence inAustralia in politics, finance, art and literature.

The Lone Hand, 1907-8;The DailyTelegraph, Sydney, 12 September 1919; Mrs MacLeod,MacLeodof the Bulletin;The Bulletin, 18 September 1919; W.Moore,The Story of Australian Art;The CatholicPress, 18 September 1919; Vance Palmer,NationalPortraits; copies of birth and death certificates.

ARGYLE, SIR STANLEY SEYMOUR (1867-1940), premier of Victoria,

son of Edward Argyle, was born at Kyneton, Victoria, on 4December 1867. He was educated at Hawthorn and Brighton GrammarSchools and the university of Melbourne, where he graduated M.B.,B.S. in 1891. He also studied in Great Britain and obtained thediplomas L.R.C.P. and M.R.C.S. He was in general practice at Kew,near Melbourne, for about 15 years from 1894, was elected to theKew council, and was mayor in 1902. He then specialized inradiology and was the first radiologist to be appointed to theAlfred Hospital, Melbourne. During the 1914-18 war he served in theArmy Medical Corps of the A.I.F. in Egypt, Lemnos and France, withthe rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1920 he was elected to representToorak in the Victorian legislative assembly, and held the seatuntil his death.

Argyle quickly came into notice in parliament, in September 1923was given the positions of chief secretary and minister for healthin the second Lawson ministry, and held the same positions in thethird Lawson and thePeacock (q.v.) ministry whichsucceeded it. WhenAllan(q.v.) became premier in November 1924, Argyle was again chiefsecretary and minister for health until May 1927. Early in 1927,with Professor R. J. A. Berry, he visited the United States tostudy hospital methods and to bring before the RockefellerFoundation the project of establishing a hospital in conjunctionwith the medical school of the university of Melbourne. Theministry was defeated in May 1927, but whenMacpherson (q.v.) formed hisgovernment in November 1928 Argyle resumed his old positions. As aresult of his American investigations, the site on which the newRoyal Melbourne Hospital was afterwards built, was reserved forthis purpose. The government was defeated in December 1929, in 1930Argyle succeeded Macpherson as leader of the Nationalist party, andon 19 May 1932 became premier, treasurer and minister of publichealth in a government which lasted nearly three years, a period ofdepression and difficulty. Argyle brought in the practice of workin lieu of sustenance, extended the Yarra boulevard, andendeavoured to co-ordinate the traffic systems of his state. InApril 1935 the Country party withdrew its support from thegovernment, and Argyle became leader of the opposition until hisdeath on 23 November 1940. He married in January 1895 Violet,daughter of Thomas Lewis, who survived him with two sons and twodaughters. He was created K.B.E. in 1930.

Argyle was a man of public spirit who abandoned an excellentspecialist's practice to take up politics. He was an honest andindustrious administrator, and though a vigorous fighter, wasalways a perfectly fair opponent.

The Argus, 1 January 1930, 25 November 1940;TheAge, 25 November 1940;The Herald, 23 November 1940;Year Book of Australia 1924-1936.

ARMSTRONG, HELEN PORTER (Dame Nellie MELBA), (1861-1931), soprano singer,

was born at Burnley-street, Richmond, a suburb of Melbourne, on19 May 1861. She was the third child of David Mitchell, awell-known and successful Melbourne contractor, and his wifeIsabella Ann Dow. Both parents were musical, her father having agood bass voice; her mother played the piano, harp and organskilfully. Two of her mother's sisters had voices of unusualbeauty. The child lived in a musical atmosphere, and at six yearsof age sang at a school concert. Her first singing lessons camefrom an aunt, but afterwards she was sent to the PresbyterianLadies' College, Melbourne, where she received some lessons fromMadame Christian, a good teacher of the period; but more of hertime was given to the piano and organ. She was full of health andspirits, which not infrequently led her into trouble with herteachers; there is a tradition that there was some feeling ofrelief when she left the school. In 1881 her mother died and in thefollowing year she paid a visit to Queensland, where she metCharles Nisbett Frederick Armstrong, youngest son of Sir ArchibaldArmstrong, Bart. They were married at Brisbane on 22 December 1882.In the following year a son was born to her, and when the child wastwo months old she went back to her father's house and neverreturned to her husband. She had received some training in singingfrom Signor Pietro Cecchi, a retired Italian singer, but herspecial talent was considered to be her piano playing. However,having sung and played one evening at government house, theMarchioness of Normanby, wife of the governor of the period, toldher that although she played brilliantly, she sang better and thatif she gave up the piano for singing she would become famous. MrsArmstrong resumed her lessons from Cecchi, and on 17 May 1884,singing as an amateur at a concert given at Melbourne for thebenefit of Herr Elsasser, a local musician, she was received withgreat enthusiasm.

During the next two years she made many appearances at concerts,and towards the end of 1885 was engaged as principal soprano at StFrancis's church, Melbourne, but a provincial concert tourundertaken at this period had so little success that in some casesthe receipts did not cover the expenses. Early in 1886 her fatherwas appointed Victorian commissioner to the Indian and Colonialexhibition to be held in London, and on 11 March she sailed withher father and her little son to Europe, with the intention ofstudying for a career in grand opera.

