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Argentina southern Argentina (includingValdes Peninsula)
           Tierra del Fuego   Brazil
            Alta Floresta (southernAmazonian)
          Amazonia(particularly the area ofManaus) 
           area of Iguazu Falls
          Minas Gerais   Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul (including thePantanal)
             Rio Grande do Sul          
            southeast Brazil (the states ofRio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo)   Bolivia
  Chile
           central Chile from the Pacificcoast, up into the Andes
            in the far-north in areas ofArica & Lauca National Park
         :   insouthern Chile, including Chiloe Island     Tierra del FuegoEcuador    Amazonian Ecuador, along the Napo and other rivers
          Galapagos 
          western Ecuador
   Peru 
  Paraguay
  Uruguay Venezuela     the Llanos

Some local names are in the following list beneath the scientific names, with the above two-letter country codes.

 

  1. (also called Common Opossum)
    Geographic range:    from eastern Mexico to Brazil & Bolivia. 

    Didelphis marsupialis    was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 

  2. Geographic range:from Colombia & Venezuela to central Argentina
  3. (was part of theSouthern, orBlack-eared Opossum) 
    Geographic range:    in eastern Brazil, Paraguay, & northeastern Argentina & southeastern Brazil

  4. Geographic range: from southern Mexico and Belize to northeastern Argentina  



  5.   (another name is Lutrine Opossum)

    Geographic range:     east of the Andes in Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern Argentina.
    Another population, far to the north, was long known from only 2 specimens taken in Guyana. Recently (1976), 4 more specimens were collected from eastern Venezuela and later (in 1982) 9 were collected in eastern Colombia.
    It is possible that the species may be found to occur in the intervening region of central South America.    





  6. Geographic range:from northeastern Mexico to Peru, Bolivia, and southwestern Brazil.

    Philander opossum    was described by Linnaeus in 1758.

  7. (another name is Black "Four-eyed" Opossum) 

    Geographic range:     in eastern Colombia, Ecuador, southern Venezuela, western Brazil, Peru

  8. (also called the Southeastern Four-eyed Opossum)
    as part of the Gray Four-eyed Opossum (above), Philander opossum,   

    Geographic range:    from southeastern Brazil to Paraguay and northeastern Argentina, in coastal forest


  9. Geographic range:in western Amazonian Brazil & northeastern Peru, in rainforest


  10.  (another name isCentral American Woolly Opossum)
    Geographic range:    from southern Mexico to Ecuador 
  11. (another name is Western Woolly Opossum) 

  14. Glironia venusta has been known from just a few specimens (8) collected in the Amazonian regions
    Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. Said to be in humid tropical forests and assumed to be arboreal. 

  15. (another name is Murine Mouse-Opossum)   
    Geographic range:     in northern & central South America; also Tobago.  

    Marmosa murina was described by Linnaeus in 1758.

  16. Geographic range:in southern Peru in the Cosnipata region near Cusco 

    Marmosa andersoni     was described in 1972.

  17.   (another name has been Little Rufous Opossum) 
    Geographic range:    very locally fromSurinam to Ecuador, Bolivia, & southern Brazil 


  18. Geographic range:from Belize to Ecuador & Venezuela; also Trinidad & Tobago and Grenada 


  19. Geographic range:in eastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru


  20. Geographic range: in southern Venezuela in the tepuis 

    Marmosa tyleriana     was described in 1931.

  21. Geographic range:in northwestern Venezuela & northeastern Colombia

    Marmosa xerophila    was described in 1979.



  22.   (another name has been Pale-bellied Woolly Mouse Opossum) 

    Geographic range:     in Mato Grosso in Brazil, also Bolivia & northern Argentina 


  23. Geographic range: from Colombia, Venezuela, & the Guianas to eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, & northern Brazil


  24. Geographic range: from Panama to western Ecuador

  25.   (another name is Short-furred Woolly Mouse-Opossum)

    Geographic range:     in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and central Amazonian Brazil 



  26. Geographic range:in southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, in the Atlantic Forest

    Marmosa paraguayanus    was described in 1931, and named after the American zoologist George Tate.    



  27. Geographic range: in southern Peru & western Bolivia in Yungas


  28. Geographic range: in eastern & south-central Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, northeastern Argentina

  29. Geographic range: in Colombia & northwestern Venezuela

  30. Geographic range: in northern Brazil, Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana. Very few records
  32. Geographic range; from Guyana to eastern Peru, very few records 

    Gracilinanus kalinowski was described in 1992.

  33. Geographic range: in Colombia & northern Venezuela 


  34. Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul, and in northeastern Argentina, in Missiones

  35. Geographic range: in northeastern Colombia 

    Gracilinanus perijae     was described in 1992.



