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last

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:lást,Last,läst,låst,andlæst

English

[edit]
WOTD – 15 November 2025
English numbers(edit)
12  → [a],[b],[c],[d]
   Cardinal:one
   Ordinal:first
   Abbreviated ordinal:1st
   Latinate ordinal:primary
   Reverse order ordinal:last
   Latinate reverse order ordinal:ultimate
   Adverbial:onetime,once
   Multiplier:onefold
   Latinate multiplier:single
   Distributive:singly
   Germanic collective:onesome
   Collective of n parts:singlet,singleton
   Greek or Latinate collective:monad
   Greek collective prefix:mono-
   Latinate collective prefix:uni-
   Fractional:whole
   Elemental:singlet,singleton
   Greek prefix:proto-
   Number of musicians:solo
   Number of years:year

Pronunciation

[edit]

Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishlaste,latst, syncopated variant oflatest.

Adjective

[edit]

last (notcomparable)

  1. Final,ultimate, coming after all others of its kind.
    Will try to fix itby myself for now: as alast resort, we can always take it to agrease monkey.
    Eyes Wide Shut was thelast film to be directed by Stanley Kubrick.
    • 1918,W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter V, inThe Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.:The Bobbs-Merrill Company,→OCLC:
      Then everybody once more knelt, and soon the blessing was pronounced. The choir and the clergy trooped out slowly,[…], down the nave to the western door.[…] At a seemingly immense distance the surpliced group stopped to say thelast prayer.
  2. Mostrecent,latest, last so far.
    Thelast time I saw him, he was married.
    I have received your note dated the 17thlast, and am responding to say that[…](archaic usage)
    • 1847 January –1848 July,William Makepeace Thackeray,Vanity Fair […], London:Bradbury and Evans […], published1848,→OCLC:
      She told him thelast news about little Georgy, and how he was gone to spend that very day with his sisters in the country.
    • 2013 May 25, “No Hiding Place”, inThe Economist‎[1], volume407, number8837, page74:
      In America alone, people spent $170 billion on “direct marketing”—junk mail of both the physical and electronic varieties—last year.
  3. Farthest of all from a givenquality,character, orcondition; mostunlikely, or leastpreferable.
    He is thelast person to be accused of theft.
    Thelast person I want to meet is Helen.
    More rain is thelast thing we need right now.
  4. Being the only one remaining of its class.
    Japan is thelast empire.
  5. Supreme; highest in degree; utmost.
    • 1802,Robert Hall,Reflections on War:
      Contending for principles of thelast importance.
  6. Lowest in rank or degree.
    Three contestants will win awards, but thelast prize is just a book voucher.
    • 1797 May 8 (first performance),Richard Cumberland, “The Last of the Family. A Comedy.”, in Frances Marianne[Cumberland] Jansen, editor,The Posthumous Dramatick Works of the Late Richard Cumberland, Esq. […], volume II, London: […] [F]orG[eorge] and W[illiam] Nicol, […]; byW[illiam] Bulmer and Co., […], published1813,→OCLC, Act III, scene[iii],page237:
      In one word then, unless I could unfold the mystery, I will not wish you to consider me but as thelast and lowest of mankind.
    • 1899,Richard Savage,The White Lady of Khaminavatka: A Story of the Ukraine, page186:
      The whole community from the patrician master to thelast beggar knew that in the five months when the generous bosom of the steppe throbbed with creative life, they must toil for the subsistence of all[…]
    • 1970,Julius Fast,Body Language,→ISBN,page39:
      Lesser, but still important executives had offices without corner windows. The rank below this had offices without windows at all.[…] Thelast rank had desks out in an open room.
    • 2003 March 31, Marko Peljhan, “Lecture: March 31, 2003”, in Jen Budney, Adrian Blackwell, editors,Unboxed Engagements in Social Space, published2005,→ISBN,page110:
      Russia is a very different place than here.[…] Even thelast soldier knows who Malevich was, and what theBlack Square is, since they were taught this in school.
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Translations
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final—see alsofinal,‎ultimate
most recent
least preferable
being the only one remaining of its class
supreme; highest in degree; utmost
lowest in rank or degree
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Determiner

