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CentOS做为国内服务器生产环境使用的较多，但系统默认自带官方安装源，管理员在安装软件包时有可能下载慢，为了解决此类问题，现总结了两种解决办法，一是利用FastestMirror插件自动选择最快的镜像，另一种是手动更换国内镜像源。手动更换国内镜像源使用现已整合好的Base和EPEL的阿里源，清华源，科大源，下载Base和EPEL的源文件后，即可连接以上国内服务器下载安装软件包。本文的目的在于研究学习 YUM 仓库源的相关过程。
FastestMirror插件自动选择是利用安装【yum-plugin-fastestmirror】插件后，插件根据仓库源文件里指定的URL，自动获取仓库镜像列表，并测试连接速度，分析下载最快的镜像仓库，最终在安装软件包时使用这个最快的镜像地址去下载软件包。此插件的好处是可以实现自动化管理镜像仓库地址，但有时候选择的地址好慢，需要手动调整相关参数以选取更好的镜像仓库
# 启动一个CentOS7容器，不污染外部环境docker run -it centos:7 bash如果默认官方源可用则不用安装如果默认官方源修改了或删除了，想重新安装官方源，执行以下命令
rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/*rpm -Uvh --force http://mirror.centos.org/centos-7/7/os/x86_64/Packages/centos-release-7-6.1810.2.el7.centos.x86_64.rpm验证Base源的目的是看【 mirrorlist 】或【 baseurl 】配置是否正确，本方案的目的是利用FastestMirror插件根据 mirrorlist 自动下载镜像仓库地址，所以 mirrorlist 值一定要正确，并注释 baseurl 以便于 YUM 工具不使用 baseurl
[root@c311b111f4e9 base]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo# CentOS-Base.repo## The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and# geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.## If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the# remarked out baseurl= line instead.[base]name=CentOS-$releasever - Basemirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/gpgcheck=1gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7#注意这里配置了mirrorlist，注释了baseurl。手动更换源时使用baseurl，注释mirrorlist#启用mirrorlist使系统自动去查找相应的镜像列表并记录到文件中 - [/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/mirrorlist.txt]#并测试得出最服务器的连接速度，并记录到文件中 - [/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/timedhosts.txt]#在后继的软件包安装时，取最快的服务器地址进行连接下载#released updates[updates]name=CentOS-$releasever - Updatesmirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates&infra=$infra#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/gpgcheck=1gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7#additional packages that may be useful[extras]name=CentOS-$releasever - Extrasmirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras&infra=$infra#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/gpgcheck=1gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages[centosplus]name=CentOS-$releasever - Plusmirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus&infra=$infra#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/gpgcheck=1enabled=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7#获取 mirrorlist 中变量值，便于用于curl ${mirrorlist}中的queryString中[root@bac7ada9ecaf tools]# python -c 'import yum, pprint; yb = yum.YumBase(); pprint.pprint(yb.conf.yumvar, width=1)'Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, ovl{'arch':'ia32e','basearch':'x86_64','contentdir':'centos','infra':'container','releasever':'7','uuid':'758bc17d-260a-48a7-91d0-9473454c5985'}#根据上面的变量值，组装 mirrorlist url 并发起查询请求#mirrorlist url来自base.repo中的mirrorlist配置项#mirrorlist url中的查询变量值来自上面结果[root@bac7ada9ecaf tools]# curl "http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=7&arch=x86_64&repo=os&infra=container"http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirror.jdcloud.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://ap.stykers.moe/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.nwsuaf.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.cn99.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/# 从以上结果可以看出，mirrorlist 指向配置服务器上一文件的 URL，其内容为 baseurl 所要的值
此处安装的是EPEL官方源
rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/epel*yum install epel-release[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat epel.repo[epel]name=Extra Packagesfor Enterprise Linux 7 -$basearch#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/$basearchmetalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-7&arch=$basearch# 注意此处使用了 metalink，而不是 mirrorlist，更不是baseurl# metalink 的作用见后继演示failovermethod=priorityenabled=1gpgcheck=1gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7[epel-debuginfo]name=Extra Packagesfor Enterprise Linux 7 -$basearch - Debug#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/$basearch/debugmetalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-debug-7&arch=$basearchfailovermethod=priorityenabled=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7gpgcheck=1[epel-source]name=Extra Packagesfor Enterprise Linux 7 -$basearch - Source#baseurl=http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/7/SRPMSmetalink=https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-source-7&arch=$basearchfailovermethod=priorityenabled=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7gpgcheck=1#测试epel.repo文件中metalink效果[root@bac7ada9ecaf tools]# curl "https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-7&arch=x86_64"<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><metalink version="3.0" xmlns="http://www.metalinker.org/" type="dynamic" pubdate="Wed, 19 Jun 2019 02:15:05 GMT" generator="mirrormanager" xmlns:mm0="http://fedorahosted.org/mirrormanager"><files><file