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ler (first-person singular presentleo,first-person singular preteritelín,past participlelido)
ler (first-person singular presentleio,first-person singular preteritelimorli,past participlelido,reintegrationist norm)

toread

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofler (irregular)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el /ela /Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles /elas /Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	leren
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leo	les	le	lemos	ledes	len
Imperfect	lía	lías	lía	liamos	liades	lían
Preterite	lín	liches	leu	lin	lestes	leron
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	leramos	lerades	leran
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	leredes	lerán
Conditional	lería	lerías	lería	leriamos	leriades	lerían
Subjunctive
Present	lea	leas	lea	leamos	leades	lean
Imperfect	lese	leses	lese	lésemos	lésedes	lesen
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	leren
Imperative
Affirmative		le	lea	leamos	lede	lean
Negative (non)		non leas	non lea	non leamos	non leades	non lean

Reintegrated conjugation ofler (irregular) (SeeAppendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti /tu)	Third-person (ele /ela /você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles /elas /vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leio,leo¹	lês	lê	lemos	ledes	lem,leem
Imperfect	lia	lias	lia	líamos	líades,líeis,líais¹	liam
Preterite	lim,li	leste,leche¹	leu	lemos	lestes	lêrom,leram
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	lêramos	lêrades,lêreis,lêrais¹	leram
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	leredes,lereis	lerám,lerão
Conditional	leria	lerias	leria	leríamos	leríades,leríeis,leríais¹	leriam
Subjunctive
Present	leia,lea¹	leias,leas¹	leia,lea¹	leiamos,leamos¹	leiades,leiais,leades¹	leiam,leam¹
Imperfect	lesse	lesses	lesse	lêssemos	lêssedes,lêsseis	lessem
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Imperative
Affirmative		lê	leia,lea¹	leiamos,leamos¹	lede	leiam,leam¹
Negative (nom)		nom leias,nom leas¹	nom leia,nom lea¹	nom leiamos,nom leamos¹	nom leiades,nom leiais,nom leades¹	nom leiam,nom leam¹

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

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References

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Ernesto Xosé González Seoane,María Álvarez de la Granja,Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “leer”, inDicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “leer”, inCorpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ler”, inDicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández,Ernesto Xosé González Seoane,María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ler”, inTesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ler”, inTesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega,→ISSN

Japanese

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Etymology

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium. Particularly: “whencer?”)

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ɾa̠ː]

Suffix

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ler(ラー)• (-rā)

Alternative form ofer(ā)

Derived terms

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Japanese terms suffixed with ler

Mirandese

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ler

toread

Norwegian Bokmål

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /leːr/
Rhymes:-eːr

Verb

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ler

present ofle

Norwegian Nynorsk

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Verb

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ler

present ofle

Old Galician-Portuguese

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Alternative forms

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lez(likely a misspelling)

Etymology

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Unknown. Likely fromProto-Celtic*liros.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/

Noun

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ler m (plurallers)

sea,beach,shore
- 13th century,Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol,B 645:Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)
  Foy eu madre veer / As barcas eno lez (sic) / E moirome damor
  I went, mother, to see / the boats at the shore, / and I'm dying of love.

Usage notes

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Donot confuse withleer(“to read”).

Old Irish

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Etymology

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FromProto-Celtic*liros, either borrowed from an unknownsubstrate language or fromProto-Indo-European*leyH-.^[1] Cognate withWelshllŷr.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈl͈ʲer/

Noun

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ler m or n (genitivelir)

(masculine)sea,ocean
(neuter) alot,multitude,large number

Inflection

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As a masculine noun meaning "sea, ocean":

Masculine o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ler	ler^L	lir^L
vocative	lir	ler^L	liru^H
accusative	ler^N	ler^L	liru^H
genitive	lir^L	ler	ler^N
dative	liur^L	leraib	leraib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

As a neuter noun meaning "a lot, large number, multitude":

Neuter o-stem
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ler^N	ler^N	ler^L,lera
vocative	ler^N	ler^N	ler^L,lera
accusative	ler^N	ler^N	ler^L,lera
genitive	lir^L	ler	ler^N
dative	liur^L	leraib	leraib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

^H = triggers aspiration
^L = triggers lenition
^N = triggers nasalization

Descendants

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Irish:lear
Scottish Gaelic:lear

Mutation

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Mutation ofler
radical	lenition	nasalization
ler alsoller after a proclitic ending in a vowel	ler pronounced with/l(ʲ)-/	unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

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^Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*liro-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden:Brill,→ISBN,page241

Portuguese

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Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Galician-Portugueseleer, fromLatinlegere(“to read”). CompareGalicianler andSpanishleer.

Pronunciation

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(Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/[ˈle(h)]

(Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/[ˈle(h)]
- (São Paulo)IPA^(key): /ˈle(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro)IPA^(key): /ˈle(ʁ)/[ˈle(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈle(ɻ)/

(Portugal)IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/

(Portugal)IPA^(key): /ˈleɾ/
- (Southern Portugal)IPA^(key): /ˈle.ɾi/

Homophone:lê(Brazil)
Hyphenation:ler

Verb

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ler (first-person singular presentleio,first-person singular preteriteli,past participlelido)

toread(to look at and interpret written information)
toread(to speak aloud written information)
(computing) toread(to fetch data from)
(reflexive, of text) toread(to be interpreted or read in a particular way)

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofler (irregular) (SeeAppendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele /ela /você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles /elas /vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ler
Personal	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Gerund
	lendo
Past participle
Masculine	lido			lidos
Feminine	lida			lidas
Indicative
Present	leio	lês	lê	lemos	ledes	leem,lêem¹
Imperfect	lia	lias	lia	líamos	líeis	liam
Preterite	li	leste	leu	lemos	lestes	leram
Pluperfect	lera	leras	lera	lêramos	lêreis	leram
Future	lerei	lerás	lerá	leremos	lereis	lerão
Conditional	leria	lerias	leria	leríamos	leríeis	leriam
Subjunctive
Present	leia	leias	leia	leiamos	leiais	leiam
Imperfect	lesse	lesses	lesse	lêssemos	lêsseis	lessem
Future	ler	leres	ler	lermos	lerdes	lerem
Imperative
Affirmative		lê	leia	leiamos	lede	leiam
Negative (não)		não leias	não leia	não leiamos	não leiais	não leiam