Daunay, Jean (1998)Parlers de Champagne : Pour un classement thématique du vocabulaire des anciens parlers de Champagne (Aube - Marne - Haute-Marne)[1] (in French), Rumilly-lés-Vaudes
Baudoin, Alphonse (1885)Glossaire de la forêt de Clairvaux[2] (in French), Troyes
“ja” inMartalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974)Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
Borg, Alexander (2004)A Comparative Glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Arabic–English) (Handbook of Oriental Studies;I.70), Leiden and Boston: Brill,page192
Nee heb je al,ja kan je krijgen. ―The only way to find out if someone agrees (with/to something) is to ask. (literally, “You already have "no", but you may still get "yes".”)
The wordja emphasizes the entire sentence or a specific word or phrase, stressing the reality of it. It is most often placed before or after the sentence's main verb, or before an adverb modifying the main verb. Otherwise, it is usually placed in front of a word or phrase that it emphasizes.
It is also commonly used for emphatic negation, combined withne or a correlative starting inneni-, usually withja placed in front of it.
ja can be used more widely thansekä. As an example,sekä may not be used to join two independent clauses.
Vaahdota voisekä sokerija sekoita joukkoon kuivat aineet. ―Cream the butterand sugar,and mix in the dry ingredients.
sekä has a nuance of the things being more separate than withja. If both words are used,ja ties things closer together thansekä.
mansikka-ja vadelmahillosekä muut hedelmäsäilykkeet ―strawberryand raspberry jamas well as other fruit preserves
In legal language,ja andsekä are distinguished more clearly.sekä is considered "stronger" thanja. For example, an attribute specified before a list will apply to every item withja, but not withsekä.
paineella tyhjennettävätja täytettävät säiliöt ―containers that can be filledand emptied under pressure= containers that are both filled and emptied under pressure
paineella tyhjennettävätsekä täytettävät säiliöt ―containers that can be filledand emptied under pressure= containers that are emptied under pressure, and which can be filled either under pressure or not
“ja”, inKielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki:Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland),2004–, retrieved2023-07-02
(intensifier)obviously;certainly;of course;really;just; as you know; as is generally known(indicates and emphasises that one is expressing a known fact)
(yes):Ja is used to indicate agreement with a positive statement. To contradict a negative statement (where English would use “yes”),doch is used instead.
(obviously):Ja means roughly the same as Englishobviously oras you know, but given its shortness it is used much more frequently. In colloquial German,ja is used in most statements of facts already known to the one addressed.
(yep, oh):ja inBárczi, Géza andLászló Országh.A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.:ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN
(indeed, actually, as a matter of fact):ja inBárczi, Géza andLászló Országh.A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (“The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language”, abbr.:ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992:→ISBN
1936, V. I. Junus, N. A. Iljin,Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (toine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page42:
Stanislow Frymark (2020) “ja”, inKashubian Language in Canada, the USA and New Zealand; Lexical Interferences in Kashubian Language in Canada, the USA and New Zealand, Zómk Zôbòrsczi,→ISBN
Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008),Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[5], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
While not obligatory even in standard Arabic, the vocative particle is predominantly omitted in Maltese. It does remain a common word, however, especially when equivalent to English “you”.
The reduced forms with an apostrophe areenclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions.Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject formhat is now rarely used. Inreflexive use, only full object forms occur. Dual formswat / unk andjat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.
The reduced forms with an apostrophe areenclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions.Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts.
Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject formhat is now rarely used. Inreflexive use, only full object forms occur.
The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects.
Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.
Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008),Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[7], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Depending on context, may be pronounced by some speakers through inhaling, like Northern Swedishinhaling jo (although not making the same sound as the Swedish one).
B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ja”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN
B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “ja”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN
Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008),Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[8], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
The mute formsmię andmi cannot be used in accented positions in the sentence.Mię is considered dated in standard Polish but can still be heard commonly in some dialects or in colloquial speech.
According toSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990),ja is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 16 times in scientific texts, 2 times in news, 84 times in essays, 892 times in fiction, and 2034 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 3028 times, making it the 15th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
^Ida Kurcz (1990) “ja”, inSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page159
Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “ja”, inSłownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
“JA”, inElektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2019 September 4
Leon Rzeszowski (1891) “ja”, in “Spis wyrazów ludowych z okolic Żywca”, inSprawozdania Komisyi Językowej Akademii Umiejętności, volume 4, Krakow: Drukarnia Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, page356
“ja”, inSlovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak),https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk,2003–2025
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I fjol så gick jag med herrarna i hagen.Ja,ja, med herrarna i hagen.Ja, med herrarna i hagen. I år har jag något som sparkar i magen. Aj, aj, som sparkar i magen. Aj, som sparkar i magen.
Last year I went with the men in the pasture.Yes,yes, with the men in the pasture.Yes, with the men in the pasture. This year I have something that kicks in my belly. Ow, ow, that kicks in my belly. Ow, that kicks in my belly.
Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “ja, jaadi”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[11], Lyon
Hall, Katherine Lee (1988)The morphosyntax of discourse in De'kwana Carib, volumes I and II, Saint Louis, Missouri: PhD Thesis, Washington University, pages219, 289, 389: “ha:dü 'grandson'[…] ----- -ha: -dü 'grandchild'[…] ha:dü - grandchild”
Hall, Katherine (2007) “hādɨ”, in Mary Ritchie Key & Bernard Comrie, editors,The Intercontinental Dictionary Series[12], Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, published2021
Monterrey, Nalúa Rosa Silva (2012)Hombres de curiara y mujeres de conuco. Etnografía de los indigenas Ye’kwana de Venezuela, Ciudad Bolívar: Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, pages62–65, 71, 75: “jaadü, jaa'dü, jua'de”