Mrs Armstrong had brought letters of introduction with her, butSir Hubert Parry would not break his rule against hearing studentsin private, and although Sir Arthur Sullivan gave her a hearing,the whole measure of his encouragement was that if she would workhard for a year he might be able to give her a small part in one ofhis operas. Wilhelm Ganz was favourably impressed, but she sangtwice at concerts in London without arousing much interest. Otherdisappointments were met with and it was decided that she should goto Paris and present a letter from one of Marchesi's former pupils,Madame Elise Wiedermann, wife of the Austro-Hungarian consul atMelbourne. When she arrived an appointment was made and afterhearing her sing Marchesi rushed out of the room to tell herhusband that she had at last found a star. Coming back she told MrsArmstrong that if she would study seriously for one year she wouldmake something extraordinary of her. Lessons began at once, butalthough Mrs Armstrong had an allowance from her father and livedeconomically, she was often short of money. In December 1886 at aconcert given at her teacher's home she sang for the first timeunder the name of Madame Melba, and always afterwards was known bythat name. A few months later Maurice Strakosch, a well-knownimpresario of the period, heard her singing at Marchesi's house,and obtained Melba's signature to a contract which would have tiedher to him for 10 years at a quite inadequate salary. When thedirectors of the Théatre de la Monnaie at Brussels offered toengage Melba to sing inRigoletto Marchesi promised to makethe necessary arrangements with Strakosch. However, he would notagree, and a week before the performance Strakosch was invoking thelaw to prevent her appearance. He, however, died suddenly on 9October 1887 and on the evening of the thirteenth Melba made herfirst appearance in grand opera. Her success was immediate, and shewas acclaimed as a great singer. She was treated with generosity bythe directors of the theatre, and in her first season also took theleading part inTraviata,Lucia di Lammermoor,Delibes'sLakmé, and Ambrose Thomas'sHamlet. On 24May 1888 she appeared at Covent Garden inLucia diLammermoor. The critics were comparatively lukewarm, andalthough the public showed some appreciation of her work Melba wasglad to be back in Brussels in October repeating the triumphs thathad begun 12 months before. In February 1889 she sang Juliet inGounod'sRomeo and Juliet and in May made her firstappearance at the Opera House, Paris, as Ophelia inHamlet.After the fourth act she was recalled three times and there was ascene of almost unparalleled enthusiasm. In June she reappeared atCovent Garden inRigoletto andRomeo and Juliet andfound her position much advanced. Moreover Jean de Reszke had beenthe Romeo and Edouard de Reszke the friar, great singers with whomshe was always in perfect sympathy. A season in Paris followedwhere Melba was fortunate in receiving coaching from Gounod for thepart of Juliet, and kindly suggestions from Sara Bernhardt in theacting of Marguerite inFaust. Her fame was now established;for many years she sang in every season at Covent Garden, and shewas equally welcome in the continental cities from St Petersburg toPalermo. In 1893 she went to the United States and, though herfirst performances did not make much stir, by the end of the seasonit was realized that she had acquired a popularity little short ofthat of Patti in her best period. In the following year she sang atthe Handel Festival at the Crystal Palace, but although her voicecarried well in the huge building, she decided she would never singthere again. In the succeeding years Melba had fresh triumphs inthe United States and Europe, and in September 1902 she returned toAustralia and gave a series of concerts, which were everywherereceived with the greatest enthusiasm. In 1907 she paid a holidayvisit to Australia, and gave a short series of concerts atMelbourne and Sydney about the end of that year. Henceforth hertime was divided between Australia and Europe. in 1911 she broughtan excellent opera company to Australia, and in 1913 she gave aseries of lessons at the university conservatorium of music atMelbourne. The Melba Hall at this conservatorium was the result ofa performance given by the singer. In 1914 she was associated withthe Albert Street Conservatorium at Melbourne, and during the waryears she raised some £60,000 for the Red Cross by her efforts. InMarch 1924 she began a final Australian opera season at Melbourneand Sydney. She spent most of 1925 in Europe and in that yearpublished a volume of reminiscences,Melodies and Memories.In June 1926 she made her final appearance at Covent Garden at aconcert to a large audience, which included King George V and QueenMary. In May 1927 she sang the national anthem at the opening offederal parliament house at Canberra by the Duke and Duchess ofYork. Her final appearance in Australia was at a concert atGeelong, Victoria, in November 1928. Returning to London soonafterwards she lived there until November 1930, and falling intobad health, again made her way to Australia. No improvement tookplace and she died at Sydney on 23 February 1931. She left a sonand a granddaughter. She was created D.B.E. in 1918 and G.B.E. in1927. Her will was proved at approximately £200,000. Many annuitiesand legacies were left to relations, friends and employees. £8000was placed on trust to provide a scholarship at the Albert StreetConservatorium, Melbourne, and the residue of the estate went toher son, his wife and their daughter. She was buried at Lilydalesome 20 miles from Melbourne. Her portrait by Longstaff and amarble bust by Mackennal are at the national gallery,Melbourne.