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last

  1. The (one) immediately before the present.
    We went therelast year.
    I waslast to go; you're next.
  2. (of days of the week or months of the year) Closest in thepast, or closest but one if the closest was very recent; of days, sometimes thought to specifically refer to the instance closest to seven days (one week) ago, or the most recent instancebefore seven days (one week) ago.
    It's Wednesday, and the party waslast Tuesday; that is, not yesterday, but eight days ago.
    When you saylast Monday, do you mean the Monday just gone, or the one before that?
Usage notes
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  • (both senses): This cannot be used in past or future tense to refer to a time immediately before the subject matter. For example, one does not sayI was very tired yesterday, due to not having slept well last night:last night in that sentence refers to the night before the speaker is speaking, not the night before the "yesterday" to which he refers. He would need to sayI was very tired yesterday, due to not having slept well the night before or the like.
Translations
[edit]
the one immediately before the present
closest to seven days ago

Adverb

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last (notcomparable)

  1. Most recently.
    When welast met, he was based in Toronto.
  2. (sequence) after everything else; finally
    As I arrivedlast of all, I'll golast to add the butterlast.
Synonyms
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Translations
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most recently
after everything else

Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishlasten, fromOld Englishlǣstan, fromProto-West Germanic*laistijan, fromProto-Germanic*laistijaną. Cognate withGermanleisten(“yield”).

Verb

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last (third-person singular simple presentlasts,present participlelasting,simple past and past participlelasted)

  1. (intransitive) Toendure,continue over time.
    Summer seems tolast longer each year.
    They seem happy now, but that won'tlast long.
    • 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], “Canto XLII”, inIn Memoriam, London:Edward Moxon, […],→OCLC,page65:
      And love willlast as pure and whole
      ⁠As when he loved me here in Time,
      ⁠And at the spiritual prime
      Rewaken with the dawning soul.
    • 1913,Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, inThe Lodger, London:Methuen,→OCLC; republished inNovels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.:Longmans, Green and Co., […],[1933],→OCLC,page0016:
      Thus the red damask curtains which now shut out the fog-laden, drizzling atmosphere of the Marylebone Road, had cost a mere song, and yet they might have been warranted tolast another thirty years. A great bargain also had been the excellent Axminster carpet which covered the floor; […].
    • 2023 November 15, Prof. Jim Wild, “This train was delayed because of bad weather in space”, inRAIL, number996, page30:
      One of the earliest (and biggest) space weather events on record occurred in September 1859, when a massive solar eruption crashed into the Earth's magnetosphere, triggering a geomagnetic storm thatlasted for days.
  2. (intransitive) To hold out, continue undefeated or entire.
    I don't know how much longer we canlast without reinforcements.
  3. (intransitive, slang, of a man) To purposefully refrain fromorgasm
  4. (transitive, obsolete) Toperform,carry out.
Synonyms
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The terms below need to be checked and allocated to the definitions (senses) of the headword above. Each term should appear in the sense for which it is appropriate. For synonyms and antonyms you may use the templates{{syn|en|...}} or{{ant|en|...}}.
Antonyms
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Derived terms
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Related terms
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Translations
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to perform, carry out
to endure, continue over time
to hold out

Etymology 3

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    Apair ofwooden lasts.

    Thenoun is derived fromMiddle Englishlest,leste(“shoemaker’s model shaped like a foot, last”),[1] fromOld Englishlǣste(“shoemaker‘s last”),[2] fromProto-Germanic*laistiz, from*laisǭ(“track, trail”), fromProto-Indo-European*leys-eh₂-, from*leys-(“to trace; to track”).[3]Doublet oflearn andlore.

