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ku-

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:Appendix:Variations of "ku"

Languages (28)

Ahtna • Bende • Chichewa • Digo • Herero • Indonesian • Kambera • Makasar • Malay • Matengo • Mbukushu • Northern Ndebele • Phuthi • Shona • Southern Ndebele • Swahili • Swazi • Taos • Tocharian A • Tocharian B • Tonga (Malawi) • Tooro • Tumbuka • Xhosa • Yao • Ye'kwana • Zigula • Zulu

Page categories

Ahtna

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Etymology

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Prefix

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ku-

marks a third-person plural possessor;their
‎ku- + ‎-taʼ(“father”) → ‎kutaʼ(“their father(s)”)
marks a third-person plural object of a postposition
‎ku- + ‎-kʼe(“on”) → ‎kukʼe(“on themselves”)

Bende

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-(“Class 15 & 17 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix.
Class 17 noun prefix.

References

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Yuko Abe (2006),A Bende Vocabulary‎^[1], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page v

Chichewa

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ku/

Etymology 1

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix
Class 17 noun prefix

ku-

Class 15 subject concord
Class 17 subject concord

Digo

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-(“Class 15 & 17 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix.
Class 17 noun prefix.

References

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Joseph Mwalonya, Alison Nicolle, Steve Nicolle, Juma Zimbu,Mgombato. Digo-English-Swahili Dictionary (2005), page 208

Herero

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-(“Class 17 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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ku-

Class 17 noun prefix.

References

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Wilhelm J.G. Möhlig, Lutz Marten, Jekura U. Kavari (2002),A Grammatical Sketch of Herero (Otjiherero)‎^[2], Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, page31

Indonesian

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Etymology

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Inherited fromMalayku-, fromProto-Malayic*ku-, nominative proclitic variant of*aku.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ku/

Prefix

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ku-

I (first person singular nominative proclitic pronoun)
Tanahku negeriku yangkucinta.
My land, my country thatI love.

Indonesian personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person exclusive	regular	aku, saya¹	kami
enclitic	-ku	-
proclitic	ku-	-
1st person inclusive	-	kita
2nd person	regular	kamu, Anda², kau³	kalian, Anda², Anda sekalian², Anda semua²
enclitic	-mu	-
3rd person	regular	dia, beliau⁴, ia³	mereka
enclitic	-nya	-
reflexive	diri⁵,diri sendiri
emphatic	sendiri

Kambera

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Pronoun

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ku-

first person singular nominativeproclitic

Kambera pronominal clitics
		nominative	genitive	accusative	dative
singular	first person	ku-	-nggu	-ka	-ngga
second person	mu- (u-)	-mu	-kau	-nggau
third person	na-	-na	-ya	-nya
plural	first person	inclusive	ta-	-nda	-ta	-nda
exclusive	ma-	-ma	-kama	-nggama
second person	mi- (i-)	-mi	-kami (-kai)	-nggami (-nggai)
third person	da-	-da	-ha	-nja

Makasar

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ku]

Pronoun

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ku- (nominative proclitic,Lontara spellingᨀᨘ)

I
we (first person plural exclusive)

Makasar free and bound pronouns
	independent	absolutive	nominative	possessive
1^stsg / 1^st pl exclusive	nakke	-a'	ku-	-ku
1^stpl exclusive(archaic)	kambe	-kang	ki-	-mang
1^stpl inclusive / 2^nd sg polite	katte	-ki'	ki-	-ta
2^ndsg /pl familiar	kau	-ko	nu-	-nu
3^rdsg /pl	ia	-i	na-	-na

Malay

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayic*ku-, nominative proclitic variant of*aku.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ku/

Prefix

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ku- (Jawi spellingکوـ)

I (first person singular nominative proclitic pronoun)
kutahu ―I know

Malay personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1^st person	standard	saya /ساي aku /اکو,ku- /كوـ (informal/towards God) -ku /ـكو (poetic possessive) hamba /همبا (dated) daku /داکو (poetic)	kami /کامي (exclusive) kita orang /كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita /کيت (inclusive)
royal	beta /بيتا
2^nd person	standard	kamu /کامو
engkau /اڠکاو,kau- /كاوـ (informal/poetic/towards God) kau /كاو (informal) awak /اوق (friendly/older towards younger) anda /اندا (formal) awda /اءودا (Brunei, formal) -mu /ـمو (poetic possessive) dikau /ديکاو (poetic)	anda semua /اندا سموا (formal) awak semua /اوق سموا kamu semua /كامو سموا kalian /کالين (archaic) kau orang /كاو اورڠ (informal)
royal	tuanku /توانكو
3^rd person	standard	dia /دي ia /اي beliau /بلياو (honorific) -nya /ـڽ (possessive)	mereka /مريک dia orang /دي اورڠ (informal)
royal	baginda /بݢيندا

Matengo

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-(“Class 15 & 17 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix.
Class 17 noun prefix.

