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lean

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Lean,léan,andLéan

English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishlenen(“to lean”), fromOld Englishhleonian,hlinian(“to lean, recline, lie down, rest”), fromProto-West Germanic*hlinēn, fromProto-Germanic*hlināną(“to lean, incline”), fromProto-Indo-European*ḱley-.

Cognate via Proto-Germanic withMiddle Dutchleunen(“to lean”),Germanlehnen(“to lean”); via Proto-Indo-European withclimate,cline.

Verb

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lean (third-person singular simple presentleans,present participleleaning,simple past and past participleleanedor(UK)leant)

  1. (intransitive) Toincline,deviate, orbend, from averticalposition; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating.
    aleaning column
    Sheleaned out of the window.
  2. (copulative) To incline inopinion ordesire; toconform inconduct; often withto,toward, etc.
    I’mleaning towards voting Conservative in the next election.
    The Hispanic voteleans Democratic.
    • a.1600,Edmund Spenser, “A View of the State of Ireland. […]”, inThe Works of Mr. Edmund Spenser, volume VI, London:Jacob Tonson […], published1715,→OCLC,page1518:
      But you ſay they do not accept of them, but delight rather tolean to their old Cuſtoms andBrehon Laws, though they be more unjuſt and alſo more inconvenient for the common People, as by your late Relation of them I have gathered.
  3. (Followed byagainst,on, orupon) Torest orrely, forsupport,comfort, to use as a hard surface for writing, etc.
  4. Tohang outwards.
  5. Topress against.
    • 1697,Virgil, “The Tenth Book of theÆneis”, inJohn Dryden, transl.,The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […],→OCLC,page533, lines1187–1188:
      Oppreſs'd with Anguiſh, panting, and o'reſpent, / His fainting Limbs against an Oak heleant.
Derived terms
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Related terms
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Translations
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to incline
to hang outwards
to rest or rely upon for support
to press against
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Noun

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lean (pluralleans)

  1. (of an object taller than its width and depth) Aninclination away from thevertical.
    The trees had variousleans toward gaps in the canopy.
Synonyms
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  • (inclination away from vertical):tilt
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishlene(“lean”), fromOld Englishhlǣne(“lean”), (cognate withLow Germanleen), perhaps fromhlǣnan(“to cause to lean (due to hunger or lack of food)”), fromProto-Germanic*hlainijaną(“to cause to lean”). If so, then related toOld Englishhlinian,hleonian(“to lean”).

Adjective

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lean (comparativeleaner,superlativeleanest)

  2. (of a person or animal)Slim; notfleshy.
    Synonyms:lithe,svelte,willowy;see alsoThesaurus:slender
    • 2024 January 5, ZacharyFurr, “Gym types”, inThe In Constant Chronicles‎[1]:
      They will now dedicate several hours at the gym every day to beleaner and stronger.
  3. (of meat) Having littlefat.
    lean steak cuts
    • 2007, Charles Dickens,A Tale of Two Cities, Penguin,→ISBN, page34:
      The butcher and the porkman painted up only theleanest scrags of meat; the baker, the coarsest of meagre loaves.
  4. Having littleextra or little tospare;scanty;meagre.
    Synonyms:insufficient,scarce,sparse;see alsoThesaurus:inadequate
    alean budget
    alean harvest
  5. Having alowproportion orconcentration of a desiredsubstance oringredient.
    Synonyms:deficient,dilute,poor
    Antonym:rich
    Alean ore hardly worth mining.
    Running on toolean a fuel-air mixture will cause, among other problems, your internal combustion engine to heat up too much.
  6. (printing, archaic) Of a character which prevents thecompositor from earning the usual wages; opposed tofat.
    lean copy, matter, or type
  7. (business)Efficient,economic,frugal,agile, slimmed-down; pertaining to the modern industrial principles of "lean manufacturing".
    lean management
    lean manufacturing
    Alcoa is now alean and agile enterprise, after having split last year into two entities.
    • 2007, Richard J. Schonberger,Best Practices in Lean Six Sigma Process Improvement, page204:
      Kitting for in-plant handling is unlean. Kitting for transport, on the other hand, islean; for example, shipping complete sets of parts to make a TV or motorcycle or motor home islean.
Derived terms
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Translations
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being slim, not fleshy
of meat, having little fat
having little extra or little to spare
having a low proportion of a desired substance

