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state

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Stateandstáte

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European*steh₂-
    Proto-Italic*status
    Old Frenchestatbor.
    Middle Englishstat
    Englishstate

    FromMiddle Englishstat (as a noun); adopted c. 1200 from bothOld Frenchestat andLatinstātus(manner of standing, attitude, position, carriage, manner, dress, apparel; and other senses), fromstāre(to stand).Doublet ofestate andstatus. The sense of "polity" develops in the 14th century. CompareFrenchêtre,Greekστέω(stéo),Italianstare,Portugueseestar,Romaniansta, andSpanishestar. The verb is first attested around the beginning of the 16th century. Related toEnglishstand.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    state (pluralstates)

    1. Acondition; aset ofcircumstances applying at any giventime.
      astate of being
      astate of emergency
      1. (physics) Acompletedescription of asystem, consisting ofparameters that determine allproperties of the system.
        • 1977, J. B. Sykes;John Stewart Bell, translatingLev Landau;Evgeny Lifshitz,Course of Theoretical Physics Vol. 3: Quantum Mechanics: Non-relativistic Theory, page28:
          States in which the energy has definite values are calledstationary states of a system; they are described by wave functions Ψₙ which are the eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian operator, i.e. which satisfy the equationĤΨₙ = EₙΨₙ, whereEₙ are the eigenvalues of the energy.
      2. (colloquial, in thesingular) Amess;disorder; a bad condition or set of circumstances.
        Synonyms:seeThesaurus:difficult situation
        absolutestate
        in astate
        in a bit of astate
        • 1994 [1993],Irvine Welsh, “Traditional Sunday Breakfast”, inTrainspotting, London: Minerva,→ISBN,page92:
          Who the fuck undressed me? Try tracing back. It's now Sunday. Yesterday was Saturday. The semi-final at Hampden. I had got myself into some fuckingstate before and after the match.
        • 2019 June 3, Hannah Jane Parkinson, “An absolute state of a visit: what the Trump and Windsor snapshots tell us”, inThe Guardian[2]:
          An absolutestate of a visit: what the Trump and Windsor snapshots tell us [title]
      3. (computing) Thestable condition of aprocessor during a particularclockcycle.
        In the fetchstate, the address of the next instruction is placed on the address bus.
      4. (computing) The set of all parameters relevant to acomputation.
        Thestate here includes a set containing all names seen so far.
      5. (computing) Thevalues of all parameters at some point in a computation.
        A debugger can show thestate of a program at any breakpoint.
      6. (sciences) Thephysical property ofmatter assolid,liquid,gas orplasma.
      7. (obsolete) Highest andstationary condition, as that ofmaturity betweengrowth anddecline, or as that ofcrisis between theincrease and theabating of adisease;height;acme.
    2. Highsocial standing or circumstance.
      1. Pomp,ceremony, ordignity.
        instate
        The President's body willlie instate at the Capitol.
      2. Rank;condition;quality.
      3. Condition ofprosperity orgrandeur;wealthy orprosperous circumstances;socialimportance.
        • 1616,Francis Bacon,The History of Henry VII, of England, published1786,page139:
          Firſt, in princely behaviour and geſture, teaching him how he ſhould keep of a kind ofſtate, and yet, with a modeſt ſenſe of his misfortunes.
        • 1703, “TheThebais ofStatius”, inAlexander Pope, transl.,The Works of Alexander Pope, volume II, London: H. Lintont et al., published1751, book I,page145:
          Can this imperious lord forget to reign, / Quit all hisſtate, deſcend, and ſerve again ?
      4. Achair with acanopy above it, often standing on adais; aseat ofdignity; also, the canopy itself.
        • 1667,John Milton, “Book X”, inParadise Lost. [], London: [] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker [];[a]nd by Robert Boulter [];[a]nd Matthias Walker, [],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books: [], London: Basil Montagu Pickering [],1873,→OCLC, lines443–447:
          []and from the dore / Of thatPlutonia Hall, inviſible / Aſcended his high Throne, which underſtate / Of richeſt texture ſpred, at th’ upper end / Was plac’t in regal luſtre.
        • 1712,John Arbuthnot,Jonathan Swift [uncertain], “Jack’s Charms, or the Method by which he gain’d Peg’s Heart”, inJohn Bull Still In His Senses, London: John Morphew,page13:
          He invented a way of coming into a Room backwards, which he ſaid ſhew’d more Humility, and leſs Affectation ; where other People ſtood, he ſat ; when he went to Court, he us’d to kick away theState, and ſit down by his Prince, Cheek byChoul[]