References

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Nobuko Yoneda (2006),A Classified Vocabulary of the Matengo Language‎^[3], Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, page xi

Mbukushu

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-(“Class 15 & 17 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix
Class 17 noun prefix

References

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R.C.Wynne (1980),English-Mbukushu Dictionary‎^[4], Avebury Publishing Company Limited, page xviii

Northern Ndebele

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-.

Prefix

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ku-

you;second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 15 subject concord.
it;class 15 object concord.

Etymology 3

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 17 subject concord.
it;class 17 object concord.

Phuthi

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-.

Prefix

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ku-

you;second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-kʊ̀-.

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.

Etymology 3

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 15 subject concord.
it;class 15 object concord.

Etymology 4

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 17 subject concord.
it;class 17 object concord.

Shona

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-(“Class 15 & 17 noun prefix”).

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix.
Class 17 noun prefix.

References

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M. Hannan, S.J. (1984),Standard Shona Dictionary: Revised Edition with Addendum‎^[5], Harare College Press, page x

Southern Ndebele

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-.

Prefix

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ku-

you;second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 15 subject concord.
it;class 15 object concord.

Swahili

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Alternative forms

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(in certain cases before a vowel)kw-

Pronunciation

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Audio(Kenya): (file)

Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-.

Prefix

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ku-

ku class_(XV) noun prefix; used before verb stem with eventual object concord to forminfinitive
1. used to form verbnoun
  Kufanya kazi ni muhimu ilikupata pesa.
  Working is important in orderto earn money.
2. used after auxiliary verbs that do not require subject agreement and tense/aspect marking on the dependent verb
  Natakakukisoma.
  I wantto read it.
  Ilisababisha watukujifunza zaidi.
  It caused peopleto study more.
  - 2023, “Waasi wa ADF wadaiwa kuwaua raia”, inDW‎^[6]:
    Watu wasiopungua kumi wanadaiwakuuawa na wengine zaidi ya thelathinikujeruhiwa vibaya.
    At least ten people are claimedto have been killed and more than thirty othersto have been seriously injured.
3. used after-a (including in the presense of a subject)
  kitabu chakufundishia ―book of instruction
  baada ya kipindikupita ―after the period passes/passed
4. used afterna to replace elided subject agreement and tense/aspect marking
  Nilisoma nakuandika.
  I read and wrote.
ku class_(XV)/ku class_(XVII) adjective agreement prefix
Kusafiri nikuzuri sana.
Traveling is great.
mahalikuzuri ―a nice area
verb-initial form of-ku-(“you, 2st person singular (or, if with suffix-ni, plural) object concord”)

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it,there;ku class_(XV)/ku class_(XVII) subject concord
Antonym:haku-
Kutoakunatokana na moyo.
Giving comes from the heart.
Kuna watu wengi nchini wanaotaka amani.
There are many people in the country who want peace.
verb-initial form of-ku-(“there,ku class_(XVII) object concord”)

**Swahili verbal concords (third person)**
class	subject concord	object concord	relative
affirmative	negative
m_(I)	a-,yu-	ha-,hayu-	-m-,-mw-,-mu-	-ye
wa_(II)	wa-	hawa-	-wa-	-o
m_(III)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
mi_(IV)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
ji_(V)	li-	hali-	-li-	-lo
ma_(VI)	ya-	haya-	-ya-	-yo
ki_(VII)	ki-	haki-	-ki-	-cho
vi_(VIII)	vi-	havi-	-vi-	-vyo
n_(IX)	i-	hai-	-i-	-yo
n_(X)	zi-	hazi-	-zi-	-zo
u_(XI)	u-	hau-	-u-	-o
ku_(XV/XVII)	ku-	haku-	-ku-	-ko
pa_(XVI)	pa-	hapa-	-pa-	-po
mu_(XVIII)	m-,mw-,mu-	ham-,hamw-,hamu-	-mu-	-mo

Swazi

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-.

Prefix

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ku-

you;second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-kʊ̀-.

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.

Etymology 3

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 15 subject concord.
it;class 15 object concord.

Etymology 4

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 17 subject concord.
it;class 17 object concord.

Taos

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ku/

Prefix

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ku-

(transitive) Second-person singular subject + third personduoplural object.

Tocharian A

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Etymology

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FromProto-Indo-European*ǵʰew-. Cognates includeAncient Greekχέω(khéō),Sanskritजुहोति(juhoti),Old Armenianձեւ(jew),Latinfundō,fūtis andOld Englishġēotan,guttas (Englishgut).