Melba was of moderate height with a good figure which she heldso well that she suggested tallness. Her features were regular andshe had no difficulty in looking the parts of Juliet, Margueriteand Ophelia. She became masterful with success and on occasions shecould be temperamental; like most artists she had her share ofvanity, and was not free from jealousy. But she was generous toyoung artists, sang much for charity, and more than once helpedstruggling institutions such as the British National Opera Company.Her voice had a remarkable evenness through a compass of two and ahalf octaves, her production was natural and perfect, and she sangflorid passages with a suggestion of complete case and restraint.She had been taught by Marchesi the value of never forcing thevoice, and this enabled her to preserve its remarkable freshnessand purity for far longer than the usual period. She had arepertoire of 25 operas, and in a good proportion of these she hadno rival. Her voice must be ranked among the great voices of alltime.

The Argus, Melbourne, 25 May 1861, 24 February1931 and following days;The Times, 24 February 1931; AgnesG. Murphy,Melba: a Biography; Nellie Melba,Melodies andMemories; P. Colson,Melba. An Unconventional Biography,interesting for its account of her art, but Melba's age isoverstated by two years throughout the book;Grove's Dictionaryof Music and Musicians; P. Mennell,The Dictionary ofAustralasian Biography;Burke's Peerage, etc., 1931;Beverley Nichols,Evensong. The author of this novel wassecretary to Melba for a period, and the character of "Irela" wasprobably based on her, but it would be unwise to regard it as morethan a caricature.

ARTHUR, SIR GEORGE (1784-1854), fourth governor of Tasmania,

was born on 21 June 1784, the youngest son of John Arthur andhis wife, Catherine, daughter of Thomas Cornish. He joined the armyas an ensign in August 1804 and was promoted lieutenant in June1805. He was on active service in 1806 and 1809 and showed himselfa gallant officer. He reached the rank of major on 5 November 1812and in July 1814 was appointed superintendent of Honduras, which headministered for eight years. He had little power and there wereproblems in connexion with land tenure and slavery which requiredcareful handling. He ruled with firmness, but signs were notwanting that he could be autocratic, and he developed a habit ofwriting long dispatches not always notable for understatement. Hecame into conflict with other officers in the army and one of them,Major Bradley, on being given command of the 2nd West Indiaregiment, considering that he automatically superseded Arthur ascommandant, refused to obey his orders, was placed under arrest,and confined from May 1820 to March 1821. He later on brought anaction against Arthur which was tried on 30 July 1824 and resultedin his being awarded £100 damages. In the meantime Arthur had leftHonduras and had been appointed lieutenant-governor of Tasmania on2 August 1823.

Arthur arrived at Hobart on 12 May 1824. His predecessorSorell (q.v.) was ableto report to the colonial office "that the Colony of V.D.L. haspassed into the charge of my successor in perfect order andtranquility; loyal and grateful to His Majesty's Government; freefrom faction, and unanimously well affected to the LocalGovernment". Sorell also left a long "Memorandum on the conditionof Van Diemen's Land" which must have been of great use to Arthur,and for which he was sincerely grateful. It was realized that thecolony was ripe for further development, and a chief justiceJohn Lewes Pedder (q.v.)had been appointed, and had actually arrived at Hobart a few weeksbefore Arthur. The separation of Tasmania from New South Wales wasalso contemplated, though it was not formally brought about untilthe end of 1825. Arthur was anxious to do his best for the colony,but it was unfortunate that he was a man of little vision. To himthe island was a huge jail which must be kept in proper order. Hedoes not appear to have been interested in the political rights ofthe free settlers, nor to have realized how important would be theexpansion of colonization in the next few years. Much power wasvested in him. He could issue land grants, had full power over thefinances of the colony, and could communicate direct with thecolonial office. He gave serious study to the problems of hisgovernment and on 27 October 1824 in a dispatch to Earl Bathurststated that he proposed appointing Jocelyn Thomas to be colonialtreasurer. Serious deficiencies were found at the treasury andArthur must be given full credit for his reform of the finances.He, however, early came into conflict with some of the merchants inconnexion with this and was indefensibly autocratic in dealing withAndrew Bent (q.v.), theproprietor of theHobart Town Gazette, which had adverselycriticized his administration. This struggle with the press wascarried on at intervals during the whole of Arthur'sadministration. Another stout fighter for the freedom of the presswas W. L. Murray who on one occasion at least gave Arthur advicewhich might well have been taken when he urged the governor to mixmore with the people, to know for himself, and to understand theirwants and their interests. On 24 November 1825Lieutenant-general Darling (q.v.)arrived at Hobart on his way to assume the governorship of NewSouth Wales. He brought with him the order in council creatingTasmania a separate colony which he proclaimed on 3 December,legislative and executive councils being also appointed. These actsmarked a distinct step in the development of Tasmania, but therehad been a recurrence of bushranging which Arthur suggested waslargely due to the evil effects of a "licentious press". The colonywas divided into military districts, the settlers co-operated withthe military, and the worst offenders were captured and executed.In 1827 five stipendiary magistrates were appointed, with a largenumber of unpaid, and gradually a civil service was built up tocarry out the business of the country. "Coercive measures," wroteArthur, "must be bounded by humanity; if they are not, thecriminals are driven into a state of mind bordering upondesperation." He issued other instructions with regard to convictsthat were equally admirable, but unfortunately were largelydisregarded and many convicts were treated with great brutality.Tickets of leave and pardons were the rewards of consistent goodbehaviour, and ticket-of-leave men were permitted to acquireproperty; but the tickets could be withdrawn on the committal offurther misconduct. Gradually crime decreased, and Arthur sharesthe credit for bringing this about. He was, however, out ofsympathy with the anti-transportation movement, and helped topreserve the system for some time. He believed that transportation"was more desirable than any other mode of punishment--it will atonce relieve England of the depraved individual, and, in a greatmajority of cases, effect a reformation of his character".