Noun

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lean (countable anduncountable,pluralleans)

  1. (uncountable) Meat with no fat on it.
    • 1639, or earlier,Anon: Jack Sprat:
      Jack Sprat would eat no fat, / His wife would eat nolean.
  2. (countable, biology) Anorganism that is lean instature.
    • 1986, Southwest Fisheries Center (U.S.),Collected Reprints (issue 1)
      The intermediates andleans are the predominant morphotypes found at the SE-NHR seamounts […]
    • 2012,Obesity: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional, page56:
      Obese Zuckers, compared toleans, consumed more food under free-feeding conditions.

Verb

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lean (third-person singular simple presentleans,present participleleaning,simple past and past participleleaned)

  2. To thin out (a fuel-air mixture): to reduce the fuel flow into the mixture so that there is more air or oxygen.
    Synonyms:derich,disenrich
    Antonym:enrich
    • 1938 July, Harold Blaine Miller, Dupont Miller, “Weather Hop”, inBoys' Life‎[2], Boy Scouts of America,→ISSN, page25:
      Heleaned the mixture in an effort to cause a backfire through the carburetor, the generally accepted method of breaking the ice loose.
    • 2002 July, Tom Benenson, “Can Your Engine Run Too Lean?”, inFlying‎[3], volume129, number 7,→ISSN, page73:
      Even the Pilot's Operating Handbooks (POH) for our training airplanes add to our paranoia with their insistence that we notlean the mixture until we're above 5000 feet density altitude.

Etymology 3

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Probably from the verbto lean (see etymology 1 above), supposedly because consumption of the intoxicating beverage causes one to "lean". Alternatively, possibly short forgasoline(“an alcoholic beverage made of vodka and energy drink”).

Noun

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lean (uncountable)

  1. (slang, US) Arecreational drug based oncodeine-lacedpromethazinecough syrup, especially popular in thehip hop community in the southeasternUnited States.
    Synonyms:sizzurp,syrup,purple drank
    • 2005, “Stay Fly”, in Jordan Houston, Darnell Carlton, Paul Beauregard, Premro Smith, Marlon Goodwin, David Brown, Willie Hutchinson (lyrics),Most Known Unknown‎[4], performed by Three 6 Mafia (featuring Young Buck, 8 Ball, and MJG), Sony BMG:
      Eyes real tight 'cause I'm chokin' the creep; vision messed up 'cause I'm drinkin' thelean.
    • 2020, “Those Kinda Nights”, inMusic to Be Murdered By, performed by Eminem ft. Ed Sheeran:
      "What's in the cup, let me see that / Girl, where the rest of that promethazine at?" / She said, "Cool, gotta run out to my Cadillac though / And I'll be like Fat Joe, and bring thelean back"

See also

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References

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Anagrams

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Galician

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Verb

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lean

  1. inflection ofler:
    1. third-personpluralpresentsubjunctive
    2. third-personpluralimperative
  2. third-personpluralpresentindicative oflear

Irish

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Etymology

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FromOld Irishlenaid(“stays, sticks (to), follows”), fromProto-Celtic*linati(“to stick”), fromProto-Indo-European*h₂leyH-(“to smear”); compareLatinlinō(“anoint”),līmus(“mud, slime”),Sanskritलिनाति(lināti,“sticks, stays”).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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lean (present analyticleanann,future analyticleanfaidh,verbal nounleanúint,past participleleanta)

  1. (ambitransitive) tofollow
  2. tocontinue
    Leanfaidh mé ar aghaidh.
    I will continue on.
  3. toremain
  4. toendure