  36. Geographic range:in Paraguay, southwestern Brazil, northern Argentina, in seasonally flooded grasslands & forests in & near the Gran Chaco. 

    Cyptonanum chacoensis    was described in 1931.



  37. Cryptonanus ignitus     was last seen in 1962, and is now presumed to be extinct. Its known geographical range was in the Jujuy province in northern Argentina. Where it occurred, the forest habitat has been destroyed.

    From a specimen, Cryptonanus ignituswas described in 2007.



  38. Geographic range:     in eastern Brazil, in caatigna and cerrado habitats.

    Cryptonanus agricolai    was described in 2007. It was named after a Brazilian physician, Ernani Agricola.   



  39. Geographic range:    in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, only known on 3 islands: Guahiba, Sao Lourenceo, and Taquara, in forests.

    Cryptonanus guahybae    was described in 1931. 



  40. Geographic range: in northern Bolivia, in seasonally flooded grassland.

    Some specimens previously assigned to theAgile Gracile Mouse-Opossum,(above), are now said to be.

    Cryponanus unduaviensis was described in 1931



  41. (was part of theDelicate Slender Mouse-Opossum)Marmosops bishopiwas described in 1981.
  46.   (another name is Andean Slender Mouse-Opossum) 

    Geographic range:     from eastern Panama to Venezuela and southern Peru & Bolivia 


  48. Geographic range:     in central Peru


  49. Geographic range: Venezuela, central Amazonian Brazil, and eastern Ecuador


  50. Geographic range:in western Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia

  52. Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil, from southern Minas Gerais & Sao Paulo


  53. Geographic range: French Guiana




  54.  (was part of the Elegant Fat-tailed Opossum)

    Geographic range:     in northwestern Argentina



  55. Geographic range: in central Peru, Bolivia, Chile, northwestern Argentina


  56. Geographic range: southern Brazil, Paraguay

    Thylamys macrura     was known as Marmosa grisea. 

  57.   (also called Pallid Fat-tailed Opossum)

    Geographic range:     in Bolivia, Argentina

  58.   (also called the Small Fat-tailed Opossum)

    Geographic range:     in central & southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, southern Bolivia

  59. (another name is theSponsorial Fat-tailed Opossum)
    was part of theElegant Fat-tailed Opossum (above).
    Geographic range:    in northwestern Argentina  


  60. Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in cerrado & caatinga habitats

  61.   (another name is thePretty Fat-tailed Opossum) 
    was part of theElegant Fat-tailed Opossum (above).
    Geographic range:    in Bolivia & northwestern Argentina 



  62. Until 2004, the Chacoan Pygmy Opossum was known from only one specimen that was collected in 1920 in the Formosa province in Argentina, in the chaco habitat.

    has been (since 1930) either or , and later (after 1989) part of(above) and subsequently 

    Chacodelphys formosa     is the smallest known didelphid. It head-body length is 2.7 inches. Its tail 2.2 inches.



  63.  

    has been known from just a few specimens (9) taken at 3 localities in Patagonia, Argentina.




    Brown "Four-eyed" Opossum  ______ 

    Geographic range:     from extreme southern Mexico to northeastern Brazil & northeastern Argentina





  64. Geographic range:     from eastern Panama to western Venezuela & northern Peru 



  65. Geographic range: in northern & central Brazil


  66. Geographic range:in Venezuela, the Guianas, & northern Brazil

  67. (also called Yellow-sided Opossum)

    Geographic range:     in southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, eastern Argentina 



  68. Geographic range: in eastern & central Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay


  69. Geographic range: in Amazonian Brazil & northeastern Peru



  70. Geographic range: in southern Brazil



  71. Geographic range: in Bolivia, Brazil, & Argentina


  72. Geographic range: on Isla Marajo in Para, northeastern Brazil


  73. Geographic range: Venezuela, in the llanos


  74. Geographic range: in southern Peru & western Bolivia



  75. Geographic range: in eastern Brazil from Goias to Sao Paulo



  76. Geographic range: in southeastern Brazil 

  77. (has also been called Shrewish Short-tailed Opossum)

    Geographic range:     in southern Brazil, southeastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina 


  78. Geographic range: in eastern Brazil, and in the Andes of Peru   

  79.   

    Geographic range:     in southeastern Brazil in the Itarare region of Sao Paulo; where known from the holotype collected before 1842. Another specimen is said to have been collected, more recently, innortheastern Argentina.  

    Monodelphus unistriata    is possibly extinct.







