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FromProto-Albanian*(h)eríja- 'of this time, from this time, presently, of now > new, recent', a derivative of Alb.herë '(one) time, hour' etc., which is an old loan-word from Latinhōra 'time, hour' etc.; the Albanian substantive is historically not compatible with a reconstructionProto-Indo-European*h₁r̥wo-, zero-grade of*h₁orwo- (compareOld Englishearu(“quick”),Tocharian Bārwer(“ready”),Avestan𐬀𐬭𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬥𐬙(aruuant,“quick, brave”)), as has been proposed in the literature. According to R. Matasovic (A grammatical sketch of Albanian for students of Indo-European. Zadar 2018), the etymology of the adjective is controversial and has no accepted source or fromsubstrate.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ɾi]

Adjective

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i ri (femininee re,masculine pluraltë rinj,feminine pluraltë reja)

young
një vajzë ere
ayoung girl
new
filma tërinj
new movies

References

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Neri, Sergio, Articleri (i), re (e) in: Bardhyl Demiraj, Olav Hackstein, Sergio Neri und Ania Omari.DPEWA, Digitales Philologisch-Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altalbanischen“ (15.-18. Jh.), München 2018-2021 (https://www.dpwa.gwi.uni-muenchen.de/dictionary/?lemmaid=14385)

Anguthimri

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Noun

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(Mpakwithi)excrement

References

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Terry Crowley,The Mpakwithi dialect of Anguthimri (1981), page 188

Dalmatian

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ri (feminineraja)

Danish

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Low Germanrigen(“to put in folds”), from or related toOld Saxonrekkian(“to extend”). Distantly related toOld Norserekja(“to unfold, unwind”), hence adoublet ofrække(“to reach”).

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /riː/,[ʁiːˀ]

Verb

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ri (imperativeri,presentrirorrier,pastriede,past participleriet)

baste,tack(to sew with wide stitches to temporarily fasten pieces of cloth)

Derived terms

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rining

Esperanto

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:

ri (pronoun)

Wikipedia

Etymology

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ri/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes:-i
Hyphenation: ri

Pronoun

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ri (accusativerin,possessiveria)

(gender-neutral, nonstandard) they(singular).Agender-neutral singular third-person personal pronoun.
- 1997, Liland Brajant ROS', “Pri Sennaciistaj postulatoj”, insoc.culture.esperanto‎^[2] (Usenet):
  Kial gravas, kiuri estas?
  Why is it important, whothey are?
- 2006, “Maldormemo mia”, inEksenlime, performed by La Perdita Generacio:
  Najbaro laboranta en la sama laborejo / En la bela domori ne pentras plu
  A neighbor working in the same workplace / In the beautiful housethey don't paint anymore
- 2014, Roland Bonkorpa, “Fiinsulo”, inBeletra Almanako, number21, New York, N.Y.: Mondial,→ISBN,→ISSN,→OCLC, page32:
  Ri estis la plej pacienca kaj inteligenta hundo, kiun mi iam renkontis.
  They were the most patient and intelligent dog I had ever met.

Usage notes

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In 1976, the gender-neutral pronoun ri was presented for the first time alongside the pronounsli (he) andŝi (she). Until about 2010, it remained a seldom used experimental word, but after 2010 its use has increased significantly, especially in youth circles in Western countries. Comparable toEnglish epicene pronouns. Also read aboutgender reform in Esperanto. Alternatives include expanding the use of the demonstrative pronountiu(“that one”) or using the similarly proscribedŝli.

Synonyms

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(neologism, non standard)ŝli

Derived terms

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riismo(“ri-ism”)

Esperanto personal pronouns
	singular		plural
nominative	accusative	possessive	nominative	accusative	possessive
first person	mi	min	mia	ni	nin	nia
second person	formal	vi	vin	via	vi	vin	via
familiar¹	ci	cin	cia
third person	masculine	li	lin	lia	ili iŝi³	ilin iŝin³	ilia iŝia³
feminine	ŝi	ŝin	ŝia
neuter	ĝi	ĝin	ĝia
gender-neutral²	ri ŝli	rin ŝlin	ria ŝlia
reflexive	si	sin	sia	si	sin	sia
indefinite	oni	onin	onia	oni	onin	onia

French

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ʁi/
Audio(Paris): (file)

Participle

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ri (femininerie,masculine pluralris,feminine pluralries)

past participle ofrire

Galician

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Verb

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inflection ofrir:
1. third-person singular present indicative
2. second-person singular imperative
(reintegrationist norm) inflection ofrir:

Guinea-Bissau Creole

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Etymology

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FromPortugueserir. Cognate withKabuverdianuri.

