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kind

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Kindand-kind

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishkynde,kinde, fromOld Englishcynd,ġecynd(“inherent nature, disposition, kind, gender, generation, race”), fromProto-West Germanic*kundi, fromProto-Germanic*kinþiz, related to Proto-Germanic*kunją(“race, kin”) andOld Englishcennan(“to bear, give birth”).

Cognate withOld High Germangikunt(“nature, kind”),Icelandickind(“race, species, kind”).Doublet ofgens,genesis, andjati. See alsokin.

Alternative forms

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Noun

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kind (pluralkinds)

  1. Atype,race orcategory; a group of entities that have common characteristics such that they may be grouped together.
    Whatkind of (a) person are you?
    This is a strangekind of tobacco.
    • 1590,Edmund Spenser, “Book III, Canto V”, inThe Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] forWilliam Ponsonbie,→OCLC, stanza 1:
      How diversely Love doth his pageants play, / And shews his powre in variablekinds !
    • 1921,Ben Travers, chapter 1, inA Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.:Doubleday, Page & Company, published1925,→OCLC:
      “[…] the awfully hearty sort of Christmas cards that people do send to other people that they don't know at all well. You know. Thekind that have mottoes like
        Here's rattling good luck and roaring good cheer, / With lashings of food and great hogsheads of beer.[…]”
    • 2022, James Dominic Rooney,Material Objects in Confucian and Aristotelian Metaphysics, page166:
      That in virtue of which all of his material parts are of the samekindhuman being is what makes those parts belong to Hook, but Hook is neither identical with hiskind (the essence ofhuman being), nor is Hook merely that which makes him a member of thekind or all his parts human (his soul).
  2. Amakeshift or otherwiseatypical specimen.
    The opening served as akind of window.
  3. (archaic) One's inherentnature;character, natural disposition.
    • 1533, Thomas More,The second parte of the confutacion of Tyndals answere in whyche is also confuted the chyrche that Tyndale deuyseth:
      Must yt nedes folowe that theyr fayth was chaunged inkynde, bycause yt was augmented in degrees.
    • 1551, Thomas Wilson,The rule of reason, conteinyng the arte of logique:
      The generall woorde, is spoken of many, that differ either inkynd, or els in nombre.
    • 1665, Robert Boyle,Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects. Whereto is premis'd a Discourse about such kind of thoughts:
      'Tis all one..whether our Afflictions be the same with those of others, inKind, or not Superiour to them in Degree.
    • 2002, D. DeGrazia,Animal Rights:
      He also argued powerfully, if less influentially, that animals' and humans' capacities differ largely in degree and not inkind.
  4. (archaic)Family,lineage.
    • "She Moved through the Fair" (traditional Irish folk song)
      My young love said to me, My mother won’t mind
      And my father won’t slight you for your lack ofkind.
  5. (archaic)Manner.
  7. Goods or services used as payment, as e.g. inbarter.
    • 1691,John Dryden,Prologue toKing Arthur:
      Some of you, on pure instinct of nature, / Are led bykind t'admire your fellow-creature.
  8. Equivalentmeans used asresponse to an action.
    I'll pay inkind for his insult.
  9. (Christianity) Each of the twoelements of thecommunion service,bread andwine.
  10. (type theory) Thetype of a typeconstructor or a higher-order type operator.
    Thekind of any primitive data type is *, corresponding to anullary constructor.
  11. (Caribbean, in compounds)Food in a particular category.
    • 1998, Easton Lee,From Behind the Counter: Poems from a Rural Jamaican Experience:
      Fishkind was what she ate then.
    • 2005 January 1, Michaeline A. Crichlow,Negotiating Caribbean Freedom: Peasants and the State in Development, Lexington Books,→ISBN, page116:
      The farmers had plenty of ground provisions, but there was no "meatkind."
    • 201306, Wellesley Gayle,The Jamaica Insider Guide, Lulu.com,→ISBN, page30:
      They can be served with fried fish, chicken, ackee and salt fish or other meatkind, as well as eaten separately as a treat.
Usage notes
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  • In the sense of “goods or services” or “equivalent means”, used almost exclusively with “in”, i.e., the expressionin kind.
Synonyms
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The terms below need to be checked and allocated to the definitions (senses) of the headword above. Each term should appear in the sense for which it is appropriate. For synonyms and antonyms you may use the templates{{syn|en|...}} or{{ant|en|...}}.

(1) and/or (2)

Derived terms
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Related terms
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Translations
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type, race, category
atypical specimen
character or nature
goods and services as payment
equivalent means as response
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishkynde,kinde, fromOld Englishcynde,ġecynde(“innate, natural, native”), fromOld Englishcynd,ġecynd(“nature, kind”).