  80. Geographic range: in the Andes of southwestern Ecuador & northern Peru

  81.  (another name has been Condor Shrew-Opossum)  

    Geographic range:    in Ecuador in the Cordillera del Condor 

    Caenolestes condorensis    was described in 1996.

  82.   (another name is Blackish Shrew-Opossum)

    Geographic range:     in the Andes of western Colombia & north-central Ecuador

  83. (another name is Silky Shrew-Opossum)

    Geographic range:     in the Andes of northern & western Colombia, extreme western Venezuela, Ecuador 

  84. (or) ______

    Geographic range:     in the Andes of southeastern Peru

  85. (or)

    Geographic range:     in the Andes of south-central Peru
  86.  
    was called theChilean Shrew-Opossum, and includes what wasin Chile. 

    Geographic range:    in southern Chile & adjacent Argentina, in old growth evergreen temperate forests  






  87. (the only species in its genus and its order) 

     The Monito del Monte occurs only in south-central Chile from the vicinity of Concepcion south to Chiloe Island, and east to slightly beyond the Argentina border in the mountains.
    It inhabits dense, humid forests, especially places with thickets of Chilean Bamboo (Chusquea sp.)
  88.  
    Geographic range:    wide-ranging, from the south-central US to northern Argentina  

    Dasypus novemcinctus    was described by Linnaeus in 1758.

  89. Geographic range: in southern Paraguay, northern Argentina, Uruguay, & southern Brazil, in grasslands

  90.  
    Geographic Range:    from eastern Colombia to Suriname, south to Amazonian Brazil, in forests

  91. Geographic range:in south-central Peru, in high elevations of the west Andean slope

  92. Geographic range: in central Venezuela & central Colombia, in llanos & savannas  


  93. Geographic range:from southeastern Amazonian & eastern Brazil to Bolivia, Paraguay, & northern Argentina, in grassland & forest 

  94.   (also called Yepes' Mulita)
    Geographic range:    in northwestern Argentina, in Salta & Jujuy provinces

    Dasypus yepesi    was described in 1995.


  95. Geographic range:in northern Chile in the altiplano & Bolivia in the puna


  96. Geographic range:from Bolivia & northwestern Paraguay to central Argentina, in dry sandy areas of chaco regions 


  97. Geographic range: southern Bolivia & Paraguay to southern Chile & Argentina.












  101. Cabassous unicinctus was described by Linnaeus in 1758.

  102. (has been called Yellow Armadillo)
     Geographic range:from Suriname & north-central Brazil south to Uruguay & northern Argentina, in rainforest & savanna

    Euphractus sexcinctus was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 
  103. (open areas of S & C Argentina & S & C Chile)
    Geographic range: in central & southern Argentina and central & southern Chile, in open areas
  104.  (also called Greater Fairy Armadillo)





  109. Myrmecophaga tridactyla     was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
    The above Giant Anteater was photographed at night during our Brazil Tour 
    in Mato Grosso do Sul in September 2006. 
    We saw a nice number of these animals both day & night.
    In the photo, the head of the anteater is to the right, with its long nose 
    toward the ground as the animal feeds. Note the small ear.  
    Below is another photograph of a Giant Anteater, walking in open countryside 
    of Brazilian grassland.

  110. Three subspecies of theNorthern Tamandua occur in South America:
    Tamandua mexicana punensis in Ecuador & Peru, west of the Andes. 
    Tamandua mexicana opistholeuca in most of Colombia
    Tamandua mexicana instabilis in northern Colombia & Venezuela.




  111.  
    The Southern Tamadua    is also called the Collared Tamandua, or Collared Anteater.  
    Tamandua tetradactyla    was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
  113. (was called the Southern Two-toed Sloth)



  115.  



  118. (also called Brazilian Rabbit)  TheTapiti occurs up into high mountains, as in the Andes of Ecuador. 

    Silvilagus brasiliensis was described by Linnaeus in 1758.

  119. Sylvilagus floridannusis mostly a North American species. Venezuela is at the southern end of its range.





  123. The Southern & Northern Amazon Red Squirrels are very similar. The Southern Amazon Red Squirrel is reddish, rather finely grizzled with black. 
    The Northern Amazon Squirrel is coarsely grizzled, with yellowish black on the back. Both species occur in Amazonian Ecuador. 








  130. TheAmerican Beaver was introduced into Tierra del Fuego for their pelts. It is now quite common there.
    The introduction was in 1946 by Argentine fur breeders. When the fur industry declined, animals from that trade went into the wild. They have since spread north from the Strait of Magellan into the Andean forests of southern Chile, and they have colonized on many of the Fuegian islands.  