name="repomd.xml"><mm0:timestamp>1560797592</mm0:timestamp><size>5478</size><verification><hash type="md5">04c28b064e80175c259cadaa02a6d083</hash><hash type="sha1">981c1da0e8b95c67b55f7e85c3cf67623620a350</hash><hash type="sha256">7ad05ccec07c038ea07eaa839517b4d55d2f0d8a74d7e4d57b4c01011a4e9875</hash><hash type="sha512">dcc1cd328e695931da1620f86675497c29917eec04e88eff730ab713d1f0a254c8d56b013e5fcbb99d4f67eaa28530d6dcac7b41cd3b3d72988aca044c196652</hash></verification><mm0:alternates><mm0:alternate><mm0:timestamp>1560644323</mm0:timestamp><size>5476</size><verification><hash type="md5">7443fd012729e5552a088fdb6ba248ac</hash><hash type="sha1">931911c3f0d6b4ed54eb852e6cd0063f281961c8</hash><hash type="sha256">e7b6113a3e425d9468dea6602a3a8baeed39fc3e9ee5fca7e7e047d099160ed3</hash><hash type="sha512">0fbffc1735f31274e8cfacece1ed36528a8f84b5805d0674014b696134c2048d3cb4880ed96b8b9adaaadd78d598505761c410f98b094c3c1fdfbd03c1b99f8a</hash></verification></mm0:alternate></mm0:alternates><resources maxconnections="1"><url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="100">http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="CN" preference="100">rsync://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="https" type="https" location="CN" preference="100">https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="CN" preference="99">rsync://mirrors.yun-idc.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="99">http://mirrors.yun-idc.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="98">http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="97">http://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="https" type="https" location="CN" preference="97">https://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="https" type="https" location="CN" preference="96">https://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="CN" preference="96">http://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="JP" preference="95">rsync://ftp.riken.jp/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="JP" preference="95">http://ftp.riken.jp/Linux/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="JP" preference="94">rsync://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/Fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="JP" preference="94">http://ftp.jaist.ac.jp/pub/Linux/Fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="TH" preference="93">rsync://mirrors.nipa.cloud/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="TH" preference="93">http://mirrors.nipa.cloud/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="IN" preference="92">http://repos.del.extreme-ix.org/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="IN" preference="92">rsync://repos.del.extreme-ix.org/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="PH" preference="91">http://mirror.pregi.net/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="https" type="https" location="PH" preference="91">https://mirror.pregi.net/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="https" type="https" location="JP" preference="90">https://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/linux/fedora-projects/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="JP" preference="90">rsync://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/linux/fedora-projects/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="JP" preference="90">http://ftp.yz.yamagata-u.ac.jp/pub/linux/fedora-projects/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="BD" preference="89">http://mirror.xeonbd.com/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="TH" preference="88">rsync://mirror1.ku.ac.th/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="TH" preference="88">http://mirror1.ku.ac.th/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="KZ" preference="87">rsync://mirror.ps.kz/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="KZ" preference="87">http://mirror.ps.kz/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="https" type="https" location="KZ" preference="87">https://mirror.ps.kz/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="MY" preference="86">http://my.fedora.ipserverone.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="MY" preference="86">rsync://my.fedora.ipserverone.