      5. (obsolete) Agreatperson, adignitary; alord orprince.
        • c.1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe],Tamburlaine the Great. [] The First Part [], 2nd edition, part 1, London: [] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, [], published1592,→OCLC; reprinted asTamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press,1973,→ISBN,Act I, scene i:
          We in the name of other Perſeanſtates,
          And commons of this mightie Monarchy,
          Preſent thee with the Emperiall Diadem.
        • 1644,John Milton,Areopagitica, page 1:
          They who toStates and Governours of the Commonwealth direct their Speech, High Court of Parlament, or wanting ſuch acceſſe in a private condition, write that which they foreſee may advance the publick good ; I ſuppoſe them as at the beginning of no meane endeavour, not a little alter’d and mov’d inwardly in their mindes[]
      6. (obsolete)Estate,possession.
        • 1595,Samuel Daniel, “The Civile Wars between the Two Houses of Lancaster and Yorke”, inAlexander Balloch Grosart, editor,The Complete Works in Verse and Prose of Samuel Daniel, volume II, book IV, stanza 20,page142:
          Their parties great, meanes good, the ſeaſon fit, / Their practice cloſe, their faith ſuſpected not, / Theirſtates far off, and they of wary wit : / Who, with large promiſes, ſo wooe the Scot / To aide their Cauſe, as he conſents to it ; / And glad was to diſturne that furious ſtreame / Of warre, on vs, that elſe had ſwallowed them.
        • c.1619,Philip Massinger,Nathan Field, “The Fatal Dowry”, inThe Works of Philip Massinger, volume II, London: T. Davies, published1761,[Act V, scene ii],page271:
          Your’State, my Lord, again is yours.
    3. Apolity orcommunity.
      1. (historically often capitalized) Anysovereignpolity orcommunity; thegovernment of acountry orcity-state.
        • a.1949,Albert Einstein, as quoted by Virgil Henshaw inAlbert Einstein: Philosopher Scientist (1949)
          Never do anything against conscience even if thestate demands it.
      2. Apoliticaldivision of afederationretaining anotabledegree ofautonomy, as in theUnited States,Mexico,Nigeria, orIndia.
        • 1789,United States Bill of Rights:
          The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to theStates, are reserved to theStates respectively, or to the people.
        • 1839, John Beach, Thomas Clap Perkins,The public statute laws of the state of Connecticut, page35:
          You do solemnly swear (or affirm, as the case may be) that you will support the constitution of the United States, and the constitution of thestate of Connecticut, so long as you continue a citizen thereof; and that you will faithfully discharge, according to law, the duties of the office of[] to the best of your abilities.
        • 1993, Charles E. McLure,Vertical fiscal imbalance and the assignment of taxing powers in Australia,→ISBN:
          As Australia considers whether to allowstates greater latitude in the indirect tax field, it must ask what it will do when (not if) it finally decides that the federal government should enact a modern general sales tax.
        • 2001, Angus Macleod Gunn,The Impact of Geology on the United States, page0313314446:
          The Central Lowlands is often referred to as the heart of America — and with good reason: If we look at the names of the eightstates with populations of 10 million or more, this region has three of them, Illinois, Ohio, and Michigan, more than any one of the other five.
      3. (obsolete) A form of government other than amonarchy.
        • 1662,John Dryden, “Satire on the Dutch”, inThe Works of the English Poets, volume XIII, London: R. Hett, published1779,page41:
          Well monarchies may own religion’s name, / Butſtates are atheiſts in their very frame.
      4. (anthropology) Asociety larger than atribe. A society large enough to form a state in the sense of a government.
    4. (mathematics, stochastic processes) Anelement of therange of therandom variables that define arandomprocess.
    5. (grammar, semantics) Thelexical aspect (aktionsart) ofverbs orpredicates that do not change over time.
      Antonym:occurrence
      • 1997, Robert van Valin, Randy LaPolla,Syntax[3], page92:
        []distinctions among states of affairs are reflected to a striking degree in distinctions amongAktionsart types. That is, situations are expressed bystate verbs or predicates, events by achievement verbs or predicates, and actions by activity verbs or predicates.
      • 2010, Nick Riemer,Introducing Semantics[4], page320:
        The most basic Aktionsart distinction is betweenstates and occurrences.

