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ir

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:Appendix:Variations of "ir"

Alemannic German

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you(plural)

Declension

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Alemannic German personal pronouns
			nominative	accusative	dative	possessivem
singular	1st person		ich,i	mich,mi	mir,mier,mer	min,miin
	2nd person	familiar	du	dich,di	dir,dier,der	din,diin
	2nd person	polite	Si		Ine,Ene,-ne	Ire
	3rd person	m	er	in,en	im	sin,siin
		f	si		ire
		n	es,'s,-s		im	sin,siin
plural	1st person		mir,mer	üs,öis,ois,eus		üse,öise,oise,euse
	2nd person		ir,ier	öi,eu		öie,eure
	3rd person		si		ine,ene,-ne	ire

Aragonese

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Etymology

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Inherited fromLatinīre.

Verb

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Chuukese

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Pronoun

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them

Related terms

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Chuukese personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	ngaang,nganga,ngang	áám,am (exclusive) kiich,kich (inclusive)
2nd person	een,en	áámi,ami
3rd person	iiy,i	iir,ir

Danish

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DanishWikipedia has an article on:

Wikipedia^da

Etymology

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Either the old word for "copper" or some derivation from it:Old Danisheer(“copper”),Old Norseeir, fromProto-Germanic*aiz.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ˈiɐ̯],[ˈiɐ̯ˀ]

Noun

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ir c (singular definiteirren,not used in plural form)

verdigris

Elfdalian

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Verb

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singular present ofwårå

Galician

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Etymology

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FromOld Galician-Portugueseir, fromLatinīre. The forms beginning with /b/ derive from corresponding forms ofLatinvādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms ofLatinesse.

Verb

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ir (first-person singular presentvou,first-person singular preteritefun,past participleido)
ir (first-person singular presentvou,first-person singular preteritefumorfui,past participleido,reintegrationist norm)

togo(to move to a destination) [withparaoraoren‘to somewhere’;orwithata‘as far as somewhere’]
A Maruxavai na casa ―Maruxawent home.
(auxiliary)will; to begoing to;forms the future tense[withinfinitive]
A Maruxavai marchar ―Maruxais going to depart.
(pronominal) togo; toleave; todepart
A Maruxafoise. ―Maruxawent away.
towork,function,run
—Vai ou nonvai? —Nonvai.
Does thatwork or does it notwork? No, it doesn'twork.

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofir (irregular)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el /ela /Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles /elas /Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ir
Personal	ir	ires	ir	irmos	irdes	iren
Gerund
	indo
Past participle
Masculine	ido			idos
Feminine	ida			idas
Indicative
Present	vou	vas	vai	imos	ides	van
Imperfect	ía	ías	ía	iamos	iades	ían
Preterite	fun	fuches	foi	fomos	fostes	foron
Pluperfect	fora	foras	fora	foramos	forades	foran
Future	irei	irás	irá	iremos	iredes	irán
Conditional	iría	irías	iría	iriamos	iriades	irían
Subjunctive
Present	vaia	vaias	vaia	vaiamos	vaiades	vaian
Imperfect	fose	foses	fose	fósemos	fósedes	fosen
Future	for	fores	for	formos	fordes	foren
Imperative
Affirmative		vai	vaia	vamos	ide	vaian
Negative (non)		non vaias	non vaia	non vaiamos	non vaiades	non vaian