Another problem of the period was the conflict between theaborigines and the settlers. Arthur's method of dealing with it,known as the Black War, was costly and ineffective, but even themilder methods of later days could not preserve the native race.Towards the end of the governor's period a movement of greatimportance took place when bodies of settlers headed byFawkner (q.v.) andBatman (q.v.) migrated to themainland and founded Melbourne. This movement was, however, in noway encouraged by Arthur, whose governorship terminated on 30October 1836, after a period of rule longer than that of any otherAustralian governor.

In December 1837 Arthur was appointed lieutenant-governor ofUpper Canada where he dealt sternly with the rebellion that hadbroken out. He opposed administrative reforms and became asunpopular as he had been in Tasmania. He administered thegovernment with ability until his return to England in 1841 wherehe was created a baronet on 5 June. On 8 June 1842 he assumedoffice as governor of Bombay and found himself in a difficultposition. The greater part of the army in Afghanistan had been lostbut Arthur handled the campaign with firmness, Kabul wasreoccupied, Jalalabad relieved, and Afghanistan was evacuatedwithout complete loss of prestige. He again showed administrativeability in dealing with agricultural problems, and was nominated tosucceed Lord Hardinge as governor-general of India. He, however,resigned in 1846 on account of ill health and returned to Englandwhere he was made a member of the privy council. He was advanced tothe rank of lieutenant-general in 1854, and died at London on 19September of that year. He married in May 1814 Eliza Orde Usher,daughter of Sir John Frederick Sigismund Smith, who survived him.There were seven sons and five daughters of the marriage. Arthurpublished two volumes,Observations upon SecondaryPunishments (1833), andDefence of Transportation(1835).

Arthur was a man of medium height, autocratic, humourless andnarrow-minded. He was, however, a hard worker with a talent foradministration, and though his system of dealing with the convictsin Tasmania was not a success, he did maintain order anddiscipline. No doubt he intended that the prisoners should betreated with both firmness and kindness, but in a brutal age it wasdifficult to find subordinates with both these qualities. He wasunpopular with the settlers because he was little interested intheir point of view, and was too much inclined to think that anyonewho disagreed with him was a subversive person dangerous to thestate. He made a large fortune by transactions in real estate inthe colony, but his character has never been attacked on thataccount. His personal life was above reproach and it has been saidthat wherever he went ribaldry and drunkenness vanished. Hisdispatches did not always do justice to people with whom he hadcome in conflict, but that was because he saw so clearly the meritsof his own case, that he could not understand how there could beany in that of his opponents. A hard well-intentioned man in a hardtime he did his duty as he saw it, and in spite of complaints neverlost the confidence of the British government, which steadilyadvanced him from one important post to another throughout hislife.

The Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 125; J. Fenton,A History of Tasmania; R. W. Giblin,The Early History ofTasmania, vol. 11;The Historical Records of Australia,ser. III, vol. IV; W. D. Forsyth,Governor Arthur's ConvictSystem. See alsoHistorical Records of Australia, ser. Iand III for the period 1824-36, and J. W. Beattie,Glimpses ofthe Lives and Times of the Early TasmanianGovernors.