       







  134.    (also called Woolly Akodont)

  135. (also called Long-haired Akodont)

  136.   (also called Olive Akodont)













  151.   (also called the Wellington Akodont)















  169.  
     areAndean Long-clawed Akodont, orShrub Mole-Mouse) 
  170. (another name has been Red Marsh Rat)


  172. TheMuskrat was Introduced into Tierra del Fuego, as theBeaver, for their pelts. Now apparently more common than that species in ponds in treeless areas.


  175. Coendou prehensiliswas described by Linnaeus in 1758.





  183. Geographic range: in Venezuela & Colombia, in tropical or subtropical moist lowland forest



  184. Geographic range: in Colombia and in northern & eastern Venezuela, in lowland tropical rainforest & cloud forest 



  185. Geographic range: in eastern Ecuador, and possibly Peru, in lowlands

    Sphiggurus ichillus    was described in 2001. It is nocturnal and boreal, and thus not easy to see (explaining why it was not found until so recently).  






  189. In addition to occurring in southern Mexico and Central America, the Central American Agoutioccurs in South America as far south as southern Ecuador and east to far-western Venezuela.
    There is also a highly disjunct population in southeastern Peru, far southwestern Brazil, Bolivia, western Paraguay, and far northwestern Argentina. This disjunct population is sometimes treated as a separate species, theBrown Agouti,A major review of the geographic taxonomy may well be necessary.      




  194. (another name is Spotted Paca)
    Cuniculus pacawas described by Linnaeus in 1766.

  197. (has also been called Highland Cavy)


  199. (has also been called Lesser Cavy, or theSmall Patagonian Cavy)  






  204.  (has also been called Tschudi's Cavy)


  205.  

  207. (also known as Patagonian Cavy)

  209. TheCapybara is the world's largest rodent. It is mostly aquatic.

    Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris     was described by Linnaeus in 1766.
     Another photo (below) of an adult & young Capybaras was taken during the 
    FONT tour in Mato Grosso do Sul, in August 2008. 

  210. Geographic range: in central Chile, in sandy soils of lowlands

  211.   
    Geographic range: in the Andes of central Chile & west-central Argentina, in montane forests & bunchgrass. 

  212.  
    Geographic range: locally in the Andes in Neuquen province of west-central Argentina & Malleco province of central Chile, in montane forests & bunchgrass.  

  213.   
    Geographic range: in the Andes of central Chile & west-central Argentina, in forests & bamboo thickets.

  214. (in semiarid scrub of W slope of Andes of north-central Chile)

  215. (also called Coastal Degu) 
    Geographic range:     in north-central Chile, in dense thorn scrub of coastal mountains.

  216.   
    Geographic range: in southwest Bolivia, northern Chile, & northwest Argentina, in open dry rocky habitats of the Andes. 

     
  217.   
    TheMountain Viscacha Rat is not to be confused with the former Mountain Viscacha, that has been split to be theNorthern Viscacha and theSouthern Viscacha, in theViscacha & Chinchilla family.    

    Geographic range: in northwest Argentina, on arid rocky slopes in Andean foothills.

     

  218. Geographic range: in northwest Argentina, in Catamarca province.





  221.   (in the Chaco Province)
    Geographic range:     in Argentina, in the Chaco habitat 
























  239. (in forests of Minas Gerais, Brazil)






  243. The Coypu is also known as theNutria.
  244.  
    This and the following species,, have been combined, as when so, it was called theMountainViscacha.  





  246. Geographic range: southwest Argentina & adjacent Chile 



  247. Lagidium ahuacaense was discovered in July 2005 at the Cerro El Ahuaca inEcuador, where the only known population occurs, just over 300 miles north of the northernmost known population of theNorthern Viscacha in Peru.
    The animal in Ecuador was first thought to be either possibly theNorthern Viscacha, , or a new species. Three years later, it was determined to be new, based on morphological and DNA sequence differences.
    Lagidium ahuacaense was formally described in 2009.

    The single known population of Lagidium ahuacaense that lives in rocky habitats on Cerro El Ahuaca, an isolated granite mountain in southern Ecuador, may be only a few dozen individuals.  














  258.  has included the two species the follow below, thePantanal Cat and thePampas Cat.
    The subsequent splitting of those two from theColocolo has been based on differences in pelage color and pattern, and cranial measurements.
    However, it has been said that the split is not supported by genetic work, so some taxonomists maintain thePantanal Cat and the Pampas Cat as subspecies of 
  259. , have, by some, been split from the Colocolo(above),Geographic range: in southwestern & southern Brazil.