Reintegrated conjugation ofir (irregular) (SeeAppendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti /tu)	Third-person (ele /ela /você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles /elas /vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ir
Personal	ir	ires	ir	irmos	irdes	irem
Gerund
	indo
Past participle
Masculine	ido			idos
Feminine	ida			idas
Indicative
Present	vou	vás,vais	vai	imos,vamos	ides	vam,vão
Imperfect	ia	ias	ia	íamos	íades,íeis,íais¹	iam
Preterite	fum,fui	foste,foche¹	foi	fomos	fostes	fôrom,foram
Pluperfect	fora	foras	fora	fôramos	fôrades,fôreis,fôrais¹	foram
Future	irei	irás	irá	iremos	iredes,ireis	irám,irão
Conditional	iria	irias	iria	iríamos	iríades,iríeis,iríais¹	iriam
Subjunctive
Present	vaia,vá	vaias,vás	vaia,vá	vaiamos,vamos	vaiades,vades	vaiam,vão
Imperfect	fosse	fosses	fosse	fôssemos	fôssedes,fôsseis	fossem
Future	for	fores	for	formos	fordes	forem
Imperative
Affirmative		vai	vaia,vá	vaiamos,vamos	ide	vaiam,vão
Negative (nom)		nom vaias,nom vás	nom vaia,nom vá	nom vaiamos,nom vamos	nom vaiades,nom vades	nom vaiam,nom vão

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

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ir fóra

References

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Ernesto Xosé González Seoane,María Álvarez de la Granja,Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “ir”, inDicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ir”, inDicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández,Ernesto Xosé González Seoane,María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ir”, inTesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega
Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ir”, inTesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela:Instituto da Lingua Galega,→ISSN

Interlingua

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Etymology

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FromLatinīre, active present infinitive ofeō; which its conjugation also influenced byFrenchaller (present indicativesvais,vas,va, andvont all fromLatinvadō).

Verb

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togo

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofir
participle		present	perfect
infinitive		ir
participle		iente	ite

active		simple	perfect
	present	i, va	ha ite
	past	iva	habeva ite
	future	ira	habera ite
	conditional	irea	haberea ite
	imperative	i	—

Antonyms

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venir

Kaera

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Etymology

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From Proto-Alor–Pantar *jira.

Noun

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water

References

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Gary Holton and Laura Robinson,The Internal History of the Alor-Pantar language family, inThe Alor-Pantar languages: History and Typology, edited by Marian Klamer
Marian Klamer,One item, many faces: ‘come’ in Teiwa (2010, in wing & Klamer) andKaera (2014, in Schapper)
Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, Antoinette Schapper,The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar,Oceanic Linguistics 2012:1

Ladino

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Spanishir(“to go”), fromLatinīre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms ofLatinvādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms ofLatinesse.^[1]

Verb

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ir (Hebrew spellingאיר)^[2]

(intransitive) togo(away from speaker and listener)
Ey senyor,voy a esnoga.
Hi mister, I’m going to the synagogue.
(said of things or people, intransitive) to besuitable orapt for its purpose, tomatch orsuit well(of clothing)
- (Can wedate this quote?),Folkmasa‎^[3]:
  este vestido no teva
  This outfit doesn’tsuit you.
(preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive)denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; togo on;carry on;continue
- (Can wedate this quote?),Folkmasa‎^[4]:
  va kaminando
  itcontinues
(auxiliary) to begoing to;used to convey the near future tense[witha(+infinitive)‘do something’]
- (Can wedate this quote?),Folkmasa‎^[5]:
  levo dizir
  Iam going to tell him.
(intransitive)used with ahortative value to encourage or urge action;let's
- (Can wedate this quote?),Folkmasa‎^[6]:
  Novayamos mas leshos
  Let’s go no further.

Conjugation

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conjugation ofir

number		singular			plural
infinitive			ir
gerund			indo
participle			ido
person		first person	second person	third person	first person	second person	third person
indicative		yo	tu	el eya	mozotros mozotras	vozotros vozotras	eyos eyas
	simple present	vo, voy	vas	va	vamos	vash	van
	imperfect	iva	ivas	iva	ivamos	ivash	ivan
	preterite	fui	fuites	fue	fuimos	fuitesh	fueron
	future	iré	irás	irá	iremos	irásh	irán
	conditional	iriya	iriyas	iriya	iriyamos	iriyash	iriyan
subjunctive		yo	tu	el eya	mozotros mozotras	vozotros vozotras	eyos eyas
	present	vaya	vayas	vaya	vayamos	vayásh	vayan
	past	fuera	fueras	fuera	fuéramos	fuerash	fueran
imperative		—		—	—		—
	affirmative	(vaya)	va	(vaya)	(vayamos)	vayash	(vayan)
	negativo	(no vaya)	no vayas	(no vaya)	(no vayamos)	no vayásh	(no vayan)

References

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^Joan Coromines,José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “ir”, inDiccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
^“ir”, inTrezoro de la Lengua Djudeoespanyola.