    Theverb is derived from the noun.[4]

    cognates

    Noun

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    last (plurallasts)

    2. (shoemaking) Atool in theform of afoot on which anitem offootwear (such as aboot orshoe) isplaced forshaping while it is beingmanufactured orrepaired.
      Hyponyms:bootlast,shoe-last
      Coordinate terms:boot tree,shoe tree
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Translations
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    tool in the form of a foot

    Verb

    [edit]

    last (third-person singular simple presentlasts,present participlelasting,simple past and past participlelasted)

    1. (transitive, shoemaking) Toshape (anitem offootwear such as aboot orshoe) during itsmanufacture orrepair while it isplaced on alast(nounsense 1).
      tolast a boot
      • 1819 November 1, William Archer Deacon, “Specification of the Patent Granted to William Archer Deacon, of Pilgrim’s Hatch, in the Parish of South Weald, in the County of Essex, Gentleman; for Certain Improvements in the Manufacture of Boots, Shoes, and Clogs, by the Application of Certain Materials hitherto Unused for that Purpose. Dated November 1, 1819”, inThe Repertory of Arts, Manufactures, and Agriculture. […], volume XXXVIII (2nd Series), number CCXXVII, London: […] [Nichols and Son] for J. Wyatt, […], published April 1821,→OCLC,page278:
        I now begin tolast the boot, shoe, or clog with a wax thread, in the same way as boot or shoemakers brace the toe-part of a boot or shoe down to the inner sole, but no nails or tacks must be used,[…]
      • 2010, Paul Langer, “Cycling”, in Matthew B. Werd, E. Leslie Knight, editors,Athletic Footwear and Orthoses in Sports Medicine, New York, N.Y.; Dordrecht, South Holland:Springer Science+Business Media,→DOI,→ISBN, part II (Sport-specific Recommendations),page201:
        Sport cycling shoes arelasted on semi-curved or semi-straight lasts much like walking and hiking shoes.
    Derived terms
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    Translations
    [edit]
    to shape (an item of footwear) during its manufacture or repair while it is placed on a last

    Etymology 4

    [edit]

    FromMiddle Englishlast, fromOld Englishhlæst(“burden, load, freight”), fromProto-Germanic*hlastuz(“burden, load, freight”), fromProto-Indo-European*kleh₂-(“to put, lay out”). Cognate withWest Frisianlêst,Dutchlast,GermanLast,Swedishlast,Icelandiclest.

    Noun

    [edit]

    last (plurallastsorlasten)

    1. (obsolete) Aburden;load; acargo;freight.
    2. (obsolete) A measure of weight or quantity, varying in designation depending on the goods concerned.
      • 1624, John Smith,Generall Historie, Kupperman, published1988, page114:
        Now we so quietly followed our businesse, that in three moneths wee made three or foureLast of Tarre, Pitch, and Sope ashes [...].
      • 1866, James Edwin Thorold Rogers,A History of Agriculture and Prices in England, volume 1, page169:
        Thelast of wool is twelve sacks.
    3. (obsolete) An old English (and Dutch) measure of the carrying capacity of a ship, equal to two tons.
    4. A load of somecommodity with reference to its weight and commercial value.
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Translations
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    burden, load, cargo, freight
    measure of weight
    measure of the carrying capacity of a ship

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^“lē̆st(e,n.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007.
    2. ^Joseph Bosworth (1882), “lǽste”, inT[homas] Northcote Toller, editor,An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary […], Oxford, Oxfordshire:Clarendon Press,→OCLC,page612, column 2.
    3. ^Compare“last,n.1”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press, December 2024;“last3,n.”, inLexico,Dictionary.com;Oxford University Press,2019–2022.
    4. ^“last,v.4”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required⁠, Oxford:Oxford University Press,June 2025.

    Further reading

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    Anagrams

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    Chinese

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    Etymology

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    FromEnglishlast.

    Pronunciation 1

    [edit]

    Adjective

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    last

    1. (Hong Kong Cantonese)last(final; ultimate)

    Adverb

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    last

    1. (Hong Kong Cantonese)finally;in the end;ultimately

    Pronunciation 2

    [edit]

    Verb

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    last

    1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) tolast(to endure)

    Danish

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

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    FromMiddle Low Germanlast, from the verbladen(“to transport”), fromOld Saxonhladan.