ASCHE, JOHN STANGER HEISS OSCAR (1871-1936), always known asOscar Asche, actor,

was born at Geelong, Victoria, on 26 January 1871. His father, aNorwegian, a graduate of Christiana university, was a barrister,but never practised in Australia. After being a digger, a mountedpoliceman and a storekeeper, he became a prosperous hotel-keeper inMelbourne and Sydney. His son was educated at the Melbourne GrammarSchool which he left at the age of 16. He then went on a holidayvoyage to China and after his return was articled to an architectwho died soon afterwards. Asche found the little he had learneduseful when he became a producer. He wanted to go on the land buthis parents objected. A few months later he ran away and lived inthe bush for some weeks and then obtained a position as a jackeroo.He returned to his parents and obtained a position in an office,but he had now decided to become an actor, and made a beginning bygetting up private theatricals at his home. He paid a visit to Fijiand on his return his father agreed to send him to Norway to studyacting. At Bergen, where he was instructed in deportment andvoice-production and had the run of the theatre, he found Norwegianacting to be excellent, easy and natural, with perfect technique.Two months later he went to Christiana, now Oslo. There he metIbsen, who wisely advised him to go to his own country and work inhis own language. Asche then went to London and was so impressed byIrving and Ellen Terry inHenry VIII, that he saw theperformance six times in succession. More study followed in Londonwhere he had his "Australian accent" corrected. He was fortunate inhaving an allowance of £10 a week from his father, but could notget work. In December 1892 he went to Norway again to give aShakespeare recital, which was successful and brought him a littlemoney. On 25 March 1893 he made his first appearance on the stage,at the Opera Comique Theatre, London, as Roberts inMan andWoman, with Arthur Dacre and Amy Roselle. He then joined the F.R. Benson Company and for eight years had invaluable experience. Hebegan with small parts, and was certainly well cast as Charles theWrestler inAs You Like It, for he had then a magnificentphysique. He had a salary of £2 10s. a week, but his father hadbeen involved in the 1893 financial crisis and was unable to sendhim any allowance. At vacation times when he had no salary Aschesometimes slept on the embankment, and was glad to earn triflingtips for calling cabs. However, his salary was raised to £4 a week,and he was never in such straits again. He played over 100characters with this company including Brutus, King Claudius andother important Shakespearian parts. He married Lily Brayton,another member of the company, and the two were associated in mostproductions for many years. In February 1900 Asche appeared withthe Benson Company at the Lyceum Theatre, London, and gave a goodperformance as Pistol inHenry V, and he was also praisedfor his Claudius inHamlet. He had a great success at theGarrick Theatre in 1901 when he played Maldonado in Pinero'sIris, his first important part in modern comedy. Joining theBeerbohm Tree Company in 1902, in 1903 he played Benedick inMuch Ado About Nothing to the Beatrice of Ellen Terry. Otherparts were Bolingbroke inRichard II, Christopher Sly andPetruchio inThe Taming of the Shrew, Bottom inAMidsummer Night's Dream, and Angelo inMeasure forMeasure.

In 1907 Asche began his management of His Majesty's Theatre andplayed among other parts Jacques inAs You Like It andOthello. He made his first tour in Australia in 1909-10 and wasenthusiastically received in Petruchio, Othello and othercharacters. Asche was much touched by his reception at Melbourne.In his autobiography which appeared in 1929 he said, "What ahome-coming it was! Nothing, nothing can ever deprive me of that. Ihad made good and had come home to show them. Whatever the futureyears held, or shall hold for me nothing can eliminate that." Onhis return to London he accepted a playKismet by EdwardKnoblock with the understanding that he could revise it. Heshortened and partly re-wrote it and produced it with muchoriginality and artistry. A tour in Australia followed in 1911-12whenKismet,A Midsummer Night's Dream, andAntonyand Cleopatra were added to his former successes. Back inLondonKismet was revived successfully and in October 1914his own playMameena based on Rider Haggard'sThe Childof Storm, though at first well received, proved a financialfailure, largely on account of war conditions. In 1916 he producedhis playChu-Chin-Chow which ran from 31 August 1916 to 22July 1921, a world's record never likely to be beaten. Asche playedthe part of Abu Hasan and confessed that "it got terribly boringgoing down those stairs night after night to go through the sameold lines". But the performance was never allowed to get slack. Heestablished a great reputation as a producer and during the run ofChu-Chin-Chow producedThe Maid of the Mountains forthe George Edwardes Estate, which also had a record run for a playof its kind. In 1922 Asche visited Australia again and madesuccessful appearances as Hornblower in Galswortthy'sThe ShinGame, Maldonado in Pinero'sIris, inJuliusCaesar, and in other Shakespearian plays.

Though Asche had been making a large income for many years healso spent largely. He was much interested in coursing, kept manygreyhounds, and lost many thousands of pounds by them. He bought afarm in Gloucestershire which far from bringing him any income, wasa constant expense. After his return from his third visit toAustralia some of his theatrical ventures were unsuccessful and hebecame insolvent. His principal creditor was the Inland Revenue,though Asche stated that he had paid many thousands a year foryears whenever a demand was made. He had in fact no knowledge ofbusiness methods, and as he frequently did not fill in the butts ofhis cheques, did not even know what he had spent. In his last yearshe appeared in several British film productions. He died in Englandon 23 March 1936. His wife the well known actress Lily Braytonsurvived him. His interesting autobiography,Oscar Asche hisLife, must be read with caution whenever figures are mentioned.He also wrote two novels theSaga of Hans Hansen whichappeared in 1930, an improbable but exciting story, andThe JossSticks of Chung (1931). His playChu-Chin-Chow waspublished in 1931, but the other plays of which he was author orpart author have not been printed. Among these wereCairo,Mameeno,The Good Old Days, andThe SpanishMain (under the name of Varco Marenes). He collaborated with F.Norreys Connell in writingCount Hannibal, and with DornfordYates wroteEastward Ho.

