n-

1. (SI prefix)Abbreviation ofEnglishnano-

Abbreviation ofnumber.Borrowed fromGermann-.

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛn-/,/ˌɛn-/

n-

1. (mathematics, sciences, logic)Indicating anarbitrary number ofelements.

• Italicised in formal use.
• May be used in place of a numeral (e.g.n-simplex, from5-simplex,6-simplex etc.) or aGreco-Latin prefix (e.g.n-hedron, fromtetrahedron,octahedron etc.).

Abbreviation ofnormal.

• IPA^(key): /ˌɛn-/

n-

1. (organic chemistry) Thenormal-form of afunctional group (ormolecule), being the long-chain form (the unbranched chain).

   Coordinate terms:(secondary form)s-,(tertiary form)t-

• Italicised in formal use.

• n-butyl-

• N-
• iso-(isomeric form)
• cyclo-(cyclic form)

• n'

Related tonia(“I, me”).

n-

1. (prefixed to nouns, used before consonants)my
2. (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants)I
3. (prefixed to verbs, used before consonants)I(exclusive we)

• nd-(used before vowels)

Comparenen(“you”), from*ŋʸən

n-

1. marks a second person singular possessor;you

   ‎n- + ‎-taʼ(“father”) → ‎ntaʼ(“your father”)

2. marks a second person singular object of a postposition

   ‎n- + ‎-kʼe(“on”) → ‎nkʼe(“on you”)

• Kari, James (1990),Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center,→ISBN, page35

CompareNavajoni-(round object).

n-

1. A qualifier suffix with a number of meanings:
   2. Marks then-gender containing roundish or rope-like objects and liquids
   3. Appears in compound nouns that are rounded or rope-like
   4. assume aposition
   5. flying
   6. following
   7. Appears in many verbs with no clear function

• When used as a gender prefix, appears on verbs to mark agreement withn-gender nouns.
• Appears asne- before a consonant

• d-

• Kari, James (1990),Ahtna Athabaskan Dictionary, Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center,→ISBN, pages285-86

• ën- —Buzuku
• m- —before labials

FromProto-Indo-European*h₁én(“in”).^[1][2]

n-

1. intensive prefix.on,to,at

n-

1. alternative form ofãn-

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-(“Class 9 & 10 noun prefix”).

n-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.
2. Class 10 noun prefix.

• Reverend E. Hoch (1998),Bemba - English/English - Bemba‎^[2], Hippocrene Books, pages212-213

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-

n-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.
2. Class 10 noun prefix.

• Yuko Abe (2006),A Bende Vocabulary‎^[3], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page v

• na-

FromProto-Oceanic*na.

n-

1. The noun article. Added to nouns and verb stems to affirm nominal use. Has an element of definiteness. Also used in derivation.

This form used before vowels. Before consonants, the formna- is used.

• Big Nambas Grammar Pacific Linguistics - G.J. Fox

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-

n-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.
2. Class 10 noun prefix.

Variant ofni- before vowels

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-(“Class 9 & 10 noun prefix”).

n-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.
2. Class 10 noun prefix.

• Joseph Mwalonya, Alison Nicolle, Steve Nicolle, Juma Zimbu,Mgombato. Digo-English-Swahili Dictionary (2005), page 208

FromMiddle Dutchne,en, fromOld Dutchne, fromProto-Germanic*ne.

n-

1. Used to negate the pronoun or adverb which follows it, yielding the same part of speech

1. forms intransitive or reflexive verbs from existing verbs

1. alternative form ofm-(noun-forming prefix)before labial consonants

• Satzinger, Helmut (2017) “A Lexicon of Egyptian Lexical Roots (Project)” inQuaderni di Vicino Oriente, volume 12, pages 213–223

• IPA^(key): /n/

n- (adverbial)

1. (before a vowel)alternative form ofin

   A-gn-ò dimándi. ―I have a lot (of them).

Abbreviation ofnormale.

• IPA^(key): /ɛn/

n-

1. (organic chemistry)n-;(normal-form)

• ni-

n-

1. I(used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

FromArabicنَ(na,first-person plural imperfect prefix). The use also for the first-person singular is found in Maghrebi Arabic dialects.