    Noun

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    last c (singular definitelasten,plural indefinitelaster)

    1. cargo
    2. cargo hold,hold (cargo area)
    3. weight,burden
    Inflection
    [edit]
    Declension oflast
    common
    gender    		singularplural
    indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
    nominativelastlastenlasterlasterne
    genitivelastslastenslasterslasternes
    Synonyms
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    FromOld Norselǫstr, from the root ofProto-Germanic*lahaną(“to reproach, blame”), see alsoOld High Germanlastar(“vice”).

    Noun

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    last c (singular definitelasten,plural indefinitelaster)

    1. vice
    Inflection
    [edit]
    Declension oflast
    common
    gender    		singularplural
    indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
    nominativelastlastenlasterlasterne
    genitivelastslastenslasterslasternes

    Etymology 3

    [edit]

    Seelaste(“to load, carry”) andlaste(“to blame”).

    Verb

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    last

    1. imperative oflaste

    Further reading

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    Dutch

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    FromMiddle Dutchlast, fromOld Dutch*last, fromProto-Germanic*hlastuz. Equivalent toladen(“to load”) +‎-st(“verbal noun”).

    Noun

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    last m (plurallasten,diminutivelastje n)

    1. load,weight
    2. burden
    3. hindrance,problem
    4. expense
    5. (law)requirement,duty
    6. (dated) a measure of volume, 3 cubic meter
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    Descendants
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    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

    Verb

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    last

    1. inflection oflassen:
      1. second/third-personsingularpresentindicative
      2. (archaic)pluralimperative

    Anagrams

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    Estonian

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    Noun

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    last (genitivelasti,partitivelasti)

    1. cargo

    Declension

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    Declension oflast (ÕS type22e/riik, length gradation)
    singularplural
    nominativelastlastid
    accusativenom.
    gen.lasti
    genitivelastide
    partitivelastilaste
    lastisid
    illativelasti
    lastisse    		lastidesse
    lastesse
    inessivelastislastides
    lastes
    elativelastistlastidest
    lastest
    allativelastilelastidele
    lastele
    adessivelastillastidel
    lastel
    ablativelastiltlastidelt
    lastelt
    translativelastikslastideks
    lasteks
    terminativelastinilastideni
    essivelastinalastidena
    abessivelastitalastideta
    comitativelastigalastidega

    Noun

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    last

    1. partitivesingular oflaps

    Faroese

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    FromOld Norselǫstr, from the root ofProto-Germanic*lahaną(“to reproach, blame”), see alsoOld High Germanlastar(“vice”).

    Noun

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    last f (genitive singularlastar, plurallastir)

    1. vice
    Inflection
    [edit]
    f2singularplural
    indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
    nominativelastlastinlastirlastirnar
    accusativelastlastinalastirlastirnar
    dativelastlastinilastumlastunum
    genitivelastarlastarinnarlastalastanna

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    FromMiddle Low Germanlast, from the verblāden(“to load”), fromOld Saxonhladan.

    Noun

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    last f (genitive singularlastar, plurallastir)

    1. cargo
    2. cargo hold,hold (cargo area)
    Inflection
    [edit]
    f2singularplural
    indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
    nominativelastlastinlastirlastirnar
    accusativelastlastinalastirlastirnar
    dativelastlastinilastumlastunum
    genitivelastarlastarinnarlastalastanna

    German

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    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    last

    1. second-personsingularpreterite oflesen
      Synonym:lasest
    2. second-personpluralpreterite oflesen

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Verb

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    last

    1. alternative form oflaste
      1. imperativesingular oflasten
      2. (colloquial)first-personsingularpresent oflasten

    Icelandic

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    Etymology

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    Seelöstur(“fault, vice, reprehensible action”).

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    last n (genitive singularlasts,no plural)

    1. blame
      Synonym:baktal

    Declension

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    Declension oflast (sg-only neuter)
    singular
    indefinitedefinite
    nominativelastlastið
    accusativelastlastið
    dativelastilastinu
    genitivelastslastsins

    Derived terms

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    Related terms

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    Middle Dutch

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    Etymology

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    FromOld Dutch*last, fromProto-Germanic*hlastuz.