Asche was a good athlete and a fair cricketer and played for theM.C.C. against minor counties. He was a constant attendant atimportant matches at Lords. Life to him was a great game to beplayed with boisterous heartiness, but he took his art seriously,and as a producer was a great influence in his time. He had muchfeeling for colour and timing, and was sensitive about the dividingline between opulence and vulgarity. As an actor in his early dayshe would sometimes make a small part like the Prince of Morocco inThe Merchant of Venice or the Duke of Norfolk inRichardII become comparatively important. His Petruchio was excellentandThe Taming of the Shrew in his hands went with immensego from start to finish. He was an interpretative artist who knewthe value of tradition, but did not fear to depart from it if thereseemed to be good reason for doing so. His Jaques was played by nomeans on traditional lines. His Othello was taken quietly at thebeginning, the speech to the senate erred rather on the side ofwant of eloquence, but he rose to great heights in later scenes.The writer was present one evening when a member of the audiencewas so carried away when Othello was smothering Desdemona, that hisvigorous protest held up the action for several moments. Hispresentation of Hornblower was carefully thought out andconsistent, and whatever was attempted was carried out withcompetence. It would perhaps be going too far to call Asche a greatactor, but it may at least be said that he was a thoroughly goodactor who had his great moments.

Oscar Asche,Oscar Asche his Life by Himself;The Times, 24 March 1936;The Argus, Melbourne, 25March 1936; J. Parker,Who's Who in the Theatre; personalknowledge.

ASHTON, JAMES (1859-1935), artist,

was born in the Isle of Man on 4 April 1859 and educated at theBlue Coat School, London. He studied art in England and at Paris,and in 1884 emigrated to Adelaide and established an art school. Hevisited England in 1894 and was elected a member of the RoyalSociety of Arts. On his return to Adelaide in 1895 he founded theAcademy of Arts and for over 30 years was the best known teacher ofpainting in South Australia. Among his pupils were Hans Heysen,Hayley Lever, Frank White,Gustave Barnes (q.v.), his sonWill Ashton, and others who have since done distinguished work. Hewas president of the South Australian Society of Arts for fouryears and is represented by three pictures in the Adelaide artgallery, of which "The Moon Enchanted Sea" is the best known.Paintings by him are also in the Broken Hill, Bendigo, and othergalleries. He died at Adelaide on 2 August 1935. He married in 1880M.E., daughter of John Rawling, who survived him with a son and adaughter.

The son, J. W. (Will) Ashton, who became a well-known artist,was appointed director of the national gallery at Sydney in1936.

The Advertiser, Adelaide, 3 August, 1935; WMoore,The Story of Australian Art;Who's Who inAustralia, 1933.

ASHTON, JULIAN ROSSI (1851-1942), artist,

was born at Addlestone, Surrey, England, on 27 January 1851. Hisfather, Thomas Briggs Ashton, came of a well-to-do American family,and when studying art at Florence married Henrietta Rossi, daughterof Count Rossi. Proceeding to England the family moved to Penzancein Cornwall soon after Julian Ashton was born, and lived thereuntil the father died some 12 years later. Ashton was brought toLondon and when 15 years of age was placed in the civil engineeringbranch of the Great Western Railway. The work was not congenial andAshton began studying at the West London school of art. About 1870he went to Paris to continue his studies; he had alreadycontributed drawings toCassell's Magazine, theSunday atHome and other journals. He did not stay long in Paris butreturned to London, did drawings for the illustrated journals, andin 1873 had a picture shown at the Royal Academy. He also exhibitedthere in 1876, 1877 and 1878. Hearing that a draughtsman was wantedfor theIllustrated Australian News, Melbourne, he sent somedrawings toDavid Syme(q.v.) who was then in London, and was engaged at a salary of £300a year and his fare to Melbourne. He arrived there in June 1878,worked with the paper for three years, and was then for two yearson theAustralasian. While in Melbourne he did a littlelandscape painting and also a few portraits, including a head ofLouis Buvelot (q.v.)and a half-length ofBishop Moorhouse (q.v.). In1883 he decided to return to England, but after visiting Sydney andBrisbane he was offered a position as an illustrator to thePicturesque Atlas of Australasia. He was to receive a salaryof £800 a year with the right to paint a few pictures for himself.He had never cared for Melbourne, but developed a great affectionfor Sydney, and after travelling all over Australia in connexionwith theAtlas he settled there as an artist.

The progress of painting in New South Wales was slow. TheAcademy of Art had been founded in 1871, but for many years it waspractically an amateur body. In 1880 the Art Society of New SouthWales was founded and Ashton began to exhibit with it. He waselected its president in 1886, held the position for six years, andin 1892 became the salaried instructor of its art classes for fouryears. He then opened a teaching studio of his own, afterwardsknown as the Sydney Art School, which became a great influence.Much dissatisfaction with the powers of laymen in the Art Societyled to the establishment of the Society of Artists in 1895, towhich Ashton transferred. He was elected its chairman for the year1897. In 1902 the society was amalgamated with the Art Society,which then became the Royal Art Society, but several leading menbroke away and the Society of Artists was re-established in 1907with Ashton as its president until 1921. As a teacher he had manydistinguished students includingMahony (q.v.), Long,Gruner (q.v.),Hilder (q.v.) andLambert (q.v.). About 1915 hebegan to have trouble with his eyesight and after 1920 practicallygave up painting. TheJulian Ashton Book was published inhis honour in 1920, and in 1924 he was given the Society ofArtists' medal for his services to art. He was created C.B.E. in1930. Except for his eyesight he retained his faculties and vigouruntil extreme old age. His volume of reminiscencesNow CameStill Evening On was published in 1941 when he was 90. It is aninteresting volume though his memory was not always perfect aboutdetails. He died at Sydney on 27 April 1942. He married (1) MaryAnn Pugh, (2) Irene Morley. He was survived by three children ofwhom the eldest Julian Howard Ashton, born in 1877, is a capableartist and journalist. A brother, George Rossi Ashton, a verycapable draughtsman, lived in Australia for about 15 years between1878 and 1893 and then returned to England. He contributed largelyto the leading illustrated journals of his period.