Alternative forms

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Adjective

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kind (comparativekinder,superlativekindest)

  1. Having abenevolent,courteous,friendly,generous,gentle,liberal,sympathetic, orwarm-heartednature ordisposition, marked byconsideration for – andservice to – others.
  2. Affectionate.
    akind man; akind heart
  3. Favorable.
  4. Mild, gentle, forgiving
    The years have beenkind to Richard Gere; he ages well.
  5. Gentle;tractable;easilygoverned.
    a horsekind in harness
  6. (obsolete) Characteristic of the species; belonging to one's nature; natural; native.
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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terms derived fromkind (adjective)
Translations
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affectionate, nice—see alsokindhearted,‎nice
favorable
mild, gentle
gentle; tractable; easily governed
belonging to one's nature
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Further reading

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Anagrams

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Afrikaans

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Etymology

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FromDutchkind, fromMiddle Dutchkint, fromOld Dutchkint, fromProto-Germanic*kindą(“offspring”), fromProto-Indo-European*ǵenh₁tóm.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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kind (pluralkinders)

  1. child

Anagrams

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Danish

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Etymology

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FromOld Norsekinn, fromProto-Germanic*kinnuz, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵénu-(“cheek”). CompareSwedishkind, Norwegian andIcelandickinn, Low German andGermanKinn,Dutchkin,Englishchin.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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kind c (singular definitekinden,plural indefinitekinder)

  1. cheek

Inflection

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Declension ofkind
common
gender		singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativekindkindenkinderkinderne
genitivekindskindenskinderskindernes

Dutch

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DutchWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedianl

Etymology

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FromMiddle Dutchkint, fromOld Dutchkint, fromProto-West Germanic*kind(“offspring”), fromProto-Germanic*kindą(“offspring”), fromProto-Indo-European*ǵenh₁tóm(“that which is produced, that which is given birth to”), related to*ǵn̥h₁tós(“produced, given birth”), from*ǵenh₁-(“to produce, to give birth”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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kind n (pluralkinderenorkinders,diminutivekindje norkindertje norkindeken norkindelijn n)

  1. child,kid, non-adult human
    Synonyms:koter,(dated)wicht
    Hij heeft alskind leren schaatsen. ―He learned how to ice-skate as achild.
  2. first-degreedescendant, still a minor or irrespective of age
    Synonyms:afstammeling,nakomeling,telg
    Mijnkinderen zijn intussen allemaal volwassen. ―Mychildren are all adults by now.
  3. (figuratively)product of influence, breeding etc.
    Deze kunstwerken zijn eenkind van de moderne kunstbeweging. ―These artworks are aproduct of the modern art movement.

Usage notes

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  • The normal plural iskinderen (a double plural combining the endings-er (archaic) and-en, also found in a few other neuter nouns). The formkinders is heard colloquially, often also humorously.
  • In compounds, the word can take the formkinder- orkind- as a tail. The former is used more often, however.
  • The diminutivekindelijn is now archaic, but can still be found in some fossilized songs and religious texts.

Derived terms

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Descendants

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See also

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Icelandic

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IcelandicWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediais

Etymology

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FromOld Norsekind, fromProto-Germanic*kinþiz, cognate withLatingēns(“clan, tribe”). The sense of “sheep” is derived from the compoundsauðkind, literally “sheep-kind”.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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kind f (genitive singularkindar,nominative pluralkinduror(in the meaning "race, kind, kin")kindir)

  1. (obsolete)race,kind,kin
  2. asheep (especially aewe)
    Synonyms:rolla,sauðkind
  3. (dated) used as a term of disparagement for agirl (orwoman)

Declension

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Declension ofkind (feminine)
singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativekindkindinkindur,kindir1kindurnar,kindirnar1
accusativekindkindinakindur,kindir1kindurnar,kindirnar1
dativekindkindinnikindumkindunum
genitivekindarkindarinnarkindakindanna

1In the meaning "race, kind, kin".

Derived terms

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Middle English

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Etymology 1

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Noun

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kind

  1. (especially Northern)alternative form ofkynde

Etymology 2

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Adjective

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kind

  1. (Northern)alternative form ofkynde

Norwegian Nynorsk

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Etymology

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FromOld Norsekind f, fromProto-Germanic*kinþiz, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵénh₁tis. Akin toEnglishkind.

Noun

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kind m (definite singularkinden,indefinite pluralkindar,definite pluralkindane)
kind n (definite singularkindet,indefinite pluralkind,definite pluralkinda)

  1. achild in acradle

References

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Old Norse

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Etymology

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FromProto-Germanic*kinþiz. CompareLatingēns(“clan, tribe”).

Noun

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kind f (genitivekindar,pluralkindirorkindr)

  1. race,kind,kin
  2. creature,being

Declension

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Declension ofkind (strongi-stem)
femininesingularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativekindkindinkindir,kindrkindirnar,kindrnar
accusativekindkindinakindir,kindrkindirnar,kindrnar
dativekindkindinnikindumkindunum
genitivekindarkindarinnarkindakindanna

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Further reading

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  • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “kind”, inA Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at theInternet Archive

Old Saxon

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*kind(“child”), fromProto-Germanic*kindą,*kinþą, from Pre-Germanic*ǵénh₁tom, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵenh₁-(“to bear, give birth”).

Noun

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kind n

  1. child

Declension

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kind (neuter a-stem)
singularplural
nominativekindkind
accusativekindkind
genitivekindeskindō
dativekindekindun
instrumental——
kind (z-stem)
singularplural
nominativekindkindiru
accusativekindkindiru
genitivekindeskindirō
dativekindekindirum
instrumental——

Descendants

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Swedish

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SwedishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediasv
en kind

Etymology

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FromOld Norsekinn, fromProto-Germanic*kinnuz, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵénu-(“cheek”). CompareDanishkind, Norwegian andIcelandickinn,GermanKinn,Dutchkin,Englishchin.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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kind c

  1. (anatomy)cheek; a part of the face.

Usage notes

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False friend withchin, seehaka.

Declension

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Declension ofkind
nominativegenitive
singularindefinitekindkinds
definitekindenkindens
pluralindefinitekinderkinders
definitekindernakindernas

Derived terms

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References

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Zealandic

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Dutchkint.

Noun

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kind n (pluralkinders)

  1. child
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