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proximal, later copular demonstrative pronoun
This demonstrative is a pronoun, and so does not directly modify nouns. In Middle Egyptian it becomes used as a demonstrative for plural nouns in place of the old adjectivesjpw andjptw and comes to serve as a pluraldefinite article. When used in this way, it precedes the noun, with the genitival adjectiven(j) in between, e.g. "these feet" isnw n(j) rdw (literally "this of feet").
In Old Egyptian it forms a contrastive pair with the demonstrative pronounnf, in whichnw isproximal.
| determiners | pronouns1 | adverbs | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | dual | plural | unmarked | |||||
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| proximal to speaker | pn | tn | *jpnj | jptnj,jptntj | jpn | jptn | nn | — |
| distal | pf | tf | *jpfj | *jptfj,*jptftj | jpf | jptf | nf | — |
| proximal to spoken of | pj,pw,p | tj,tw | jpwj | jptwj,jptwtj | jpw | jptw,jptwt | nw | — |
| vocative | pꜣ | tꜣ | — | — | — | — | nꜣ | ꜥꜣ |
1 Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
| determiners and pronouns | adverbs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural1 | |||
| masculine | feminine | |||
| proximal | pn | tn | nn | ꜥn |
| distal | pf,pfꜣ | tf,tfꜣ | nf,nfꜣ | ꜥf |
| ‘copula’ and vocative | pw,pwy | tw,twy | nw | — |
| anaphoric | pꜣ | tꜣ | nꜣ | ꜥꜣ |
1 Joined byn(j) to nouns they modify.
| masculine | feminine | plural | adverb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronoun | pꜣw | dj | |||
| determiners and pronouns | pꜣj | tꜣj | nꜣj | ||
| possessive determiners1 | pꜣy | tꜣy | nꜣy | ||
| relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) | p-n,pꜣ | t-nt,tꜣ | nꜣyw,nꜣ | ||
| definite articles | pꜣ | tꜣ | nꜣ2 | ||
| indefinite articles | wꜥ2 | nhꜣy2 | |||
1 Used with suffix pronouns.
2 Originally joined byn(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
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nw (upper caseNw)
FromProto-Berber*ănwəʔ.
CompareCentral Atlas Tamazightⵏⵡ(nw,“to be cooked”),Tashelhitnw(“to be cooked”),Kabyleeww(“to be cooked”),Northern Saharan Berbereww(“to be cooked”),Tuaregăŋwu,ǝŋwu(“to become ripe”).
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nw (Tifinagh spellingⵏⵡ)
This verb needs aninflection-table template.
Inherited fromProto-Berber*ănwəʔ.
CompareGhomaranu(“to be cooked, to be ripe”),Central Atlas Tamazightⵏⵡ(nw,“to be cooked”),Tarifitnw(“to be cooked”),Kabyleeww(“to be cooked”),Northern Saharan Berbereww(“to be cooked”),Tuaregăŋwu,ǝŋwu(“to become ripe”).
nw (intensive aoristnggʷaornwwa,verbal nountinwi,Tifinagh spellingⵏⵡ,Arabic spellingنو)