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="ID" preference="85">rsync://kartolo.sby.datautama.net.id/EPEL/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="ID" preference="85">http://kartolo.sby.datautama.net.id/EPEL/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="SG" preference="84">http://sg.fedora.ipserverone.com/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="VN" preference="83">http://mirror.horizon.vn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="TW" preference="82">rsync://fedora.cs.nctu.edu.tw/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="TW" preference="82">http://fedora.cs.nctu.edu.tw/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="SG" preference="81">http://download.nus.edu.sg/mirror/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="SG" preference="81">rsync://download.nus.edu.sg/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="https" type="https" location="SG" preference="81">https://download.nus.edu.sg/mirror/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="rsync" type="rsync" location="KZ" preference="80">rsync://mirror.hoster.kz/fedora-epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="https" type="https" location="KZ" preference="80">https://mirror.hoster.kz/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="KZ" preference="80">http://mirror.hoster.kz/fedora/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="IQ" preference="79">http://epel.scopesky.iq/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="TW" preference="78">http://mirror01.idc.hinet.net/EPEL/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url><url protocol="http" type="http" location="VN" preference="77">http://mirror.ehost.vn/epel/7/x86_64/repodata/repomd.xml</url></resources></file></files></metalink>#从结果上来看，metalink类似于mirrorlist效果，但返回结果比 mirrorlist 更丰富，带更多控制参数
FastestMirror插件用于自动选择速度最快的仓库镜像下载软件包CentOS7 Docker镜像默认已安装此插件，如果没有请安装关于此插件安装请参考-[https://wiki.centos.org/PackageManagement/Yum/FastestMirror]
yum install yum-plugin-fastestmirror
关于此插件配置请参考-[https://wiki.centos.org/PackageManagement/Yum/FastestMirror]
# 打开FastestMirror插件的调试开关sed -i's/verbose=0/verbose=1/g' /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/fastestmirror.conf# 查看并确认相关配置信息cat /etc/yum/pluginconf.d/fastestmirror.conf[main]enabled=1#启用此插件verbose=1#打开调试开关，输出镜像连接测试过程always_print_best_host =truesocket_timeout=3# Relative paths are relative to the cachedir (and so works for users as well# as root).hostfilepath=timedhosts.txt#镜像测试速度记录文件maxhostfileage=10maxthreads=15#exclude=.gov, facebook #不包括哪些网址，因考考虑到类gov镜像下载慢#include_only=.nl,.de,.uk,.ie
打开YUM缓存后，在使用YUM命令时会把相关的软件包存放在以下路径，目的是为了后继查看软件包究竟从哪下载，还可用于验证 yum clean all 时是否清理这些软件包
# 【/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever/base/packages】# 如：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/logrotate-3.8.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm# 如：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/epel/packages/redis-3.2.12-2.el7.x86_64.rpmsed -i's/keepcache=0/keepcache=1/g' /etc/yum.conf
为了测试前面镜像仓库源配置是否正确，能否正确安装软件，此例安装 mysql安装 mysql 时系统要下载安装Base和EPEL两个仓库中的软件包和依赖，正好测试两个仓库源的配置是否正确
yum install mysql
【 mirrorlist.txt 】文件里存放的是 FastestMirror 插件根据 .repo 文件中 mirrorlist 参数指定的URL下载元数据解析并得到可用的镜像仓库URL，为后继的速度测试和选出最快的镜像下载做准备
[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/mirrorlist.txthttp://mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirror.lzu.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://ap.stykers.moe/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://centos.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirror.jdcloud.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.njupt.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/http://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/此处【 mirrorlist.txt 】中的内容应该对应【curl "http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=7&arch=x86_64&repo=os&infra=container"】和【curl "https://mirrors.fedoraproject.org/metalink?repo=epel-7&arch=x86_64"】的返回值之和
【 timedhosts.txt 】是 FastestMirror 插件根据 【mirrorlist.txt】里的URL挨个测试连接速度，再在此文件中记录每个URL的连接速度值，以便于安装软件包时挑选最快的镜像仓库做参考
[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/timedhosts.txtap.stykers.moe 0.0704910755157mirror.bit.edu.cn 0.0865077972412mirrors.njupt.edu.cn 0.114202976227centos.ustc.edu.cn 0.0678670406342mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn 0.108617067337mirrors.huaweicloud.com 0.0630021095276ftp.sjtu.edu.cn 0.119927883148mirrors.cqu.edu.cn 0.101330041885mirror.lzu.edu.cn 0.140116930008mirrors.neusoft.edu.cn 0.115367889404mirror.jdcloud.com 0.0815250873566mirrors.163.com 0.0608839988708mirrors.aliyun.com 0.0417621135712查看已安装的软件包真实的下载地址，对比【镜像仓库连接速度表】，试问 YUM 是挑选最快的镜像仓库地址去下载的吗？
#查找所有 YUM 安装过的软件包的下载地址，便于清楚的了解到一个软件包究竟从哪个URL下载，便于问题排查，此种方法仅限于CentOS7及以下版本[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# find / -name origin_url | xargs -I{} sh -c "cat {}; echo ''"http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/groff-base-1.22.2-8.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/extras/x86_64/Packages/epel-release-7-11.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-podlators-2.5.1-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Time-Local-1.2300-2.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Socket-2.010-4.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Carp-1.26-244.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Filter-1.49-3.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Getopt-Long-2.40-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Scalar-List-Utils-1.27-248.