Conjugation

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conjugation oflean (first conjugation – A)
verbal nounleanúint
past participleleanta
tensesingularpluralrelativeautonomous
firstsecondthirdfirstsecondthird
indicative
presentleanaimleanann tú;
leanair†		leanann sé, síleanaimidleanann sibhleanann siad;
leanaid†		aleanann; aleanasleantar
pastlean mé;leanaslean tú;leanaislean sé, síleanamar;lean muidlean sibh;leanabhairlean siad;leanadaralean /
arlean*		leanadh
past habitualleanainnleantáleanadh sé, síleanaimis;leanadh muidleanadh sibhleanaidís;leanadh siadaleanadh /
aleanadh*		leantaí
futureleanfaidh mé;
leanfad		leanfaidh tú;
leanfair†		leanfaidh sé, síleanfaimid;
leanfaidh muid		leanfaidh sibhleanfaidh siad;
leanfaid†		aleanfaidh; aleanfasleanfar
conditionalleanfainnleanfáleanfadh sé, síleanfaimis;leanfadh muidleanfadh sibhleanfaidís;leanfadh siadaleanfadh /
aleanfadh*		leanfaí
subjunctive
presentgoleana mé;
goleanad†		goleana tú;
goleanair†		goleana sé, sígoleanaimid;
goleana muid		goleana sibhgoleana siad;
goleanaid†		—goleantar
pastdáleanainndáleantádáleanadh sé, sídáleanaimis;
dáleanadh muid		dáleanadh sibhdáleanaidís;
dáleanadh siad		—dáleantaí
imperative
–leanaimleanleanadh sé, síleanaimisleanaigí;
leanaidh†		leanaidís—leantar

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form

  • Alternative verbal noun:leanacht(Cois Fharraige)

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^Quiggin, E. C. (1906)A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, page84

Further reading

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Northern Sami

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Pronunciation

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  • (Kautokeino)IPA(key): /ˈlea̯n/

Verb

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lean

  1. inflection ofleat:
    1. first-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. pastindicativeconnegative

Old English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-West Germanic*laun.

Cognates

Cognate withOld Frisianlān,Old Saxonlōn,Old High Germanlōn,Old Norselaun, andGothic𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽(laun). The Indo-European root is also the source ofAncient Greekλεία(leía) (from *λαϝία),Latinlucrum,Old Church Slavonicловъ(lovŭ) (Russianлов(lov)),Old Irishlóg,Lithuanianlãvinti.

Noun

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lēan n

  1. reward
Declension
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Stronga-stem:

singularplural
nominativelēanlēan
accusativelēanlēan
genitivelēaneslēana
dativelēanelēanum
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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FromProto-West Germanic*lahan. Cognate withOld Saxonlahan,Old High Germanlahan,Old Norselá,Gothic𐌻𐌰𐌹𐌰𐌽(laian).

Verb

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lēan

  1. (transitive) toblame,fault,reproach
Conjugation
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Conjugation oflēan (strong class 6)
infinitivelēanlēanne
indicative moodpresent tensepast tense
first person singularlēalōg,lōh
second person singularliehstlōge
third person singularliehþlōg,lōh
plurallēaþlōgon
subjunctivepresent tensepast tense
singularlēalōge
plurallēanlōgen
imperative
singularleah
plurallēaþ
participlepresentpast
lēande(ġe)leġen,(ġe)lagen
Descendants
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Scottish Gaelic

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Etymology

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FromOld Irishlenaid(“stays, sticks (to), follows”), fromProto-Celtic*linati(“stick”), fromProto-Indo-European*h₂leyH-(“to smear”); compareLatinlinō(“anoint”),Sanskritलिनाति(lināti,“sticks, stays”).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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lean (pastlean,futureleanaidh,verbal nounleantainnorleanmhainn,past participleleanta)

  1. follow
  2. continue,proceed
    Anlean an droch aimsir? ―Will the bad weathercontinue?

Derived terms

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Spanish

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈlean/[ˈle.ãn]
  • Rhymes:-ean
  • Syllabification:le‧an

Verb

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lean

  1. inflection ofleer:
    1. third-personpluralpresentsubjunctive
    2. third-personpluralimperative

West Frisian

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Etymology

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FromOld Frisianlān, fromProto-West Germanic*laun. Cognate withOld Englishlēan.

Noun

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lean n (pluralleanen,diminutiveleantsje)

  1. wage,wages,salary
  2. reward

Further reading

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  • “lean”, inWurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch),2011
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