Saytun Qhuraan kee kay maqnah tarjamaty Qafar afal tani [The clear Qur'an and its explanation translated into the Afar language][2], Suurat Al-Faatica, verse 5:
E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) “ni”, inAn Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London,→ISBN
Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015)L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[3], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
^Orel, Vladimir E. (2000)A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language: reconstruction of Proto-Albanian[1], Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill,→ISBN, page206
Chiefly used at least twice in the same sentence the same wayneither andnor would be used in an English sentence, such asni riche, ni pauvre(“neither rich nor poor”).
Conklin, Harold C. (1953)Hanunóo-English Vocabulary (University of California Publications in Linguistics), volume 9, London, England: University of California Press,→OCLC,page198
ni inBárczi, Géza andLászló Országh.A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.:ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN
1937, V. A. Tetjurev, translated by N. I. Molotsova,Loonnontiito (ensimäin osa): oppikirja alkușkoulun kolmatta klaassaa vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-Pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 6:
Jot saavva tiitä mitä ono pintamaas,ni pittää tehä mokomat oopьtat.
In order to get to know what is in the topsoil, (that's why) it's important to perform such experiments.
not, that not,unless; likene in imperative and intentional clauses
Ni quid tibi hinc in spem referas. ―Takenot whatsoever hope hence.
Vinum aliudve quidni laudato. ―Idon't praise wine or anything else.
Numa constituit, ut pisces, qui squamosi non essent,ni pollucerent ...ni qui ad polluctum emerent. ―[The Roman king] Numa ordained that scaleless fish beneither offered [to the gods] ...nor bought for offering.
Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
The verb in Navajo incorporates information about person, and many sentences may thus not have explicit independent pronouns. For instance:
Hooghandi naniná.
Ni éí hooghandi naniná.
Both sentences are grammatically complete, and mean essentially the same thing:you are at home. The verbnaniná is in the second-person form, so the pronoun can be safely omitted, as in the first sentence. This is similar to pronoun dropping in other languages where the verb specifies person, such as Spanish. Meanwhile, the explicit use ofni in the second sentence emphasizes that the speaker is talking aboutyou. This can be thought of as roughly equivalent to the use of emphasis in English: while the first sentence comes across asyou're at home, the second one is more likeyou, you're at home.
transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock,Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66 : /niː/
Margaret Manning, Naomi Saggers,A Tentative Phonemic Analysis of Ningil (SIL), inPhonologies of five Austronesian languages (Richard Loving, John M. Clifton; 1975) : /ni/
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Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “ni”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[8], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “ni”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[9], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “ni”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[10], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “ni”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[11], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Aleksander Saloni (1899) “ni”, in “Lud wiejski w okolicy Przeworska”, in M. Arct, E. Lubowski, editors,Wisła : miesięcznik gieograficzno-etnograficzny (in Polish), volume13, Warsaw: Artur Gruszecki, page241
2022,Muungano wa Tanganyika na Zanzibar: Chimbuko, Misingi na Maendeleo, Serikali ya Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania,→ISBN:
Lengo la Mwalimu Nyerere kujiuzulu nafasi hiyo lilikuwani pamoja na kukiimarisha chama cha TANU kuweza kuyakabili vizuri majukumu ya uhuru.
Mwalimu Nyerere's goal when he resigned from that position wasnothing but to strengthen the TANU party to be able to effectively face the responsibilities of independence.
Since 1661, throughrebracketing of the 2nd plural verb suffix-(e)n and the older pronounI ("ye"), e.g.vissten I >vissteni (“did you know”). CompareIcelandicþér andþið which developed similarly.
Bothni ander are second person plural forms, but can also be used as formal second person singular, as in the GermanSie or Frenchvous. It may sometimes also be capitalized (Ni,Er). The courteous "ni" was introduced in Swedish around the year 1900 as an alternative to the more complicated pattern of addressing others in the third person singular by their appropriate titles. This required knowledge of social status, occupation, educations, etc. with terms likefru(“Mrs.”) orfröken(“Ms.”),greve(“count”),kamrer(“accountant”),kandidat(“bachelor's degree holder”), etc. However this "ni-reform" was not well liked and when authority came to use the wordni to their subordinates the word got a condescending undertone. Interestingly enough the olderI, from whichni was originally formed, was used alongsideni all along (and is still in use in some dialects) but never got the condescending undertone thatni got. This was all phased out gradually during the 1960s and 1970s in the so-calleddu-reformen, (“the you-reform”). In contemporary Swedish,du is universal and may be used to address anyone, regardless of differences in social status or age.
Ni is used occasionally by younger speakers to address customers in order to be formal and polite. However this is often seen as being overly formal and too contrived, even condescending and insulting, especially by older speakers. Formality and politeness in modern Swedish is not conveyed through specific grammatical forms, but primarily done through indirectness, manners of speaking or various other behaviors.
1 Originally can only follow a nominal (being used attributively), hencenơi này(“this place; here”),nơi nào(“where”) (no longer completely true in the modern language). 2 Can be used on its own/is itself nominal, henceđây(“here”),đâu(“where”). 3 From earlier*C-raːw (where *C is nonspecific consonant). 4 Placed before the head:bâynhiêu(“this much”),bấynhiêu(“that much”),bao nhiêu(“how much”). 5 Placed after the head:nhanh vầy(“this fast”),nhanh vậy(“that fast/so fast”).
6 Originally, these demonstratives might have been used to assert that something isvisible and/orverifiable. They have been bleached quite thoroughly and currently are usually used like other distal demonstratives. The biggest trace of their evidentiality might be in their usage as final particles, often in reduced formscơ/cờ:[t]ừ đấy về tới Hà Nội, còn những ba cái cầu nữacơ mà! ("From there to Hanoi, there're still three more bridges to cross!") (Ba ngày luân lạc, 1943).
Triggers mixed mutation (i.e.aspirate ofp,t,c andsoft of remaining mutatable letters) of a following consonant.
The formnid is used before a vowel. When the following consonant isg, which disappears under soft mutation, the formni remains, thusni +gwn becomesniwn, not *nidwn.
In literary registers,dim(“anything”) may be added (asddim, withsoft mutation) for emphasis, soni chlywais i ddim may mean either “I did not hear anything” or simply “I did not hear”. In the colloquial language,ni is omitted but the mixed mutation remains, givingchlywais i ddim (“I didn't hear”).[1]
transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock,Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66 : /niː/
A Tentative Phonemic Statement in Yil in West Sepik Province, inPhonologies of five Austronesian languages (Richard Loving, John M. Clifton; 1975) : /ni/
This verb cannot be used with regular subject pronouns such asmo oró, and emphatic subject pronouns must be used in their place. This verb is also often used in a flipped structure where the quality or identification becomes the grammatical subject of the verb while an object pronoun is used for the actual subject of the sentence.
Òunni ọ̀rẹ́ mi. –He is my friend. (uses the emphatic pronounòun instead ofó)
Ṣé ọmọ Yorùbáni yín? –Are you Yoruba? (Ọmọ Yorùbá becomes the subject ofni while "you" becomes the object pronounyín)
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