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Borrowed fromLatinper andper-.

per-

2. (non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense "through", as inperforate.
4. (non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense "thoroughly", as inperfect.
6. (non-productive) In verbs: denoting the sense "todestruction", as inpervert.
8. (non-productive) In adjectives and adverbs: denoting the sense "extremely", as inperfervid.
10. (chemistry) Forming nouns and adjectives denoting the maximumproportion of oneelement in acompound, as inperoxide.
12. (chemistry) Added to the name of an element in a polyatomic ion to denote the number of atoms of that element (usually four).

• (through):trans-,para-,dia-
• (thoroughly):para-

• (extremely):pellucid,perfervid

Borrowed fromOld Frenchper (modern Frenchpar).

per-

2. (non-productive) Denoting the sense "by" or "per", as inperchance orperhaps.

• EPR,ERP,RPE,Rep,Rep.,pre,pre-,rep

FromLatinper-.

per-

1. used to make superlatives of adjectives and adverbs

   perguapu

   very beautiful

   perblancu

   very white

   perbién

   very well

   perlloñe

   very far

• -ísimu

Back-formation fromper.

• IPA^(key): [per]
• Hyphenation: per

per-

1. denotes that the action expressed by the root becomes a means to attain a goal

   ‎per- + ‎labori(“to work”) → ‎perlabori(“to earn”)

   ‎per- + ‎ludi(“to play”) → ‎perludi(“to win”)

   ‎per- + ‎flati(“to flatter”) → ‎perflati(“to coax”)

FromLatinper-.

• IPA^(key): /pɛʁ/

per-

1. per-

• “per-”, inTrésor de la langue française informatisé[Digitized Treasury of the French Language],2012.

FromLatinper(“through”).^[1]

• IPA^(key): [ˈpɛr]
• Hyphenation:per
• Rhymes:-ɛr

per-

1. (chemistry)per-

Inherited fromMalayper-, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*paʀ. Cognate withTagalogpag-.

• comparable toProto-Austroasiatic*p-,*pC-(“causative prefix”).

• IPA^(key): /pər-/
• Hyphenation:pêr

pêr (non-active/imperative/basicper-,activememper-,passivediper-)

1. causativevoiceimperativemoodintransitiveverb prefix of atransitiveverb

   ‎per- + ‎buat(“to do [something]”) → ‎perbuat(“do [something]”)

2. causativevoiceimperativemoodintransitiveverb prefix of anadjective

   ‎per- + ‎besar(“big”) → ‎perbesar(“make bigger something big”)

3. imperativemoodtransitiveverb of anoun: treat the object as [base], take the object as [base]

   ‎per- + ‎istri(“wife”) → ‎peristri(“take as wife, marry”)

4. nominal patientused to form nouns from verbs conjugated withber-

   ‎per- + ‎ajar(“to teach”) → ‎pelajar(“learner”)

   ‎per- + ‎kerja(“to work”) → ‎pekerja(“worker”)

5. denominator of a fraction

   ‎per- + ‎dua(“two”) → ‎perdua

• When this prefix is combined with the prefixesmeng-,di-,ter-, andke-, the imperative aspect is lost
• pe- is used in word with initial /r/ or word with final /-ər.C-/ in first syllable
  • However, some words that don't have /-ər.C-/ used this suffix inconsistently (per- +desa +-an >pedesaan).
• pel- is only used in the wordsajar andunjur together with their derivatives.
• Verbs with the prefix per- with an adjective stem are classified as causative verbs which cause the object to be ranked higher than its previous state. The difference with verbs with the suffix -kan which are also causative is that verbs with the suffix -kan cause the object to become what is described by the adjective stem.

• “per-” inKamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta:Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

FromProto-Italic*peri-. Related toper(“through”).

per-

1. Used to make adjectives or verbs that are "very" something.

   magnus(“great, large”) →permagnus(“very great, very large”)

   multī(“many”) →permultī(“very many”)

2. Used to form verbs that are intensive or completive, conveying the idea of doing something all the way through or entirely.

• -ior
• -issimus

• (Johor-Riau)
  • (with vowel-initial stem)IPA^(key): [pə.r-]
  • (with consonant-initial stem)IPA^(key): [pə(r)-]
• (Baku)
  • (with vowel-initial stem)IPA^(key): [pə.r-]
  • (with consonant-initial stem)IPA^(key): [pər-]
• Hyphenation:per-

Inherited fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*paʀ. Cognate withTagalogpag-.

• comparable toProto-Austroasiatic*p-,*pC-(“causative prefix”).

per- (Jawi spellingڤر-,formal activememper-,3rd person passivediper-)

1. (with nouns)Gives a meaning of using something or someone as the base word.

   ‎per- + ‎alat(“tool”) → ‎peralat(“to use as a tool”)

2. Combines withsuami oristeri to give a meaning of making someone become the base word.

   ‎per- + ‎suami(“husband”) → ‎persuami(“to take someone as one's husband”)

3. (with adjectives)Gives a meaning of making something become more of the base word.

   ‎per- + ‎besar(“big”) → ‎perbesar(“to make something bigger”)

4. Combines with the function wordoleh to take a meaning of "to get" or "to acquire".

   ‎per- + ‎oleh(“big”) → ‎peroleh(“to acquire”)

5. Forms theagent noun of some verbs that that take theber- prefix.

   ‎per- + ‎buru (berburu)(“to hunt”) → ‎perburu(“hunter”)

• With words with initial /r/ and with the wordkerja, the prefix is used in the formpe- so that:

  ‎per- + ‎ramai(“many”) → ‎peramai(“to attack in a group”)

  ‎per- + ‎kerja(“work”) → ‎pekerja(“worker”)

• As an exception, with the wordajar, the prefix is used in the formpel- so that:

  ‎per- + ‎ajar(“teach”) → ‎pelajar(“student”)

• Causative verbs with the prefixper- with an adjective stem differ from their counterparts with the suffixes-kan and-i in that the former verb takes the meaning of 'making something become greater in its quality of the stem adjective' while the latter verbs take the meaning of 'making something acquire the quality of the stem adjective'. Using the adjectivebaik(“good”) as an example, we get:

  ‎per- + ‎baik → ‎perbaik(“to improve”)

  ‎baik +‎-kan →‎baikkan(“to fix”)

  ‎baik +‎-i →‎baiki(“to fix”)

• Althoughproscribed by theDBP, this prefix is often used alongside the-kan suffix to give abenefactive meaning so that a word likeperbaik(“to improve”) would often be used in the formperbaikkan instead.

• Indonesian:per-

FromProto-Austronesian*paR-(“divide into x (x = numeral)”).

per- (Jawi spellingڤر-,alternative formper)

1. Divided by.

   ‎per- + ‎tiga(“three”) → ‎pertiga(“divided by three”)

   satupertiga ―onedivided by three

• Indonesian:per-

• Nik Safiah Karim, Abdul Hamid Mahmood, Farid M. Onn, Hashim Haji Musa (2015) “7.3.2.1 (v) Awalan mempeR-”, inTatabahasa Dewan‎^[1] (in Malay), pages179–181

• “per-” inPusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur:Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*paR-₂”, in the CLDF dataset fromThe Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–),→DOI

per-

1. per-

• “per-”, inDiccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8,Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish:Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10

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