• na-,ne-,ni-,no-(depending on syllable structure)

n-

1. First-person prefix in the imperfect conjugation

   ‎n- + ‎kiteb(“he wrote”) → ‎nikteb(“I write”)

n-

1. alternative form ofil-

• Used after a vowel and before the lettern. For details on usage, see the main lemma.

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-(“Class 9 & 10 noun prefix”).

n-

1. Class 9 noun prefix
2. Class 10 noun prefix

• R.C.Wynne (1980),English-Mbukushu Dictionary‎^[4], Avebury Publishing Company Limited, page xviii

n-

1. marks a second person singular direct object.

• ni-(second person singular subject)

• m-,l-(from assimilation to following consonants)

Inherited fromLatinin-.

n-

1. in

n-

1. alternative form ofni-

n- appears before stems that begin with the vowels oo and ii.

n- (class A infixed pronoun)

1. us

n- (class B & C infixed pronoun)

1. alternative form ofd-

Ultimately fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*maN-. CompareJavanesenge-.

n-

1. active verb-forming prefix

   ‎n- + ‎aji(“scripture”) → ‎ngaji(“to read the Quran”)

   ‎n- + ‎bor(“drill”) → ‎ngebor(“to drill”)

   ‎n- + ‎carita(“story”) → ‎nyarita(“to tell a story”)

   ‎n- + ‎dangu(“to hear”) → ‎ngadangu(“to hear”)

   ‎n- + ‎galeuh(“liver; heart; to buy”) → ‎ngagaleuh(“to buy”)

   ‎n- + ‎haleuang(“melody”) → ‎ngahaleuang(“to sing in a loud manner”)

   ‎n- + ‎inum(“to drink”) → ‎nginum(“to drink”)

   ‎n- + ‎jungjung(“to carry on the head”) → ‎ngajungjung(“to carry on the head; to hold high regards”)

   ‎n- + ‎kidul(“south”) → ‎ngidul(“to go southward”)

   ‎n- + ‎layung(“afterglow”) → ‎ngalayung(“to go out/do activities in the afternoon”)

   ‎n- + ‎mumulé(“to nurse; take care”) → ‎ngamumulé(“to nurse; to take care”)

   ‎n- + ‎nuhun(“thanks”) → ‎nganuhunkeun(“to give thanks”)

   ‎n- + ‎peunteun(“grade, mark”) → ‎meunteun(“to grade”)

   ‎n- + ‎sangu(“rice”) → ‎nyangu(“to cook rice”)

   ‎n- + ‎ubar(“medicine”) → ‎ngubaran(“to cure”)

2. adjective-forming prefix

   ‎n- + ‎kedul(“lazy”) → ‎ngedul(“lazy”)

   ‎n- + ‎perenah(“related; place”) → ‎merenah(“appropriate”)

N- behaves differently depending upon the initial phoneme of the root it is applied to.

• initial consonantsp (in some casesb) turns it intom-
• initial consonantst turns it inton-
• initial consonantsk,w, and vowel-initial roots turns it intong-
• initial consonantsb,d,g,h,j,l,m,n,w,y turns it intonga-
• initial consonantsc,s turns it intony-
• one syllable word turns it intonge-

• "n-" inMaman Sumantri; Atjep Djamaludin; Achmad Patoni; R.H. Moch. Koerdie; M.O. Koesman; Epa Sjafei Adisastra. (1985),Kamus Sunda-Indonesia [Sundanese-Indonesian Dictionary] (in Indonesian), Jakarta:Agency for Language Development and Cultivation –Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-.

• (before a vowel)ny-
• (before labial consonants)m-

n- (pluraln-)

1. n class_(IX/X) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denotinganimals and miscellaneous nouns as well as their plurals, and plurals of someu class_(XI) nouns

   nguonzuri ―a nice piece of cloth/nice clothes

   ‎ulimi(“tongue”) → ‎ndimi(“tongues”)

Foreign borrowings that cannot fit other classes morphologically usually behave asn class_(IX), but do not take this prefix.