Ashton painted well in both oil and water-colour. Some of hisearly work is rather tight, but his Sir Henry Parkes (1889), andthe Hon. Henry Gullett (1900), both in the national gallery atSydney, are admirable pieces of portraiture, and his landscapes areoften very good too. In his later work he developed a charmingfeeling for colour. He was a man of great honesty with muchpersonal charm and force of character As a trustee of the nationalgallery at Sydney from 1889 to 1899 he fought hard and successfullyfor the encouragement of Australian painting, and the finecollection now in that institution owes much to him. As a teacherhe influenced and guided most of the Sydney exhibiting artists ofhis period. He lived long enough to see a great change in theattitude towards art of the people of Australia, and no other mandid so much towards making the place of art in the community betterunderstood and appreciated. There are several examples of his workin the Sydney gallery, and he is also represented at Melbourne,Adelaide, Brisbane, Bendigo, Geelong, the national portraitgallery, London, and the Turnbull library, Wellington.

W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art; JulianAshton,Now Came Still Evening On;The Julian AshtonBook;The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 April 1942;Debrett's Peerage etc., 1940.

ASPINALL, BUTLER COLE (1830-1875), advocate,

son of the Rev. James Aspinall, was born in England in 1830,educated for the law, and was called to the bar in 1853. He engagedin newspaper work and in 1854 came to Melbourne as a law reporterfor theArgus. He soon began to practise as a barrister andgained a great reputation as an advocate, and as a wit andhumorist. In February 1855 he was one of the counsel for theleaders of the Eureka rebellion, and in 1856 he was elected amember of the legislative assembly for Talbot. At the end of July1861 he became attorney-general in theHeales (q.v.) ministry, but thecabinet resigned a few weeks later. In 1868 Aspinall defendedO'Farrell at Sydney for the attempted assassination of the Duke ofEdinburgh, and from January to April 1870 he was solicitor-generalin theJ. A.Macpherson (q.v.) ministry. Towards the end of this year heresigned his seat in parliament, and in 1871 had a mental breakdownand was confined for some time. On recovering he returned toEngland and died there on 4 April 1875. He was married and hiswife, who had been left at Melbourne, died six days later. A son,Butler Cole Aspinall, K.C. (1861-1935), who was educated inEngland, became a distinguished London barrister and a greatauthority on shipping law. He died unmarried at London on 15November 1935.

Aspinall was a first-rate advocate and a good parliamentarydebater, but he broke down when 40 years old, an age when most menare scarcely past the beginning of their career. He had much charmof manner, and stories of his wit and humour were still being toldin legal circles 70 years after his death. Many of them would notbe suitable for this book, but one example of his inspiredimpudence, which arose out of a brush with a Victorian judge, maybe given.

"Mr Aspinall," said his Honour severely, "are you trying to showyour contempt for this Court?"

"No, your Honour," said Aspinall with an air of great humility."I was merely trying to conceal it."

J. H. Heaton,Australian Dictionary of Dates; P.Mennell,The Dictionary of Australasian Biography; J. L.Forde,The Story of the Bar of Victoria;The Times,16 November 1935;The Bulletin, 15 January1936.

ASTLEY, WILLIAM (1854-1911), "Price Warung", short story writer,

second son of Captain Thomas Astley and his wife Mary Price, wasborn at Liverpool, England, in 1854, and was brought to Australiawhen he was four years old. The family settled at Richmond, asuburb of Melbourne, and William was educated at St Stephen'schurch school and the Melbourne model school. He obtainedemployment in booksellers' shops, but taking up journalism waseditor of theRichmond Guardian for a short period when only2 1 years of age. He was subsequently connected with the EchucaRiverine Herald and other Victorian journals, the LauncestonDaily Telegraph, theWorkman, Sydney theWorker, theTumut Independent and the BathurstFree Press. While at Bathurst he was secretary of theBathurst Federal League, which did useful work for federation.During the eighteen-eighties and nineties Astley did some excellentfree-lance work for the SydneyBulletin in which many of hisstories of the convict days were published. The first collection ofthese,Tales of the Convict System, appeared in 1892, andthis volume was followed byTales of the Early Days (1894),Tales of the Old Regime (1897),Tales of the Isle ofDeath (1898), andHalf-Crown Bob and Tales of theRiverine (1898). Astley had had a nervous breakdown in 1878,and in his last years there were recurrences of mental trouble. Hedied at Sydney on 5 October 1911. He married in 1884 Louisa FrancesCope of Launceston.