Verb

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tolaugh

Hausa

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /rìː/
- (Standard Kano Hausa)IPA^(key): [rìː]

Ideophone

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r̃ī̀

people or animalsmoving as agroup

Igbo

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Pronunciation

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(inherent tone):IPA^(key): /rí/

Verb

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toeat, toabsorb.
Ha na-erinri.
They are eating food.
- 2019,Bịabụlụ Nsọ nʼIgbo Ndị Ugbu a, Biblica Inc.,Luke 24:43:
  O we nara ya,rie n'iru ha.
  He then took it andate it in front of them.
toacquire.

Italian

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Adjective

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ri m

masculine plural ofrio

Anagrams

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Japanese

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Romanization

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Thehiragana syllableり(ri) or thekatakana syllableリ(ri) inHepburn romanization.

Javanese

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Romanization

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Romanization ofꦫꦶ

Kabuverdianu

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Etymology

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FromPortugueserir.

Verb

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tolaugh

Lashi

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ɹi˧]
Hyphenation:ri

Particle

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Used to mark the preceding noun as adirect object.
- 2005, “Apoem ayang꞉ 1:1 [Genesis 1:1]”, inJhoem꞉ mougsougˮ [The Book of the Bible], page 2:
  Xang꞉ shiˮ moo Mangsoo gi mougkhung꞉ yoʼ myidjangri phainˮ so꞉ toˮ.
  First, God created heaven and earth.

References

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Hkaw Luk (2017)A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎^[3], Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis), page22

Lutuv

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Etymology

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Likely fromProto-Kuki-Chin*reel(“"count, read"”)^[1]

Verb

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toread^[2]

References

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^Kenneth VanBik (2009)Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages (STEDT Monograph Series), volume 8,→ISBN
^Amanda Bohnert (2025) “The Lutuv (Lautu) Verbal Agreement System”, inIndiana Working Papers in South Asian Languages and Cultures‎^[1], volume 4, number 1

Makasar

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*di, fromProto-Austronesian*di.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ri]

Preposition

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ri (Lontara spellingᨑᨗ)

general preposition (in,at,to etc.)

Mandarin

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Romanization

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Nonstandard spelling ofrī.
Nonstandard spelling ofrì.

Usage notes

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Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Nabi

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Noun

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woman

References

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transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock,Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Norwegian Bokmål

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /riː/

Etymology 1

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FromOld Norsehríð.

Noun

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ri (definite singular,indefinite plural,definite plural)

attack,sudden pain ormood
ashort while

Etymology 2

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FromOld Norseríða.

Alternative forms

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ride

Verb

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ri (imperativeri,present tenserir,simple pastredorrei,past participleridd,present participleriende)

toride (an animal, e.g. a horse)

References

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“ri” inThe Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /riː/

Etymology 1

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FromOld Norsehríð.

Alternative forms

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rid (non-standard since1938)

Noun

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ri f (definite singularria,indefinite pluralrier,definite pluralriene)

Derived terms

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Etymology 2

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FromOld Norseríða, fromProto-Germanic*rīdaną.

Alternative forms

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rida,ride

Verb

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ri (present tenserir,past tenserei,past participleriddorridtorride,present participleridande,imperativeri)

toride(an animal)

Related terms

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reia,reie

References

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“ri” inThe Nynorsk Dictionary.

Anagrams

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Old Javanese

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ri/

Etymology 1

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*duʀi, fromProto-Austronesian*duʀi

Noun

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Alternative forms

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rwi
hri,ĕri

Descendants

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Javanese:ꦫꦶ(ri)

Etymology 2

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Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*di, fromProto-Austronesian*di. CompareMakasarri(ᨑᨗ).