Latgalian

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Etymology

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Shortened form ofirā, fromProto-Baltic*irā. Akin toLatvianir.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ir/
Hyphenation:ir

Verb

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third-person indicative present ofbyut

Usage notes

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ir is mostly used in unstressed positions, whileirā is mostly common for stressed positions in the sentence.

References

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Nicole Nau (2011)A short grammar of Latgalian, München: LINCOM GmbH,→ISBN, page48

Latin

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Cognate withAncient Greekχείρ(kheír).

Pronunciation

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(Classical Latin)IPA^(key): /ˈir/,[ˈɪr]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical)IPA^(key): /ˈir/,[ˈir]

Noun

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ir n sg (indeclinable,no genitive)

(rare, anatomy)hand

Declension

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Indeclinable noun (used only in the nominative and accusative), singular only.

	singular
nominative	ir
genitive	—
dative	—
accusative	ir
ablative	—
vocative	—

Synonyms

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(hand):manus

References

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“ir”, inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879)A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ir inGaffiot, Félix (1934)Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.

Latvian

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Etymology 1

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FromProto-Baltic*irā (cf. dialectal, archaic formsirād,iraid,irāg, and alsoLithuanianyrà, which existed alongside*esti (cf.Old Church Slavonicєстъ(estŭ),Russianесть(jestʹ),Lithuanian dialectalẽsti,Old Prussianast), initially with basically existential (“there is”) meaning, but later on extending to all copular meanings, thus replacing*esti. InSudovian, also the first person formirm(“I am”) is derived from this stem. The origin ofProto-Baltic*irā is, however, unclear. Various sources have been proposed: an older interjection (cf.Lithuanianaurè(“look!”)), the particle and conjunctionir(“both... and...”), a noun with the meaning “existence,” “reality,” “thing,” or even (more recently) theProto-Indo-European secondary third-person verbal ending*-r with a later-ā-extension.^[1]

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ir]

Verb

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(he,she,it)is;third-person singular present indicative ofbūt
(they)are;third-person plural present indicative ofbūt
(with the particlelai)let (him,her,it)be;third-person singular imperative ofbūt
(with the particlelai)let them be;third-person plural imperative ofbūt

Etymology 2

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FromProto-Baltic*ir, from thereduced grade*h₂r̥ ofProto-Indo-European*h₂er-(“so, then; question particle”) (whence alsoLatvianar(“with”); see there for more). The original meaning “and” (compareLithuanian cognate) is found in 16th- and 17th-century texts, but from the 18th century onir was no longer used in this sense. Cognates includeLithuanianir̃(“and”),Old Prussianir(“also”),er(“(along) with”),Ancient Greekἄρα, ἄρ’, ῥά(ára, ár’, rhá,“so, then, therefore”).^[1]

Conjunction

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additive conjunction used tojoin several similar sentence elements,indicating theirsimilar nature:both ...and ..., ...and also ..., ...as well as ...
gribējasir smieties,ir raudāt ―one wantedboth to laughand to cry
nācair jaunie,ir vecie ―both the youngand the old came
tolaikir tēvs,ir māte bija miruši ―at that time,both the fatherand the mother had died
tā bija droša, interesanta un glīta meitene, kas prata būtir jautra,ir nopietna ―that was a brave, fun (lit. interesting) and pretty girl, who knew how to beboth cheerfuland serious
nakts kā jau nakts:ir mēness spīd,ir tālē rūsa plaiksnī ―the night is like the night (= as usual): the moon shinesand also in the distance silent lightning flashes

Synonyms

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kā ...tā ...
gan ...gan ...