Except for nouns where the stem is of one syllable,n can only be followed byg,d,j,y, andz in Swahili. As a result of this, when the stem starts with a vowel,n- changes tony-, when it starts with ab orv it changes tom-, and *nw-, *nl-, and *nr- becomesmb-,nd-, andnd- respectively. In front of any stems where these rules cannot be applied, it disappears.

• Appendix:Swahili noun classes

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-.

• n'-

n-

1. (Kimvita, colloquial)alternative form ofni-
   • 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla,Duniani kuna watu, page 5:

     "Na kwa ninin'sirejee," aliuliza mzee.

     "And why wouldn'tI go back [to it]?" the old man asked.

   • 2022, Timothy Theodosy Chelula,Instagram‎^[5]:

     Kuna sikunlikua na drive huu wimbo ukaenda hewaninkajikuta natokwa machozi 🥲nansijue wanachoimba .

     One dayI was driving, this song went on air, andI found myself in tears 🥲 andI didn't know what they were singing.

• (before /β/, /m/, /h/ or /p/)m-
• (before a vowel)ny-

FromProto-Bantu*ǹ-.

• IPA^(key): /n̩-/,(after /ɡ/ or /k/)[ŋ̩-],(after a vowel)/n-/

n-

1. I,1st person singular subject concord

   ‎n- + ‎-kora(“to do”) → ‎nkora(“I do”)

2. positive imperative form of-n-(“me; 1st person singular object concord”)

   ‎n- + ‎-ha(“to give”) → ‎mpa(“give me”)

• Kaji, Shigeki (2007),A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[6], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA),→ISBN, page413

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-

n-

1. Class 9 noun prefix.
2. Class 10 noun prefix.

n-

1. I,me,my. (Forms the first person.)

   ‎n-(“I”) + ‎-t-(masculine personal) + ‎-àpi(“be here”) → ‎ntàpi(“I am here”)

FromProto-Athabaskan. Cognate withNavajoni-,Ahtnane-.

n-

1. Marks a second person singular verbal subject.

   kʼenłit (kʼe-n-łit)

   you burn it

• Begay, Kayla Rae (2017),Wailaki Grammar, University of California, Berkeley, page166

Inherited fromProto-Bantu*ǹ-(“1st person subject concord”).

n-

1. Class 1 subject concord, especially before consonants.

• Rev. Alexander Hetherwick, M.A., F.R.G.S. (1902),A Handbook of the Yao Language‎^[7], Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, page32
• Meredith Sanderson, M.R.C.S., F.R.G.S., F.R.A.I. (1922),A Yao Grammar‎^[8], Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, page36

Cognate to prefixes analyzed as object nominalizers, switching nominalized forms from nouns of action to nouns referring to the patient argument. The Caura River form has a rather different scope of use.

• IPA^(key): [ŋ-]

n-

1. Marks that (person markers on) a derivation from a transitive verb refer to the agent argument of the verb rather than the patient argument; used with verbs adverbialized with-e or nominalized with-dü or-'jüdü.

This prefix comes between the person marker and the verb stem.

• ni-(allomorph before a consonant)

• IPA^(key): [ŋ-]

n-

1. Marks a nonderived transitive verb as having a third-person agent/subject and patient/object.
2. Marks a nonderived intransitive verb with agent-like or patient-like argument as having a third-person argument/subject.

The formn- is used with stems that start with a vowel;ni- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized.

This person marker is used with all types of verbs when marked with originally nonderived tense/aspect/mood markers, excepting only the admonitive-'no and prohibitive-i negative command suffixes and the uncertain future marker-tai, which require the transcategorical third person markery-, and the distant past markers, which require the distance-specific person morphemekün-.

Though in all other circumstances Ye'kwana third-person prefixes also cover the first person dual exclusive, this prefix is not used when the patient of a transitive verb is first-person-dual-exclusive.

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011), “n-”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[9], Lyon, pages152, 182–184, 190–191, 200, 202–203

FromProto-Bantu*n-.

n-

1. Class 9 simple noun prefix.

The variant formm- is used before stems beginning with a labial consonant (b,f,m,p,v).

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