Particle

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prepositional particle

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Descendants

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Javanese:ꦫꦶ(ri)

Portuguese

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Pronunciation

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(Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/[ˈhi]

(Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/[ˈhi]
- (Rio de Janeiro)IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/[ˈχi]

(Portugal)IPA^(key): /ˈʁi/

Rhymes:-i

Verb

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inflection ofrir:

Scottish Gaelic

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Irishfri(“towards, against”), fromOld Irishfri. Cognates includeIrishfré andManxrish.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ɾʲi/
(Lewis)IPA^(key): [ði]

Preposition

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ri (+ dative,no mutation,before the definite articleris)

to,against,with
ris a'ghaoith ―against the wind
up
chaidh iadris anleathad ―they went up the hillside
as (withcho)
Tha Seòras chorighinnriròn. ―George is as toughas nails. (literally, “George is as tough as a seal.”)
Used with a noun or verbal noun to expressup to orinvolved in
Bha a'chlann sinri mì-mhodh. ―Those children were up to no good.
Bha i an urraris an losgadh anns a' Chròthais beagan bhliadhnachan an dèidh cogadh Iugoslabhach. ―She was responsible for the shooting in Croatia a few years after the Yugoslav War.

Usage notes

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In theLewis dialect,ri is used instead ofag ora' before a verbal noun to formpresent participles:
tha miri seinn ―I am singing (As opposed totha mia' seinn, which has the same meaning.)
Followed by aprepositional pronoun takes apassive voice meaning:
Tha na h-eòin tarraingeachrin amharc. ―The birds are attractive to watch. (literally, “The birds are attractive to their watching.”)

Inflection

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Personal inflection ofri
	Person:		simple	emphatic
singular	first		rium	riumsa
	second		riut	riutsa
	third	m	ris	ris-san
	third	f	rithe	rithese

plural	first		rinn	rinne
	second		ribh	ribhse
	third		riutha	riuthasan

Derived terms

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Sumerian

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Romanization

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Romanization of𒊑(ri)

Tocharian A

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Etymology

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FromOld Chinese里(*rɯʔ). Cognate withTocharian Brīye.^[1]

Noun

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city

References

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^
2003, Alexander Lubotsky, Sergey Starostin, “Turkic and Chinese loan words in Tocharian”, in Bauer, Brigitte L.M., Pinault, Georges-Jean, editors,Language in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, pages257-269:

Tunica

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Noun

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Vietnamese

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Pronunciation

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(Hà Nội)IPA^(key): [zi˧˧]
(Huế)IPA^(key): [ʐɪj˧˧]
(Saigon)IPA^(key): [ɹɪj˧˧]

Etymology 1

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Adjective

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ri• (𱓜)

(now chiefly in compounds, of stature)small;miniature

Etymology 2

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Part of ther-series of demonstratives, along withrày,rứa,ru,sao.

Adverb

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ri• (夷,𱓜)

(Central Vietnam)like this
Aoni suri.
This pond is so deep.

Welsh

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Noun

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Soft mutation ofrhi.

Mutation

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Mutated forms ofrhi
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhi	ri	unchanged	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Yoruba

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Etymology 1

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Noun

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rí

The name of theLatin-script letterR/r.

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Yoruboid*lí, cognate withIgalalí.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Verb

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rí

(transitive) tosee, tofind
Bí ojú bárí, ẹnu a dákẹ́. ―One should not say everything theysee.
Moríajá rẹ níjẹrin. ―Isaw your dog three days ago.
Ǹjẹ́ẹ tiríọkọ̀yín? ―Have youfound your car?
(intransitive) tolook like
Báwo l'ó ṣé ńrí? ―What does it usuallylook like?