  260. ThePampas Cat and thePantanal Cat (above),, have, by some, been split from theColocolo (alsoabove),

    Geographic range:    on the east slope of the Andes from Ecuador to northwestern Argentina; also in lowlands of Argentina & southern Chile.  

    Incentral to northwestern Argentina, the Pampas Catoccurs at altitudes below 4,070 feet above sea level in grassland, mesophytic and dry forest, and shrubland.
    Insouthern Argentina and far-southern Chile, thePampas Cat is found in Patagonian steppes and shrubland below 3,600 feet above sea level.    

    In 2005, there were said to5 subspecies of thePampas Cat:
    widely in Argentina and in southern Chile 
    innorthwestern Argentina, on the eastern slope of the Andes
    inEcuador, in the Andes 
    in Peru, in the Andes
    inBolivia, in the Andes
    Based on two specimens,is larger and paler than But due to it being such a small sample. some consider the two as synonyms.
    Some, included above in the nominate insouthern Argentina & southern Chile, have been said to be another subspecies,L. based on their larger size and dull pelage. 


  262.  Geographic range: in south-central Chile & southwestern Argentina.
  263.  
    Geographic range: from Texas/Mexico south to northern Argentina & southeastern Brazil.

    Leopardus pardalis     was described by Linnaeus in 1758.


    Ocelots
  264. (another name is the Little Spotted Cat)
    Geographic range: from Costa Rica south to northern Argentina & southeastern Brazil.
  265.  
     Geographic range: from Mexico south to northern Argentina & Uruguay.
  266.   
    Other common names for thePuma are:Cougar, Mountain Lion, andPanther.Geographic range:one of the most extensive of all American mammals, from southwest Canada to southern Chile & Argentina

    Puma concolor    was described by Linnaeus in 1771.

  268. are the"Black Jaguar". 



  269. A Link to a Feature about:






  270.  (a North American species occurring as far south as northern Colombia & Venezuela)


  271. There are 6 subspecies. On Tierra del Fuego (in Argentina) called Fuegian Fox,)
  272. (including thePampas Fox)
     There are 7 subspecies of the South American Gray Fox. 
    One of them, the Pampas Fox, of e. Bolivia, s. Brazil, w. Paraguay, and central & eastern Argentina has been said by some to be  (upper photo by Robert Hinz; lower photo by Marie Gardner)
  273. (also called theChiloe Fox; it has been said to be a dark form of the Pampas Fox)    
    TheDarwin's Fox was known from only a specimen collected by Charles Darwin in 1833, until it was rediscovered in 1922. It is now considered a relict species confined to patches of old growth Valdivian forest inChile, in Las Lagos and Araucania. It is acritically endangered species. 


  275.  
    There are said to be 7 subspecies of theCrab-eating Fox.

    Geographic range:    from Colombia south to northern Argentina & Uruguay, in forest & savannas. 

    Cerdocyon thous    was described by Linnaeus in 1766.


  276.  (in the cerrado & caatinga of highlands of interior east-central Brazil)

  277. TheShort-eared Dog is a rarely seen animal.


  279. Geographic range: from western Venezuela south to Bolivia and rarely northwestern Argentina, in mountain forests 

  280. TheGalapagos Sea Lion is a subspecies, or race of theCalifornia Sea Lion.  



  284. When they are not on the beach, and are far out at sea,Southern Elephant Seals spend very little time at the surface of the water.
    They dive repeatedly, generally for more than 20 minutes, hunting their prey, squid and fish, at depths of 1,300 to 3,300 feet below the surface of the sea.
    They are the deepest diving air-breathing non-cetaceans, going as deep as the maximum record of 6,998 feet.

    Adult femaleSouthern Elephant Seals typically weight from 880 to 2,000 pounds.
    Adult males weigh from 4,900 to 8,800 pounds, and measure from 14 to 19 feet long.
    Anadult female averages 1,700 pounds in weight.Mature males average 7,000 pounds.
    The largest ever measured was 22.5 feet long and was estimated to weigh 11,000 pounds.





  287. The Tayra is rather like a South AmericanMarten. 

    Eira barbata was described by Linnaeus in 1758.








  292. Geographic range:in southern Chile & southern Argentina, in grasslands & scrub



  293. Geographic range:    Peru, southwestern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern & central Chile, northern & west-central Argentina, Uruguay, and possibly in southern Brazil, in open grasslands 

  294. Geographic range: from Mexico to Venezuela & Peru, in forest clearings, forest edge, & pastures; also in east-central Brazil in caatinga & cerrado habitats  
  295. (another name has beenBrazilian Otter)
    Geographic range:    from southeastern Colombia & French Guiana south to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and Uruguay, locally in lowland-forest rivers and lakes. 