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-File-Temp-0.23.01-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Encode-2.51-7.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-constant-1.27-2.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Time-HiRes-1.9725-3.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Exporter-5.68-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-PathTools-3.40-5.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-HTTP-Tiny-0.033-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-threads-shared-1.43-6.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-parent-0.225-244.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Text-ParseWords-3.29-4.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-threads-1.87-4.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Escapes-1.04-294.el7_6.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Usage-1.63-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-macros-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Storable-2.45-3.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Perldoc-3.20-4.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Simple-3.28-4.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-File-Path-2.09-2.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-libs-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/mariadb-libs-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.163.com/centos/7.6.1810/os/x86_64/Packages/mariadb-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64.rpm
从以上结果可以看出
- 各镜像下载次数对比 aliyun：20/31，163：7/31，tsinghua：4/31
- 此例多处使用阿里云镜像仓库下载【 mirrors.aliyun.com 】，对比镜像仓库连接速度表 【 timedhosts.txt 】得知，【 mirrors.aliyun.com 0.0417621135712 】是最快的选择
手动配置是指在仓库源文件中指定固定的仓库路径，YUM安装工具根据源文件中的路径直接去下载软件包，如果baseurl中配置有多个镜像地址，则会挑选最快的镜像仓库下载。此种方法不同于FastestMirror插件（镜像仓库地址由mirrorlist指定的服务器统一维护），镜像仓库地址需要用户自行维护。
# 启动一个CentOS7容器，不污染外部环境docker run -it centos:7 bash安装Base源为从网上下载相应的仓库源文件，或自行编辑现有的仓库源文件。此处给出的实例是基于本人修改合并了阿里源，清华源，科大源的统一中国源
#如果有官方源或是其它Base源，请先删除，再安装，不能同一种源有多个仓库源文件并且仓库名称还相同rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/xxx*curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/leo18945/yum.repos.d/master/centos7-base-all.repo -o /etc/yum.repos.d/centos7-base-all.repo
[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/centos7-base-all.repo# CentOS-Base.repo## The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and# geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.## If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the# remarked out baseurl= line instead.[base]name=CentOS-$releasever - Base - mirrors.aliyun.comfailovermethod=priority# 注意，此处启用了baseurl，即镜像仓库地址列表，而不是mirrorlistbaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/ https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/ https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/gpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7#released updates[updates]name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates - mirrors.aliyun.comfailovermethod=prioritybaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/ https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/ https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/gpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7#additional packages that may be useful[extras]name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras - mirrors.aliyun.comfailovermethod=prioritybaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/ https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/ https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/gpgcheck=1gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages[centosplus]name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus - mirrors.aliyun.comfailovermethod=prioritybaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/ https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/ https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/gpgcheck=1enabled=0gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7#contrib - packages by Centos Users[contrib]name=CentOS-$releasever - Contrib - mirrors.aliyun.comfailovermethod=prioritybaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/gpgcheck=1enabled=0gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]#
安装EPEL源为从网上下载相应的仓库源文件，或自行编辑现有的仓库源文件。此处给出的实例是基于本人修改合并了阿里源，清华源，科大源的统一中国源
#如果有官方源或是其它EPEL源，请先删除，再安装，不能同一种源有多个仓库源文件并且仓库名称还相同rm -rf /etc/yum.repos.d/xxx*curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/leo18945/yum.repos.d/master/centos7-epel-all.repo -o /etc/yum.repos.d/centos7-epel-all.repo