Synonyms

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Yoruba Varieties and Languages -rí(“tosee”)
view map;edit data
Language Family	Variety Group	Variety/Language	Subdialect	Location	Words
Proto-Itsekiri-SEY	Southeast Yoruba	Ào		Ìdóàní	rí
		Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè)		Ìdànrè (Ùdànè, Ùdànrè)	í
		Ìjẹ̀bú	Ìjẹ̀bú	Ìjẹ̀bú Òde	rí
			Rẹ́mọ	Ẹ̀pẹ́	rí
				Ìkòròdú	rí
				Ṣágámù	rí
		Ìkálẹ̀ (Ùkálẹ̀)		Òkìtìpupa	rí
		Ìlàjẹ (Ùlàjẹ)		Mahin	rí
		Oǹdó		Oǹdó	í
		Usẹn		Usẹn	rí
	Ìtsẹkírì			Ìwẹrẹ	rí
Proto-Yoruba	Central Yoruba	Èkìtì	Èkìtì	Àdó Èkìtì	rí
			Àkúrẹ́	Àkúrẹ́	rí
			Mọ̀bà	Ọ̀tùn Èkìtì	rí
		Ifẹ̀ (Ufẹ̀)		Ilé Ifẹ̀ (Ulé Ufẹ̀)	rí
		Ìjẹ̀ṣà (Ùjẹ̀ṣà)		Iléṣà (Uléṣà)	rí
	Northwest Yoruba	Àwórì		Èbúté Mẹ́tà	rí
		Ẹ̀gbá		Abẹ́òkúta	rí
		Ẹ̀gbádò		Ìjàká	rí
		Èkó		Èkó	rí
		Ìbàdàn		Ìbàdàn	rí
		Ìbàràpá		Igbó Òrà	rí
		Ìbọ̀lọ́		Òṣogbo (Òsogbo)	rí
		Ìgbómìnà		Ìlá Ọ̀ràngún	rí
				Ìfẹ́lódùn LGA	rí
				Ìrẹ́pọ̀dùn LGA	rí
				Ìsin LGA	rí
		Ìlọrin		Ìlọrin	rí
		Oǹkó		Òtù	rí
				Ìwéré Ilé	rí
				Òkèhò	rí
				Ìsẹ́yìn	rí
				Ṣakí	rí
				Tedé	rí
				Ìgbẹ́tì	rí
		Ọ̀yọ́		Ọ̀yọ́	rí
		StandardYorùbá		Nàìjíríà	rí
		StandardYorùbá		Bɛ̀nɛ̀	rí
	Northeast Yoruba/Okun	Ìyàgbà		Ìsánlú Ìtẹ̀dó	rí
	Northeast Yoruba/Okun	Owé		Kabba	rí
	Ede Languages/Southwest Yoruba	Ana		Sokode	rí
		Ǹcà (Ìcà, Ìncà)		Baàtɛ	rí
		Ìdàácà	Benin	Igbó Ìdàácà (Dasa Zunmɛ̀)	rí
		Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí-Ìjè	Ọ̀họ̀rí/Ɔ̀hɔ̀rí/Ìjè	Onigbolo	rí
		Ifɛ̀		Akpáré	rí
				Atakpamɛ	rí
				Boko	rí
				Moretan	rí
				Tchetti (Tsɛti, Cɛti)	rí
		Kura		Awotébi	lí
		Kura		Partago	rí
		Northern Nago		Kambole	í
		Northern Nago		Manigri	í
Note: This amalgamation of terms comes from a number of different academic papers focused on the unique varieties and languages spoken in the Yoruboid dialectal continuum which extends from eastern Togo to southern Nigeria. The terms for spoken varieties, now deemed dialects of Yorùbá in Nigeria (i.e. Southeast Yorùbá, Northwest Yorùbá, Central Yorùbá, and Northeast Yorùbá), have converged with those of Standard Yorùbá leading to the creation of what can be labeled Common Yorùbá (Funṣọ Akere, 1977). It can be assumed that the Standard Yorùbá term can also be used in most Nigerian varieties alongside native terms, especially amongst younger speakers. This does not apply to the other Nigerian Yoruboid languages of Ìṣẹkírì and Olùkùmi, nor the Èdè Languages of Benin and Togo.

Derived terms

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b'ó-ṣe-rí-láòṣègbè(“prima facie”)
jẹ́-k'á-rí-ẹni-náà(“habeas corpus”)
rí i pé(“to find that”)
ríran(“see well, predict the future”)

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ɾí/

Adverb

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rí

already,yet,before
N̄kò ì tí ì ríirí. ―I haven't seen itbefore.
A ti jẹ ìrẹsì yẹnrí. ―We'vealready tried that rice.

Derived terms

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nígbà kan rí(“once upon a time”)

Etymology 4

[edit]

Pronunciation

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(low-tone):IPA^(key): /ɾì/
(mid-tone):IPA^(key): /ɾī/

Verb

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rì

(intransitive) tosink, todrown
(transitive) tosink

Verb

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Alternative form ofrì(“to sink”)used before object nouns

Zazaki

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Etymology

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FromProto-Iranian*rauda-(“appearance”) (with semantic shift "growth, development" > "appearance"), fromProto-Iranian*Hraud-(“to grow (bigger)”), fromProto-Indo-European*h₁lewdʰ-(“to grow”).^[1]^[2]

Cognate withPersianرو(rû,“face”),Northern Kurdishrû(“face”), etc.

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): [ˈɾi]
Hyphenation:ri

Noun

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face

References

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^Edelʹman, D. I. (2020)Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, page402
^Cheung, Johnny (2007)Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, page193

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