    Noun

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    last m orf orn

    1. load,weight
    2. task,duty,obligation
    3. tax (money)
    4. (emotional)difficulty,sorrow
    5. aunit ofvolume

    Inflection

    [edit]
    Strong masculine noun
    singularplural
    nominativelastlaste
    accusativelastlaste
    genitivelastslaste
    dativelastelasten
    Strong feminine noun
    singularplural
    nominativelastlaste
    accusativelastlaste
    genitivelast,lastelaste
    dativelast,lastelasten
    Strong neuter noun
    singularplural
    nominativelastlast,laste
    accusativelastlast,laste
    genitivelastslaste
    dativelastelasten


    Descendants

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    Further reading

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    Norwegian Bokmål

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    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    FromMiddle Low Germanlast.

    Noun

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    last f orm (definite singularlastaorlasten,indefinite plurallaster,definite plurallastene)

    1. aload orcargo
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

    Verb

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    last

    1. imperative oflaste

    References

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    Norwegian Nynorsk

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    Etymology

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    FromMiddle Low Germanlast.

    Noun

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    last f orm (definite singularlastaorlasten,indefinite plurallasterorlastar,definite plurallasteneorlastane)

    1. aload orcargo

    Derived terms

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    References

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    Old English

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    Etymology

    [edit]

    FromProto-West Germanic*laist, along with the feminine variantlǣst.

    Cognates

    Cognate withMiddle Dutchleest (Dutchleest),Old High Germanleist (GermanLeist),Old Norseleistr(“foot, sock”) (Swedishläst,Danishlæst).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

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    lāst m (nominative plurallāstas)

    1. footstep,track
      • 10th century,The Wanderer:
        Stondeð nū onlāste · lēofre duguþe
        weal wundrum hēah, · wyrmlīcum fāh.
        Now a wall stands inthe track of dear band,
        wondrously high, with worm-forms adorned.

    Declension

    [edit]

    Stronga-stem:

    singularplural
    nominativelāstlāstas
    accusativelāstlāstas
    genitivelāsteslāsta
    dativelāstelāstum

    Derived terms

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    Related terms

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    Slovene

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    Etymology

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    FromProto-Slavic*volstь, fromProto-Balto-Slavic*walˀstís, fromProto-Indo-European*h₂welh₁-.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    lȃst f

    1. property

    Declension

    [edit]
    		Thediacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.
    Feminine, i-stem, long mixed accent
    nominativelást
    genitivelastí
    singular
    nominative
    (imenovȃlnik)    		lást
    genitive
    (rodȋlnik)    		lastí
    dative
    (dajȃlnik)    		lásti
    accusative
    (tožȋlnik)    		lást
    locative
    (mẹ̑stnik)    		lásti
    instrumental
    (orọ̑dnik)    		lastjó

    Further reading

    [edit]
    • “last”, inSlovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
    • “last”, inTermania, Amebis
    • See also thegeneral references

    Swedish

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    Pronunciation

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    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    FromMiddle Low Germanlast, from the verblāden(“to load”), fromOld Saxonhladan.

    Noun

    [edit]

    last c

    1. cargo
    2. load; aburden
    3. load; a certain amount that can be processed at one time
    4. (engineering) load; a force on a structure
    5. (electrical engineering) load; any component that draws current or power
    Declension
    [edit]
    Declension oflast
    nominativegenitive
    singularindefinitelastlasts
    definitelastenlastens
    pluralindefinitelasterlasters
    definitelasternalasternas
    Derived terms
    [edit]
    See also
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    FromOld Swedishlaster (Old Icelandiclǫstr), fromOld Norselöstr, from the root ofProto-Germanic*lahaną(“to reproach, blame”), see alsoOld High Germanlastar(“vice”).

    Noun

    [edit]

    last c

    1. habit which is difficult to get rid of,vice
      Rökning var hans endalast
      Smoking was his onlyvice
    Declension
    [edit]
    Declension oflast
    nominativegenitive
    singularindefinitelastlasts
    definitelastenlastens
    pluralindefinitelasterlasters
    definitelasternalasternas
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Anagrams

    [edit]
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