- Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork281
Terrain rendering algorithm in less than 20 lines of code
License
s-macke/VoxelSpace
Folders and files
| Name | Name | Last commit message | Last commit date | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Repository files navigation
Let us go back to the year 1992. The CPUs were 1000 times slower than today and the acceleration via a GPU was unknown or unaffordable. 3D games were calculated exclusively on the CPU and the rendering engine rendered filled polygons with a single color.
Game Gunship 2000 published by MicroProse in 1991
It was during that yearNovaLogic published the gameComanche.
Game Comanche published by NovaLogic in 1992
The graphics were breathtaking for the time being and in my opinion 3 years ahead of its time. You see many more details such as textures on mountains and valleys, and for the first time a neat shading and even shadows. Sure, it's pixelated, but all games in those years were pixelated.
Comanche uses a technique calledVoxel Space, which is based on the same ideas likeray casting. Hence the Voxel Space engine is a 2.5D engine, it doesn't have all the levels of freedom that a regular 3D engine offers.
The easiest way to represent a terrain is through a height map and color map. For the game Comanche a 1024 * 1024 one byte height map and a 1024 * 1024 one byte color map is used which you can download on this site. These maps are periodic:
Such maps limit the terrain to "one height per position on the map" - Complex geometries such as buildings or trees are not possible to represent. However, a great advantage of the colormap is, that it already contains the shading and shadows. The Voxel Space engine just takes the color and doesn't have to compute illumination during the render process.
For a 3D engine the rendering algorithm is amazingly simple. The Voxel Space engine rasters the height and color map and draws vertical lines. The following figure demonstrate this technique.
- Clear Screen.
- To guarantee occlusion start from the back and render to the front. This is called painter algorithm.
- Determine the line on the map, which corresponds to the same optical distance from the observer. Consider the field of view and theperspective projection (Objects are smaller farther away)
- Raster the line so that it matches the number of columns of the screen.
- Retrieve the height and color from the 2D maps corresponding of the segment of the line.
- Perform theperspective projection for the height coordinate.
- Draw a vertical line with the corresponding color with the height retrieved from the perspective projection.
The core algorithm contains in its simplest form only a few lines of code (python syntax):
defRender(p,height,horizon,scale_height,distance,screen_width,screen_height):# Draw from back to the front (high z coordinate to low z coordinate)forzinrange(distance,1,-1):# Find line on map. This calculation corresponds to a field of view of 90°pleft=Point(-z+p.x,-z+p.y)pright=Point(z+p.x,-z+p.y)# segment the linedx= (pright.x-pleft.x)/screen_width# Raster line and draw a vertical line for each segmentforiinrange(0,screen_width):height_on_screen= (height-heightmap[pleft.x,pleft.y])/z*scale_height.+horizonDrawVerticalLine(i,height_on_screen,screen_height,colormap[pleft.x,pleft.y])pleft.x+=dx# Call the render function with the camera parameters:# position, height, horizon line position,# scaling factor for the height, the largest distance,# screen width and the screen height parameterRender(Point(0,0),50,120,120,300,800,600 )
With the algorithm above we can only view to the north. A different angle needs a few more lines of code to rotate the coordinates.
defRender(p,phi,height,horizon,scale_height,distance,screen_width,screen_height):# precalculate viewing angle parametersvarsinphi=math.sin(phi);varcosphi=math.cos(phi);# Draw from back to the front (high z coordinate to low z coordinate)forzinrange(distance,1,-1):# Find line on map. This calculation corresponds to a field of view of 90°pleft=Point( (-cosphi*z-sinphi*z)+p.x, (sinphi*z-cosphi*z)+p.y)pright=Point( (cosphi*z-sinphi*z)+p.x, (-sinphi*z-cosphi*z)+p.y)# segment the linedx= (pright.x-pleft.x)/screen_widthdy= (pright.y-pleft.y)/screen_width# Raster line and draw a vertical line for each segmentforiinrange(0,screen_width):height_on_screen= (height-heightmap[pleft.x,pleft.y])/z*scale_height.+horizonDrawVerticalLine(i,height_on_screen,screen_height,colormap[pleft.x,pleft.y])pleft.x+=dxpleft.y+=dy# Call the render function with the camera parameters:# position, viewing angle, height, horizon line position,# scaling factor for the height, the largest distance,# screen width and the screen height parameterRender(Point(0,0),0,50,120,120,300,800,600 )
There are of course a lot of tricks to achieve higher performance.
- Instead of drawing from back to the front we can draw from front to back. The advantage is, the we don't have to draw lines to the bottom of the screen every time because of occlusion. However, to guarantee occlusion we need an additional y-buffer. For every column, the highest y position is stored. Because we are drawing from the front to back, the visible part of the next line can only be larger then the highest line previously drawn.
- Level of Detail. Render more details in front but less details far away.
defRender(p,phi,height,horizon,scale_height,distance,screen_width,screen_height):# precalculate viewing angle parametersvarsinphi=math.sin(phi);varcosphi=math.cos(phi);# initialize visibility array. Y position for each column on screenybuffer=np.zeros(screen_width)foriinrange(0,screen_width):ybuffer[i]=screen_height# Draw from front to the back (low z coordinate to high z coordinate)dz=1.z=1.whilez<distance# Find line on map. This calculation corresponds to a field of view of 90°pleft=Point( (-cosphi*z-sinphi*z)+p.x, (sinphi*z-cosphi*z)+p.y)pright=Point( (cosphi*z-sinphi*z)+p.x, (-sinphi*z-cosphi*z)+p.y)# segment the linedx= (pright.x-pleft.x)/screen_widthdy= (pright.y-pleft.y)/screen_width# Raster line and draw a vertical line for each segmentforiinrange(0,screen_width):height_on_screen= (height-heightmap[pleft.x,pleft.y])/z*scale_height.+horizonDrawVerticalLine(i,height_on_screen,ybuffer[i],colormap[pleft.x,pleft.y])ifheight_on_screen<ybuffer[i]:ybuffer[i]=height_on_screenpleft.x+=dxpleft.y+=dy# Go to next line and increase step size when you are far awayz+=dzdz+=0.2# Call the render function with the camera parameters:# position, viewing angle, height, horizon line position,# scaling factor for the height, the largest distance,# screen width and the screen height parameterRender(Point(0,0),0,50,120,120,300,800,600 )
Web Project demo page
Voxel terrain engine - an introduction
The software part of the repository is under the MIT license. Please read the license file for more information. Please keep in mind, that the Voxel Space technology might be stillpatented in some countries. The color and height maps are reverse engineered from the game Comanche and are therefore excluded from the license.