[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/centos7-epel-all.repo[epel]name=Extra Packagesfor Enterprise Linux 7 -$basearch# 注意，此处启用了baseurl，即镜像仓库地址列表，而不是metalinkbaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/$basearch https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/$basearch https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/epel/7/$basearchfailovermethod=priorityenabled=1gpgcheck=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7[epel-debuginfo]name=Extra Packagesfor Enterprise Linux 7 -$basearch - Debugbaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/$basearch/debug https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/$basearch/debug https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/epel/7/$basearch/debugfailovermethod=priorityenabled=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7gpgcheck=0[epel-source]name=Extra Packagesfor Enterprise Linux 7 -$basearch - Sourcebaseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/epel/7/SRPMS https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/epel/7/SRPMS https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/epel/7/SRPMSfailovermethod=priorityenabled=0gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-EPEL-7gpgcheck=0[root@60f59e160f4f yum.repos.d]#
打开YUM缓存后，在使用YUM命令时会把相关的软件包存放在以下路径，目的是为了后继查看软件包究竟从哪下载，还可用于验证 yum clean all 时是否清理这些软件包
# 【/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever/base/packages】# 如：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/logrotate-3.8.6-17.el7.x86_64.rpm# 如：/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/epel/packages/redis-3.2.12-2.el7.x86_64.rpmsed -i's/keepcache=0/keepcache=1/g' /etc/yum.conf
为了测试前面镜像仓库源配置是否正确，能否正确安装软件，此例安装 mysql安装 mysql 时系统要下载安装Base和EPEL两个仓库中的软件包和依赖，正好测试两个仓库源的配置是否正确
yum install mysql
【 mirrorlist.txt 】文件里存放的是 FastestMirror 插件根据 .repo 文件中 mirrorlist 参数指定的URL下载元数据解析并得到可用的镜像仓库URL，为后继的速度测试和选出最快的镜像下载做准备
[root@bac7ada9ecaf yum.repos.d]# cat /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/mirrorlist.txtcat: /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/mirrorlist.txt: No such file or directory由于仓库源文件【.repo】中没有配置mirrorlist，所以镜你仓库列表文件不存在，即没有使用这一功能
【 timedhosts.txt 】是 FastestMirror 插件根据 【.repo】里的 baseurl 挨个测试连接速度，再在此文件中记录每个URL的连接速度值，以便于安装软件包时挑选最快的镜像仓库做参考
[root@bac7ada9ecaf 7]# cat /var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/timedhosts.txtmirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn 0.0670750141144mirrors.aliyun.com 0.0400879383087mirrors.ustc.edu.cn 0.0682208538055查看已安装的软件包真实的下载地址，对比【镜像仓库连接速度表】，试问 YUM 是挑选最快的镜像仓库地址去下载的吗？
#查找所有 YUM 安装过的软件包的下载地址，便于清楚的了解到一个软件包究竟从哪个URL下载，便于问题排查，此种方法仅限于CentOS7及以下版本[root@bac7ada9ecaf 7]# find / -name origin_url | xargs -I{} sh -c "cat {}; echo ''"http://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/groff-base-1.22.2-8.el7.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-podlators-2.5.1-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Time-Local-1.2300-2.el7.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Socket-2.010-4.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Carp-1.26-244.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Filter-1.49-3.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Getopt-Long-2.40-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Scalar-List-Utils-1.27-248.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-File-Temp-0.23.01-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Encode-2.51-7.el7.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-constant-1.27-2.el7.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Time-HiRes-1.9725-3.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Exporter-5.68-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-PathTools-3.40-5.el7.x86_64.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-HTTP-Tiny-0.033-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-threads-shared-1.43-6.el7.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-parent-0.225-244.el7.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Text-ParseWords-3.29-4.el7.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-threads-1.87-4.el7.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Escapes-1.04-294.el7_6.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Usage-1.63-3.el7.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-macros-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Storable-2.45-3.el7.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Perldoc-3.20-4.el7.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-Pod-Simple-3.28-4.el7.noarch.rpmhttp://mirrors.aliyun.com/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/perl-File-Path-2.09-2.el7.noarch.rpmhttps://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/updates/x86_64/Packages/perl-libs-5.16.3-294.el7_6.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/mariadb-libs-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64.rpmhttps://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/centos/7/os/x86_64/Packages/mariadb-5.5.60-1.el7_5.x86_64.rpm
- 从以上结果可以看出，下载所使用的 url 都是 baseurl 中指定的并没有超出指定范围，也没有自行去其它地方查询获取更多的镜像仓库列表。
- 且多个 url 交替使用，并不存在更偏向于使用哪个最快的，因为指定的是 baseurl，所以系统认为 baseurl 中的服务器都是平等一样的，如果有多个交替使用下载就行啦。