Particle

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used tomark connection andemphasis,reinforcement; syn.arī
Ludis nolēca lielā dubļu pančkā un turir palika, ratiem pakaļ skatīdamies ―Ludis jumped into a big mud puddle and therealso he stayed, looking ahead at the cart
Dūdums pateica: “man vēl laika diezgan”, un pārliecināt viņu par piegādes normu nodošanu pirms termiņa tāir neizdevās — Dūdums said: “I still have enough time,” andalso,so it was impossible to convince him about the rules for delivery before the deadline
used tomark emphasis, toreinforce; syn.pat:really,even
tas viņamir prātā nenāk ―that doesn'teven come to his mind
krūmosir pa naktīm guļot, pilsētā viņš parādoties reti ―really sleeping at night in the bushes, he appeared rarely in the city

Synonyms

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References

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↑^1.0^1.1Karulis, Konstantīns (1992) “ir”, inLatviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca‎^[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS,→ISBN

Lithuanian

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Etymology

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FromProto-Balto-Slavic*ir(“and, also”), compareLatvianir,Old Prussianir(“and, even”), fromProto-Indo-European*h₂r̥-(“thus, so”); compareAncient Greekἄρα(ára,“so, then, consequently”). If the original meaning was "fittingly, accordingly", the root may be identical to*h₂er-(“fit together”), seearti̇̀(“near”) for more.

Proto-Slavic*i(“and, even”) is probably not related.

Conjunction

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ir̃

(coordinating, cumulative)and,too
(coordinating, illative)and,so
Bùvogražùsóras,ir̃mẽsnùtarėmekeliáuti. - the weather was nice, and (=so) we decided to travel.
(coordinating, correlative)both …and …

Particle

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ir̃

(emphatic)even,and
Mánir̃tõnepavỹkopadarýt! - I didn't even manage that!
(emphatic)exactly,just,precisely
Ji̇̀sir̃yràtàsžmogùs,apiẽkùrįkal̃bame. - It's him that we're talking about
(interrogative)and,so
Nà,ir̃kàs! - So what!

Related terms

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Middle Dutch

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Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*jiʀ, fromProto-Germanic*jūz. CompareGermanihr.

Pronoun

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ye,you(plural) (only in Southeastern texts)

Middle English

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Etymology 1

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Determiner

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Alternative form ofhire(“her”)

Pronoun

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Alternative form ofhire(“hers”)

Etymology 2

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Pronoun

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Alternative form ofhire(“her”)

Middle High German

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Etymology

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FromOld High Germanir, fromProto-West Germanic*jiʀ, variant ofProto-Germanic*jūz, fromProto-Indo-European*yúHs.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ir/

Pronoun

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you:nominative plural ofdu

Descendants

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Alemannic German:ir
Bavarian:
- Cimbrian:iar,iart(Luserna)
- Mòcheno:ir
Central Franconian:ühr,ihr,dihr(d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
- Hunsrik:deer
- Luxembourgish:dir
German:ihr
Rhine Franconian:
- Pennsylvania German:dihr
Yiddish:איר(ir),איהר(ihr) —Daytshmerish

Mòcheno

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Etymology

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FromMiddle High Germanir, fromOld High Germanir, fromProto-West Germanic*jiʀ, fromProto-Germanic*jīz. Cognate withGermanihr,Englishye.

Pronoun

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you(plural)

Inflection

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Personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1st person	i	biar
2nd person	du	ir
3rd person	er,si,s	sei

References

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“ir” inCimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.

Old High German

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Alternative forms

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ier,er,aer,gi

Etymology

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FromProto-West Germanic*jiʀ, variant ofProto-Germanic*jūz, fromProto-Indo-European*yúHs.