  296. Geographic range:from Mexico south to Peru, northern Argentina, Uruguay, in clear fast-flowing streams and rivers, & in coastal lagoons.  
  297. Geographic range:from Peru to southern Chile & extreme southern Argentina, along rocky seacoasts 

  298.  


  300. Nasua nasuawas described by Linnaeus in 1766."Nasua" is from the Latin meaning"nose".When is a Coati aCoatimundi? Female Coatis and their young associate in bands of 5-12 individuals, but adult males are solitary. This difference at first confused biologists, who described the solitary males as a separate species. The use of the name "coatimundi" (meaning "lone Coati" in the Guarani language) for this species reflects the same error.  Above: Two photos of the South American Coati
    Below: a group of them seen during the FONT Brazil tour in August 2008.


  302.   (other names are the Dwarfor Little Coati)







  319.  Noctilio leporinus is also called the Greater Fishing Bat.
    Noctilio albiventris    (below) is also called the Lesser Fishing Bat, or the Southern Bulldog Bat.























  340. (another name isThomas' Mastiff Bat)
  341. (another name is Pallas' Mastiff Bat)






  348.  (now that's a name!)

  350.   (species described in 2005)





  354.   (another name is Woolly False Vampire Bat)




  358.   (other names have beenDavies' Big-eared Bat, and Bartica Bat)  
























































































  463. (in Southeast Brazil, in Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, & Sao Paulo) 
  464. (in east-central Brazil, locally in Minas Gerais, southern Espirito Santo, & Rio de Janeiro state)
    A Buffy-headed Marmoset photographed during the FONT tour 
    in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in March 2008


  465. (in west & central Brazil, & in nearby Bolivia & Paraguay)
  466. (in eastern Amazonian Brazil, in Para state) 
  467. (in central Amazonian Brazil)
  468. (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
  469. (in southern Amazonian Brazil, in Rondonia & northern Mato Grosso)
  470. (in east-central Brazil, in Minas Gerais & Espirito Santo)
  471. (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
  472. (in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
  473. (locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
  474. (also called Common Marmoset)(in northeast Brazil) TheWhite-tufted Marmoset originally occurred along the northeastern coast of Brazil from the state of Piaui to that of Bahia.
    Through the release of captive individuals, it also occurs now in southeastern Brazil, where the first sighting in the wild in Rio de Janeiro was in 1929. Today it is common in the area of that city.  

    TheWhite-tufted Marmoset was described by Linnaeus in 1758.  



  475. Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & extreme northwestern Minas Gerais    
    Callithrix kuhliiwas described in 1985.



  476. (in central Amazonian Brazil, in Para state)
  477. (locally in central Amazonian Brazil)
  478. (locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
  479. (locally in central Amazonian Brazil)
  480. (very locally in south-central Amazonian Brazil)
  481. (in northeast & east-central Brazil)
  482. (in central Amazonian Brazil)
  483. (in eastern Ecuador, northeast Peru, & central Amazonian Brazil)

     ThePygmy Marmoset is the world's smallest true monkey.

    A family group of at least 5 Pygmy Marmosets was seen during a FONT tour at La Selva along the Napo River in Ecuador. 
    It is a very interesting mammal in that an entire family group will stay in one tree for up to a year feeding on sap. When the sap begins to run low, they'll leave the tree, moving to another, and "set-up shop" for another year.    
  484. (in rainforests of the Amazon basin in eastern Peru, & northwest Brazil) 



  485. TheGraell's Tamarin has been treated as a subspecies of theBlack-mantled Tamarin, , but it differs from it in having a dull olive-brown (not reddish-orange) lower back, rump, and thighs.    



  493. (in western Amazonian Brazil)
  499. (in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & northeast Minas Gerais)

  500. (in southeast Brazil, in 2 small remnant forest patches in Sao Paulo)
  501. (in southeast Brazil, in a few isolated forest patches in central & southern Rio de Janeiro state)

  502. Geographic range:     in south-central Brazil, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, & northwestern Argentina. 
     As in the photos below, the male ofBlack Howler Monkey is black; but the female is brown.



  503. (in central & northeast Brazil)
  504. (C&E Amazonian Brazil, both N&S of the Amazon River)

  505.  There are two subspecies of the Brown Howler Monkey:
    the Northern Brown Howler  (t1)
    theSouthern Brown Howler

    The nominate subspecies is critically endangered, with, it is said, fewer than 250 individuals restricted to the area of the Jequitinhonha River, in eastern Brazil. That river flows from eastern Minas Gerais into Bahia to the ocean. In the subspecies of southern South America, adult males are bright reddish with a golden tint; most adult females are brown.Geographic range:from Bahia in Brazil south to northeastern Argentina, in the Atlantic Forest. 