Astley was a brilliant journalist and short story writer. He hadmade a study of early Australian history and worked over hisstories with great care. There is a certain starkness about hiswork, but his tales are full of human nature and human pity. Hemust be ranked among the best writers of Australian shortstories.

Copy of his certificate of his marriage in September1884, in which it is stated that he was then 30 years of age;The Daily Telegraph, Sydney, 7 October 1911;TheBulletin, 12 October 1911; E. Morris Miller,AustralianLiterature; information collected by Frederick T. Macartney fora proposed selection from Astley's work.

ATKINSON, CAROLINE LOUISA. SeeCALVERT, CAROLINELOUISA WARING.

AULD, JAMES MUIR (1879-1942), artist,

son of the Rev. John Auld, a well-known Presbyterian minister,was born at Sydney in 1879. He studied under J. S. Watkins andJulian Ashton (q.v.), andbegan to exhibit at the Royal Art Society. He contributed black andwhite drawings to theBulletin and theSydney Mail,and going to London had work accepted forLondon Opinion andother journals. Returning to Australia he worked at Sydney onlandscapes and figure subjects, and also did some portraits. His"The Broken Vase" was bought for the national gallery, Sydney, in1917. He joined the Society of Artists about 1920 and frequentlyexhibited with it.

Towards the end of his life he spent 11 years at Thirlmere,living practically alone. The surrounding landscape did not appearto be of an inspiring kind, but Auld's work at this period rankedwith his best. He died on 8 June 1942 and was survived by adaughter. He was a sound painter in the old traditions, who wouldnot allow himself to be disturbed by the various movements whicharose between the two wars. He had good colour, and was especiallyinterested in effects of atmosphere and sunlight, which heexpressed with much vitality. He is represented in the Sydney,Adelaide, Brisbane and Manly galleries.

W. Moore,The Story of Australian Art;Society of Artists Book, 1942; death notice,The SydneyMorning Herald, 9 June 1942.

AYERS, SIR HENRY (1821-1897), premier of South Australia,

was born at Portsea, England, on 1 May 1821. On leaving schoolhe entered a law office, but came to South Australia in 1840, andfor some time worked as a law clerk. In 1845 he was appointedsecretary of the Burra Burra mines, and within a year had commandof over 1000 men. For nearly 50 years he was in control of thismine, first as secretary and afterwards as managing director. On 25March 1857 he was returned to the first legislative council underresponsible government, and was continuously a member for over 36years. For many years the whole colony formed one electorate forthe council, and on two occasions, in 1865 and 1873, Ayers headedthe poll. In March 1863 he was selected as one of the three SouthAustralian representatives at the inter-colonial conference, and on4 July 1863 he became minister without portfolio in the firstDutton (q.v.) cabinet. Thisministry resigned 11 days later, and Ayers formed his firstministry as premier and chief secretary on 15 July 1863. The housewas much divided and it was almost impossible to get business done.Ayers reconstructed his ministry on 22 July 1864 but was defeated,and resigned on 4 August. TheBlyth (q.v.) ministry which wasthen formed included Ayers as chief secretary, but did not survivea general election and resigned on 22 March 1865. When Duttonformed his second ministry Ayers had his old position as chiefsecretary, and still retaining that office, formed his thirdadministration on 20 September 1865 which lasted little more than amonth. In spite of dissolutions it was found very difficult to geta workable house. There were 18 ministries between July 1863 andJuly 1873. Ayers became premier again from May 1867 to September1868, October to November 1868, January to March 1872, and with anentirely new team of ministers, from March 1872 to July 1873. Hewas chief secretary in theColton (q.v.) ministry fromJune 1876 to October 1877, his last term of office. In 1881 he waselected president of the legislative council, and until December1893 carried out his duties with ability, impartiality andcourtesy. He died at Adelaide on 11 June 1897. His wife died in1881 and he was survived by three sons and a daughter. He wascreated K.C.M.G. in 1872, and G.C.M.G. in 1894.

Ayers established a great position as a trusted man of business.Apart from his mining interests he held important directorates, andwas for many years a member and chairman of the board of trusteesof the Savings Bank of South Australia; he was re-appointedchairman only a few days before his death. He was a governor of thebotanic gardens from 1862, president of the South Australian OldColonists' Association, and was for many years on the council ofthe university of Adelaide. His political career was unique. He wasin parliament for an unbroken term of 37 years and in no otherAustralian colony or state has a politician exercised so muchinfluence or been in so many ministries while a member of the upperhouse. It is probable, however, that if Ayers had been in the houseof assembly he would have had more control of business, and hisseven premierships would have been longer in duration and morefruitful in results. He was a good speaker and an excellentadministrator. An address he gave onPioneer Difficulties onFounding South Australia was published as a pamphlet in1891.

The South Australian Register, 12 June 1897;The Advertiser, Adelaide, 12 June 1897; E. Hodder,TheHistory of South Australia.

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