    Hyponyms

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    Derived terms

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    English terms starting with “state”

    Translations

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    a State, a sovereign polity or community, the government of a country or city-state
    a political division of a federation retaining a degree of autonomy
    a condition
    computing: the stable condition of a processor during a particular clock cycle
    computing: the set of all parameters relevant to a computation
    computing: the values of all parameters at some point in a computation
    math: an element of the range of random variables
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    Verb

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    state (third-person singular simple presentstates,present participlestating,simple past and past participlestated)

    1. (transitive) Todeclare to be afact.
      Hestated that he was willing to help.
      • 1910,Emerson Hough, chapter II, inThe Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
        Carried somehow, somewhither, for some reason, on these surging floods, were these travelers, of errand not wholly obvious to their fellows, yet of such sort as to call into query alike the nature of their errand and their own relations. It is easily earned repetition tostate that Josephine St. Auban's was a presence not to be concealed.
      • 1994, Congress of the United States,United States Statutes at Large, volume108, part 4:
        A provision of law may not be construed as requiring a new grant to be awarded to a specified non-Federal Government entity unless that provision of law (1) specifically refers to this subsection; specifically identifies the particular non-Federal Government entity involved; and (3) specificallystates that the award to that entity is required by such provision of law in contravention of the policy set forth in subsection (a).
      • 1996,Konrad Lorenz, chapter 5, inRobert D. Martin, transl.,The Natural Science of the Human Species[5], Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, page93:
        Thespecies-preserving purposivity of higher organisms is no greater than that of the lowest forms of life, and Jakob von Uexküll was entirely justified instating that all living organisms areequally well adapted to their environments.
      • 2017, K R Wadhwaney,Indian Cricket Controversies:
        When Tony Greig, in a meaningful and provocative interview, asked Sarfaraz background of betting and match-fixing, the Pakistan "superbat" categoricallystated that it should start with Asif Iqbal and Gavaskar who, according to him, were the "original fixers"..
    2. (transitive) To makeknown.
      State your intentions.

    Usage notes

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    State is stronger or more definitive thansay. It is used to communicate an absence of reasonable doubt and to emphasize the factual or truthful nature of the communication. The poet and journalist William Cullen Bryant listedstate, when used as a synonym forsay, in his style guide forThe New York Evening Post, which he called the "Index Expurgatorius".

    Some journalists prefer to follow the formula that "Peoplesay things, and documentsstate things".

    Synonyms

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    Derived terms

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    Translations

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    declare to be a factsee alsoassert
    make known
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    Adjective

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    state (comparativemorestate,superlativemoststate)

    1. (obsolete)Stately.
      • 1579, Immeritô [pseudonym;Edmund Spenser], “September. Ægloga Nona.”, inThe Shepheardes Calender: [], London: [] Iohn Wolfe for Iohn Harrison the yonger, [],→OCLC,folio 36, recto:
        The ſhepheardes ſwayne you cannot well ken, / But it be by his pride, from other men: / They looken bigge as Bulles, that bene bate, / And bearen the cragge ſo ſtiffe and ſoſtate, / As Cocke on his dunghill, crowing cranck.

    Related terms

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    See also

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    References

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    Further reading

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    Anagrams

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    Afrikaans

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    Noun

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    state

    1. plural ofstaat

    Italian

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    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈsta.te/
    • Rhymes:-ate
    • Hyphenation:stà‧te

    Etymology 1

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    Apheretic form ofestate.

    Noun

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    state f (pluralstati)

    1. (Tuscan)alternative form ofestate
      • 1567,Ricettario fiorentino [Florentine Cookbook]‎[6],page 5:
        L'ACQVA buona[] debbe toſto riſcaldarſi, e raffreddarſi, e la ſtate eſſere freſca, e l'inuerno tiepida.
        Good water should quickly heat up, and cool down; and be cool during Summer, and lukewarm during Winter.

    Etymology 2

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    See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

    Verb

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    state

    1. inflection ofstare:
      1. second-personpluralpresentindicative
      2. second-personpluralimperative

    Etymology 3

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    See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

    Participle

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    state pl

    1. feminineplural ofstato

    Further reading

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    • state inDizionario Italiano Olivetti, Olivetti Media Communication

    Anagrams

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    Latin

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    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    stāte

    1. second-personpluralpresentactiveimperative ofstō

    Participle

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    state

    1. vocativemasculinesingular ofstatus

    Romanian

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    Noun

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    state

    1. plural ofstat

    Yola

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    Etymology

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    FromMiddle Englishstat, fromOld Frenchestat, fromLatinstatus.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    state

    1. condition
      • 1867,CONGRATULATORY ADDRESS IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page116, lines1-2:
        Yestate na dicke daie o'ye londe, na whilke be nar fash nar moile, albiet 'constitutional agitation,'
        Thecondition, this day, of the country, in which is neither tumult nor disorder, but that constitutional agitation,

    References

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    • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828), William Barnes, editor,A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published1867,page116
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