  506. (Colombia, Venezuela, NW Brazil)
  507. (Guyana & NC Amazonian Brazil)
  508. (S Peru, Bolivia, SW Brazil)

  509. TheEcuadorian Mantled Howler Monkey is the southernmost subspecies of theMantled Howler Monkey (ph) that ranges north to Mexico.
    Alouatta palliata aequatorialis ranges from Panama (possibly easternmost Costa Rica) through Colombia and Ecuador into northern Peru. 

  510. (C Brazil, S of the Amazon River to Mato Grosso)
  511. (in northeast Brazil)
  512. (in central Amazonian Brazil, south of the Solimoes River)
  513. (C & SW Amazonian Brazil, & S Peru to Bolivia)
  514. (S Colombia, E Ecuador, N Peru, & W Brazil)
  515. (E Venezuela & French Guiana, & NE Brazil south to the Amazon River)

  516. Pithecia aequatorialiswas described in 1987. Its geographic range is in Ecuador & Peru.  

  517.  (in northern Peru & west-central Brazil)
  518.   (SE Colombia, extreme S Venezuela, & NW Brazil)

  519. Cebus capucinus has been called the White-faced Capuchin orWhite-throated Capuchin. Its range is from Ecuador north into Central America to Honduras. 
    The subspecies in South America is the nominate,Cebus c. capucinus.     




  520. (also called theWeeping Capuchin)  
    Geographic range:     from Colombia to French Guiana, & in northern Brazil south to the Rio Negro & Amazon River, in forests.
  521.   EC
    Geographic range:Colombia, Venezuela, northwestern Brazil, Ecuador, & northern Peru. 
  522.   Geographic range:in northeastern Brazil, in Maranhao.



  523. (has been called the Brown Tufted Capuchin)

    Geographic range:    from Colombia south to Peru & central Brazil.

    In 2005, the following were said to be subspecies of theTufted Capuchin:
    The above two subspecies were described by Linnaeus in 1758 & 1766 respectively.

    Another subspecies,has been regarded by some as a separate species, theLarge-headed Capuchin.
    It occurs in parts of Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.  

    (formerly) was described by Linnaeus in 1758. For years, it had the common English name ofBrown Capuchin.
  524.   (has been calledBlack-striped Tufted Capuchin) 
    Geographic range: in Bolivia, northern Argentina, Paraguay, & southern Brazil, in forests
  525.   (has been calledBlack Tufted Capuchin)
    Geographic range:southeastern Brazil, in the Atlantic Forest.  


  526.   
    Other names for Sapajus xanthosternos are Yellow-breasted Capuchin and Buffy-headed Capuchin. 
    Geographic range: in east-central Brazil, in southern Bahia & northern Minas Gerais, in forest remnants. 


  527. The critically endangeredBlond Capuchinwas rediscovered in 2006. Its estimated population is about 180 individuals.
    It was originally described in 1774, as but without a type specimen.

    Geographic range: in northeastern Brazil, in the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco, and Alagoas. 



  529. (was merged with a more widespreadBlack Spider Monkey) 

    Ateles marginatus is endemic to Amazonian Brazil.

  530.  (undisturbed primary rainforests from Guyana south into NE Amazonian Brazil, north of Amazon River, west to the Rio Negro)
  531. (E Peru, N Bolivia, & W Amazonian Brazil)
  532. (EC Amazonian Brazil, south of the Amazon River)
  533.  
    Ateles fusciceps is said by some to be a subspecies of the Geoffroy's Spider Monkey,, of mostly Central America.   
  534. (was called"Woolly Spider Monkey")(in southeast Brazil, in Atlantic forest remnants of Rio de Janeiro & Sao Paulo states)These rare animals, theSouthern & the Northern Muriquis(above & below) are the largest monkeys in the New World, up to 5 feet tall. The twoMuriquis were taxonomically "split" in 1995.
  535. (was called"Woolly Spider Monkey") (in east-central Brazil, in Atlantic forest remnants from Bahia to Espirito Santo & Minas Gerais) 
  536. Geographic range: southern Peru & southern Amazonian Brazil
    There are two subspecies of the Gray Woolly Monkey:
    in Brazil & Peru
    in southeast Peru.  