Verb

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ku-

topour
tooffer alibation

Tocharian B

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Etymology

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Verb

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ku-

topour
tooffer alibation

Tonga (Malawi)

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix.

Tooro

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Alternative forms

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(before vowels)kw-

Etymology

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ku-/

Prefix

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ku-

class 15 pronominal concord
‎ku- + ‎-nu(“this, these”) → ‎kunu(“this (class 15)”)
it;class 15 subject concord
‎ku- + ‎-kora(“to do”) → ‎kukora(“it (class 15) does”)
positive imperative form of-ku-(“it;class 15 object concord”)
‎ku- + ‎-ha(“to give”) → ‎kuha(“give it (class 15)”)

Tooro personal pronouns
class	person	independent	possessive	subject concord	object concord	combined forms
na	ni
class 1	first	nyowe,nye	-ange	n-	-n-	nanyowe,nanye	ninyowe,ninye
second	iwe	-awe	o-	-ku-	naiwe	niiwe
third	uwe	-e	a-	-mu-	nawe	nuwe
class 2	first	itwe	-aitu	tu-	-tu-	naitwe	niitwe
second	inywe	-anyu	mu-	-ba-	nainywe	niinywe
third	bo	-abo	ba-	-ba-	nabo	nubo
class 3	gwo	-agwo	gu-	-gu-	nagwo	nugwo
class 4	yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 5	lyo	-alyo	li-	-li-	nalyo	niryo
class 6	go	-ago	ga-	-ga-	nago	nugo
class 7	kyo	-akyo	ki-	-ki-	nakyo	nikyo
class 8	byo	-abyo	bi-	-bi-	nabyo	nibyo
class 9	yo	-ayo	e-	-gi-	nayo	niyo
class 10	zo	-azo	zi-	-zi-	nazo	nizo
class 11	rwo	-arwo	ru-	-ru-	narwo	nurwo
class 12	ko	-ako	ka-	-ka-	nako	nuko
class 13	two	-atwo	tu-	-tu-	natwo	nutwo
class 14	bwo	-abwo	bu-	-bu-	nabwo	nubwo
class 15	kwo	-akwo	ku-	-ku-	nakwo	nukwo
class 16	ho	-aho	ha-	-ha-	naho	nuho
class 17	(kwo)	N/A	ha- (...-yo)	-ha-	N/A	nukwo
class 18	(mwo)	-amwo	ha- (...-mu)	-ha-	N/A	numwo
reflexive	-enyini,-onyini	—	-e-	—

References

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Kaji, Shigeki (2007),A Rutooro Vocabulary‎^[7], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA),→ISBN, page414

Tumbuka

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Etymology 1

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix.
Class 17 noun prefix.

Derived terms

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Tumbuka terms prefixed with ku-

Etymology 2

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 subject concord.
Class 17 subject concord.

Xhosa

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-.

Prefix

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ku-

you;second-person singular object concord.

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 15 subject concord.
it;class 15 object concord.

Etymology 3

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FromProto-Bantu*kʊ́-.

Prefix

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ku-

it;class 17 subject concord.
it;class 17 object concord.

Yao

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Bantu*kʊ̀-

Prefix

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ku-

Class 15 noun prefix.

Ye'kwana

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ku-]

Prefix

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ku-

Allomorph ofk-(first-person-dual-inclusive prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowelu.

Inflection

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Ye'kwana personal markers

	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		series I verb argument
	pronoun	noun possessor/ series II verb argument		postposition object		transitive patient	intransitive patient-like		intransitive agent-like	transitive agent
first person	ewü	y-,∅-,ü-,u-¹						w-,wi-
first person dual inclusive	küwü	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-								k-,kii-,ki-¹
second person	amödö	ö-,öy-/ödh-,o-,oy-/odh-,a-,ay-/adh-							m-,mi-
first person dual exclusive	nña	y-/dh-,ch-,∅-,i-¹			chö-	∅-	n-,ni-
third person	tüwü	y-/dh-,ch-,∅-,i-¹			chö-	n-,ni-	n-,ni-
distant past third person	tüwü	—				kün-,kun-,kin-,ken-,küm-,kum-,kim-,kini-
coreferential/reflexive	—	t-,tü-,tu-,ti-,te-				—
reciprocal	—	—	öö-
With following vowel lengthened if in an unreduced open syllable.

	series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient
first person > second person	mön-,man-,mon-,möm-,möni-
first person dual exclusive > second person	mön-,man-,mon-,möm-,möni-
second person > first person	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-
second person > first person dual exclusive	k-,kü-,ku-,ki-
third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person	see person X in the chart above