lem
Possibly from aProto-Albanian*leudno, fromProto-Indo-European*h₁lewdʰ-(“man, people”). Alternatively formed frompolem.
lem m (pluralleme, definitelemi, definite plurallemet)
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | lem | lemi | leme | lemet |
| accusative | lemin | |||
| dative | lemi | lemit | lemeve | lemeve |
| ablative | lemesh | |||
FromLatinlignum. Compare Daco-Romanianlemn.
FromMiddle High Germanleben, fromOld High Germanlebēn, fromProto-West Germanic*libbjan, fromProto-Germanic*libjaną(“to live; to be alive”). Cognate withGermanleben,Englishlive.
lem (auxiliaryhåm)
FromOld Danishlim, fromOld Norselimr, fromProto-Germanic*limuz(“branch, limb”), cognate withNorwegian,Swedishlem,Englishlimb,Dutchleem.
lem n (singular definitelemmet,plural indefinitelemmer)
| neuter gender | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | lem | lemmet | lemmer | lemmerne |
| genitive | lems | lemmets | lemmers | lemmernes |
FromOld Norsehlemmr, fromProto-Germanic*hlammiz(“noice; lid”), cognate withNorwegianlem,Swedishläm,Old Englishhlemm,Gothic𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰(hlamma).
lem c (singular definitelemmen,plural indefinitelemme)
| common gender | singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
| nominative | lem | lemmen | lemme | lemmene |
| genitive | lems | lemmens | lemmes | lemmenes |
lem
lem(weak)
FromDutchlijm, fromMiddle Dutchlijm, fromOld Dutch*līm, fromProto-Germanic*līmaz.
lèm (plurallem-lem)
lem (triggerslenition)
| contracted with | copular forms | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base form | an(“the sg”) | na(“the pl”) | mo(“my”) | do(“your”) | a(“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár(“our”) | ar(“which (past)”) | before a consonant | before a vowel | |
| present/future | past/conditional | |||||||||
| de(“from”) | den | dena desna* | demo dem* | dedo ded*,det* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
| do(“to, for”) | don | dona dosna* | domo dom* | dodo dod*,dot* | dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
| faoi(“under, about”) | faoin | faoina | faoimo | faoido | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
| i(“in”) | sa,san | sna | imo im* | ido id*,it* | ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
| le(“with”) | leisan | leisna | lemo lem* | ledo led*,let* | lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
| ó(“from, since”) | ón | óna ósna* | ómo óm* | ódo ód*,ót* | óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
| trí(“through”) | trídan | trína | trímo | trído | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*dialectal
FromProto-Finnic*lämbin. Akin toFinnishlämmin.
lem
lem
| singular(ikšlu’g) | plural(pǟgiņlu’g) | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative(nominatīv) | lem | lemmõd |
| genitive(genitīv) | lem | lemmõd |
| partitive(partitīv) | lemmõ | lemmidi |
| dative(datīv) | lemmõn | lemmõdõn |
| instrumental(instrumentāl) | lemmõks | lemmõdõks |
| illative(illatīv) | lemmõ | lemmiž |
| inessive(inesīv) | lemsõ | lemmis |
| elative(elatīv) | lemstõ | lemmist |
lem
FromOld Irishlem, fromProto-Celtic*limos, fromProto-Indo-European*h₁élem(“mountain elm”).
FromProto-Celtic*lemos, ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*h₃lemH-(“weak, broken, soft”).
lem
| radical | lenition | nasalization |
|---|---|---|
| lem alsollem after a proclitic ending in a vowel | lem pronounced with/l(ʲ)-/ | unchanged |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
FromMiddle High Germanleben, fromOld High Germanlebēn, fromProto-West Germanic*libbjan, fromProto-Germanic*libjaną(“to live; to be alive”). Cognate withGermanleben,Englishlive.
lem
FromMiddle High Germanleben, fromOld High Germanlebēn(noun), from the verb. Cognate withGermanLeben.
lem n
FromOld Norselimr, fromProto-Germanic*limuz(“branch, limb”) (compareEnglishlimb).
lem (definite singularlemmenorlemen,indefinite plurallemmarorlemmerorlemarorlemer,definite plurallammaneorlemmeneorlemaneorlemene)
FromOld Norsehlemmr, fromProto-Germanic*hlammiz, as alsoIcelandichlemmur.
lem m (definite singularlemmen,indefinite plurallemmar,definite plurallemmane)
See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.
lem
FromProto-Celtic*limos (compareWelshllwyf, from a variant*leimos), fromProto-Indo-European*h₁élem(“mountain elm”); compareLatinulmus.
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | lem | lemL | limL |
| vocative | lim | lemL | lemuH |
| accusative | lemN | lemL | lemuH |
| genitive | limL | lem | lemN |
| dative | lemL | lemaib | lemaib |
Ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*h₃lemH-(“weak, broken, soft”).
lem
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | lem | lem | lem |
| vocative | lim* lem** | ||
| accusative | lem | lim | |
| genitive | lim | lime | lim |
| dative | lem | lim | lem |
| plural | masculine | feminine/neuter | |
| nominative | lim | lema | |
| vocative | lemu lema† | ||
| accusative | lemu lema† | ||
| genitive | lem | ||
| dative | lemaib | ||
*modifying a noun whose vocative is different from its nominative
**modifying a noun whose vocative is identical to its nominative
† not when substantivized
lem
| radical | lenition | nasalization |
|---|---|---|
| lem alsollemin h-prothesis environments | lem pronounced with/lʲ-/ | lem alsollem |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
FromOld Norselimr, fromProto-Germanic*limuz(“branch, limb”) (compareEnglishlimb).
lem c
Sometimes used in a more colloquial euphemistic sense in (sense 2), where it could also be translated asorgan,dick,manhood, or the like.
| nominative | genitive | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | indefinite | lem | lems |
| definite | lemmen | lemmens | |
| plural | indefinite | lemmar | lemmars |
| definite | lemmarna | lemmarnas |
lem (nominative plurallems)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | lem | lems |
| genitive | lema | lemas |
| dative | leme | lemes |
| accusative | lemi | lemis |
| vocative1 | olem! | olems! |
| predicative2 | lemu | lemus |
1 status as a case is disputed
2 in later, non-classical Volapük only
FromThaiเลี้ยว(líao) ("toturn"), with vowel reduction.
lem