  537.  Another name for is theHumboldt's Woolly Monkey. 

    Geographic range:     in southeastern Colombia, northeastern Ecuador, far northeastern Peru, & northwestern Amazonian Brazil east to the Rio Negro. 
  538. Another name for is thePoeppig's Woolly Monkey.
    Geographic range:in eastern Ecuador & northern Peru, & extreme western Amazonian Brazil, in highlands

  539. Geographic range: Colombia


  540. In the latest taxonomy, there are in total 5 squirrel monkey species, in Central & South America.



  541.   (Amazon basin of E Peru, Bolivia & SW Brazil)
  542.  (C Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
  543. (W Amazonian Brazil)



  545. TheWhite-tailed Titi was considered part of theCoppery Titi(above),, now of Amazonian Brazil and Peru.   

  546.  (EC Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
  547. (EC Brazil, coastal forests of EC Minas Gerais, S Espirito Santo, & NE Rio de Janeiro)
  548. TheBlack-fronted Titi,, was formerly a subspecies of theMasked Titi,
  549.   (C Amazonian Brazil, S of the Amazon River)
  550. (EC Brazil, in remnant forests of N Bahia)
  561. (Atlantic forest of EC Brazil, in SE Bahia & N Espirito Santo)

  573. (also called the Pink Dolphin. or Boto)
    Subspecies of theAmazon River Dolphin include:
    Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis in the basins of the Amazon and the Araguaia/Tocantins Rivers
     (excluding the Madeira River drainage upstream of the Teotonio Rapids in Rondonia)
    Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana in the basin of the Orinoco River
    Inia geoffrensis boliviensis in the Bolivian portion of the Amazon basin upstream of the Teotonio Rapids in Rondonia, Brazil 
    Some, including the Society of Marine Mammalogy in 2012, consider the last of these to be a distinct species.
    Another species of dolphin also occurs in the Amazon River Basin, the Tucuxi (or Gray Dolphin), noted below.









  579. TheCommerson's Dolphin, a striking black-and-white marine mammal, much like a porpoise, is in the eastern Strait of Magellan. 
    During one FONT tour, we watched them in smooth water, apparently fishing with penguins. 

      




  581. Short-beaked Common Dolphins have been seen offshore from Arica, Chile, during FONT pelagic trips.












  589.   (also called Gray Grampus)


  590. Orcas have been seen in the surf, where there were seals and sea lions on the beach, during FONT tours along the Argentine coast at the Valdez Peninsula.  











  595. TheMelon-headed Whale is closely related to thePygmy Killer Whale (above) and the twoPilot Whales (also above).
    Collectively, these dolphin species are known by the common name of"blackfish".  

    Other names for are theMany-toothed Blackfish or the Electra Dolphin. 

  596.  



  599. The Southern Right Whale has been seen in numbers in the ocean during FONT tours along the Argentine coast at the Valdes Peninsula.





  601. During FONT tours, Humpback Whales have been seen leaping completely out of the water 
    (as in the photo below), in the ocean off the coast of western Ecuador, 
    especially during boat trips offshore to Isla de la Plata  
    To see more about: 





















  622. Pecari tajacuis also known, in the northern part of its range, as the Javelina. 
    Pecari tajacu    was described by Linnaeus in 1758.

  623. The White-lipped Peccary is larger than the Collared Peccary. The White-lipped Peccary is black with a white chin (and with no collar).

  624.  
    Pecari maximus    is a newly-described species, in 2007, but recently its designation as a species has been questioned.   









  628. (a domesticated animal)
    Lama glama    was described by Linnaeus in 1758. 



  629. (a domesticated animal)
    Lama pacos     was described by Linnaeus in 1758.
    Combined there are an estimated 7.7 million of these animals, with 53% in Peru, 37% in Bolivia, 8% in Argentina, and 2% in Chile.
    The domestic Llamas and Alpacas (91% of the total) are far more numerous than the wild Guanacos and Vicunas (9%). Llamas (3.7 million) are slightly more abundant than Alpacas (3.3 million) and Guanacos (575,000) are much more common than Vicunas (85,000).
    Most Alpacas (91%) and Vicunas (72%) are in Peru, and the majority of Llamas (70%) are in Bolivia, and nearly all of the Guanacos (96%) are in Argentina. 
    The Guanaco has been decreasing during recent years due to hunting and competition with livestock. The Vicuna was reduced to a dangerously low population in the 1960's, but the species is now recovering under protection.


  631. Odocoileus bezoarticuswas described by Linnaeus in 1758. 







  633. A Gray Brocket Deer photographed during the FONT Brazil tour
    in Mato Grosso do Sul in March 2008







  638. Hippocamelus antisensis is now considered distinct from theChilean, orSouthern Guemal (orHuemul),






  642. Tapirus terrestriswas described by Linnaeus in 1758.
  643. (occurs in high montane forest & paramo in Colombia & Ecuador)


 

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