Movatterモバイル変換

Usually, this prefix takes the form/ma/,/mi/,/mu/, followed by a velar or coronal plosive, followed by any vowel, followed by a liquid. For example:mozkor(“drunk”),mutur(“snout, end”),makur(“crooked”).

References

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“m-” inEtymological Dictionary of Basque byR. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk

Egyptian

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Etymology

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FromProto-Afroasiatic*m-(nominal prefix).^[1]

Pronunciation

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(reconstructed)IPA^(key):/ma-/, /mi-/, /mV-/

(Old Egyptian, c. 2500BCE)IPA^(key):/ma-/, /mi-/, /mV-/
where V represents an unknown short vowel.

(modern Egyptological)IPA^(key): /mɛ/
- Conventional anglicization:me-

Prefix

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forms masculine abstract nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure/ˈmiCCiC/
forms agent nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure/ˈmaCCaC/ or/mVCˈCiCVw/ if masculine and/maCˈCaːCit/ or/mVCˈCiCwVt/ if feminine
forms instrumental nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure/ˈmaCCaC/ or/mVCˈCiCVw/ if masculine and/maCˈCaːCit/ or/mVCˈCiCwVt/ if feminine
forms passive nouns from verbs, with the resulting root structure/miˈCuːCiC/ if masculine and/miˈCuCCit/ if feminine
forms nouns from other nouns with no apparent change in meaning, with the resulting root structure unchanged but for the addition of/ma-/ and the loss of final-w in masculine nouns
formsnomina loci from verbs and nouns

Alternative forms

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If followed by a labial consonant, this prefix dissimilated ton- in prehistoric times.

Derived terms

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Egyptian terms prefixed with m-

References

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Gundacker, Roman (2011) “On the Etymology of the Egyptian Crown Namemrsw.t*: An “Irregular” Subgroup ofm-Prefix Formations” inLingua Aegyptia, volume 19, page 41–44

^Loprieno, Antonio (1995)Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,page 1

Kamba

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Alternative forms

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Prefix

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youplural(used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Northern Ndebele

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Prefix

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him,her,it;class 1 object concord; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Old Irish

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Prefix

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m- (class A infixed pronoun,triggers lenition)

Derived terms

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Old Irish terms prefixed with m-

Old Irish affixed pronouns
SeeAppendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used. Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
person	infixed	suffixed
class A	class B	class C
1sg	m-^L	dom-^L,dam-^L	-um
2sg	t-^L	dot-^L,dat-^L,dut-^L,dit-^L	-ut
3sg m	a-^N,e-^N	d-^N	id-^N,did-^N,d-^N	-i,-it
3sg f	s-^(N)	da-	-us
3sg n	a-^L,e-^L	d-^L	id-^L,did-^L,d-^L	-i,-it
1pl	n-	don-,dun-,dan-	-unn
2pl	b-	dob-,dub-,dab-	-uib
3pl	s-^(N)	da-	-us

Southern Ndebele

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Prefix

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him,her,it;class 1 object concord; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Swahili

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Alternative forms

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(etymologies 1 to 4)mu-,mw-
(etymology 5)n-,ny-

Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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m- (pluralwa-)

m class_(I) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting mostlypeople
mtotomzuri ―a nice child
mnyamamnono ―a fat animal
1. Forms the name of somebody who does something, has a certain characteristic, or is from a certain place.
  ‎m- + ‎Kenya → ‎Mkenya(“person from Kenya”)
  ‎m- + ‎zee(“old”) → ‎mzee(“old person”)

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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m- (pluralmi-)

m class_(III) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, denoting mostlyplants andinanimate natural things
mtimrefu ―a tall tree
mfanomzuri ―a nice example
1. Forms the name of a plant from its fruit.
  ‎m- + ‎chungwa(“orange”) → ‎mchungwa(“orange tree”)
u class_(XI) adjective agreement prefix
ulimimrefu ―a long tongue

Etymology 3

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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you,2nd person plural subject concord
Antonym:ham-
verb-initial form of-m-(“her, him; 3rd person singular (m class_(I)) object concord”)

**Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class_(I/II))**
	person	independent	subject concord	object concord	combined forms	possessive
affirmative	negative	na	ndi-	si-
singular	first	mimi	ni-	si-	-ni-	nami, namimi	ndimi,ndiye	simi,siye	-angu
second	wewe	u-	hu-	-ku-	nawe, nawewe	ndiwe,ndiye	siwe,siye	-ako
third	yeye	a-,yu-	ha-,hayu-	-m-,-mw-,-mu-	naye, nayeye	ndiye	siye	-ake
plural	first	sisi	tu-	hatu-	-tu-	nasi, nasisi	ndisi,ndio	sio	-etu
second	ninyi	m-,mw-,mu-	ham-,hamw-,hamu-	-wa-	nanyi, naninyi	ndinyi,ndio	sinyi,sio	-enu
third	wao	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	nao	ndio	sio	-ao
reflexive	—	—	-ji-	—	—
For a full table including other classes, seeAppendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Etymology 4

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ́-.

Prefix

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therein,mu class_(XVIII) subject concord
Antonym:ham-

**Swahili verbal concords (third person)**
class	subject concord	object concord	relative
affirmative	negative
m_(I)	a-,yu-	ha-,hayu-	-m-,-mw-,-mu-	-ye
wa_(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m_(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi_(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji_(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma_(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki_(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi_(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n_(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n_(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u_(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku_(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa_(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu_(XVIII)	m-,mw-,mu-	ham-,hamw-,hamu-	-mu-	-mo

Etymology 5

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FromProto-Bantu*ǹ-, labialized before labial consonants.

Prefix

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m- (pluralm-)

n class_(IX/X) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix, including for plurals of someu class_(XI) nouns, used before labial consonants
mvuambaya ―bad rain
‎ubavu(“rib, side”) → ‎mbavu(“ribs, sides”)

Swazi

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Prefix

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him,her,it;class 1 object concord; form ofmu- used before stems of more than one syllable.

Xhosa

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Etymology

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FromProto-Bantu*mʊ̀-.

Prefix

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him,her,it;class 1 object concord.

Ye'kwana

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Alternative forms

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mi-(allomorph before a consonant)

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [m-]

Prefix

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Marks a transitive verb as having a second-person agent/subject.
Marks an intransitive verb with agent-like argument as having a second-person argument/subject.

Usage notes

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The formm- is used with stems that start with a vowel;mi- is used with those that start with a consonant, in which case the initial consonant is also palatalized. In practice, since all intransitive verbs to which this prefix can attach start with a vowel,mi- only appears on certain transitive verbs.

Inflection

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Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-,∅-,ü-,u-¹						w-,wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-								k-,kii-,ki-¹
second person	amödö	ö-,öy-/ödh-,o-,oy-/odh-,a-,ay-/adh-							m-,mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-,ch-,∅-,i-¹			chö-	∅-	n-,ni-
third person	tüwü	y-/dh-,ch-,∅-,i-¹			chö-	n-,ni-	n-,ni-
distant past third person	tüwü	—				kün-,kun-,kin-,ken-,küm-,kum-,kim-,kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-,tü-,tu-,ti-,te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-,man-,mon-,möm-,möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person	mön-,man-,mon-,möm-,möni-
second person > first person	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above