Pronoun

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you(second-person plural pronoun)
(polite)you(second-person singular pronoun)
- late9th century, Otfrid of Weissenburg,Letter to Bishop Salomo of Constance v. 5-7:
  Lékza ih therara búachi /iu sentu in suábo richi,
  thazir irkíaset ubar ál, / oba siu frúma wesan scal;
  Obair hiar fíndet iawiht thés / thaz wírdig ist thes lésannes:
  I sendto you in Swabia the selection of books,
  so thatyou can decide above all if it will be useful;
  [and] ifyou find here something that is worthy of being read.
  (quoted in and tr. by Horst J. Simon in Taavitsainen & Jucker 2003:88)

Usage notes

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Some speakers of Old High German appear to have contrasted the "polite" singular (plural forms) with the regular, informal singular (singular forms), as in Modern GermanSie versusdu. This distinction is however not well-attested, and may have been regional, genre-dependent, or only in late Old High German.

Inflection

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Old High German personal pronouns
Number	Person	Gender	Nominative	Genitive	Dative	Accusative
Singular	First		ih (ihha,ihcha)	mīn	mir	mih
	Second		dū	dīn	dir	dih
	Third	Masculine	er (her)	(sīn)	imu,imo	inan,in
		Feminine	siu;sī,si	ira (iru,iro)	iru,iro	sia
		Neuter	iz	es,is	imu,imo	iz
Plural	First		wir	unsēr	uns	unsih
	Second		ir	iuwēr	iu	iuwih
	Third	Masculine	sie	iro	im,in	sie
		Feminine	sio	iro	im,in	sio
		Neuter	siu	iro	im,in	siu
Polite form	Second		ir	iuwēr	iu	iuwih

Descendants

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Middle High German:ir
- Alemannic German:ir
- Bavarian:
  - Cimbrian:iar,iart(Luserna)
  - Mòcheno:ir
- Central Franconian:ühr,ihr,dihr(d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
  - Hunsrik:deer
  - Luxembourgish:dir
- German:ihr
- Rhine Franconian:
  - Pennsylvania German:dihr
- Yiddish:איר(ir),איהר(ihr) —Daytshmerish

References

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Armitage, Lionel. (1911) An Introduction to the study of Old High German, p 200.

Old Swedish

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Alternative forms

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ī,ᛁᚱ

Etymology

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FromOld East Norse*īʀ (compare West Norseér), fromProto-Germanic*jīz, variant of*jūz.

Pronoun

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īr

you(plural)

Declension

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Old Swedish personal pronouns
	first person	second person	reflexive	third person
	first person	second person	reflexive	masculine	feminine	neuter
singular
nominative	iak,iæk	þū	—	han	hōn	þæt
accusative	mik,mek	þik	sik	han	hana,hōna	þæt
dative	mǣ(r),mik	þǣ(r),þik	sǣ(r),sik	hōnum,hānum	hænni	þȳ,þī
genitive	mīn	þīn	sīn	hans	hænna(r)	þæs
dual
nominative	vit	it	—	—	—	—
accusative	oker	*iker	sik	—	—	—
dative	oker	*iker	sǣr,sik	—	—	—
genitive	okar	*ikar	sīn	—	—	—
plural
nominative	vī(r)	ī(r)	—	þē(r)	þā(r)	þø̄n,þē(n)
accusative	os,ōs	iþer	sik	þā	þā(r)	þø̄n,þē(n)
dative	os,ōs	iþer	sǣr,sik	þēm,þø̄m,þom	þēm,þø̄m,þom	þēm,þø̄m,þom
genitive	vār	iþar	sīn	þēra	þēra	þēra

Descendants

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Swedish:I,ni(← hafven I)

Old Welsh

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Etymology

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Ultimately fromProto-Celtic*sindos.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ir/

Article

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(definite article)the
- 9th c.,Oxoniensis Prior (Bodleian Library, Oxford), v. 234:
  ir pimphet eterin
  the fifth bird

Descendants

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Middle Welsh:y,yr,'r
- Welsh:y,yr,'r

Portuguese

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Alternative forms

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hir(obsolete)
yr(obsolete)

Etymology

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Inherited fromLatinīre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding forms ofLatinvādere; those beginning with /f/ derive from corresponding forms ofLatinesse.

Pronunciation

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(Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/[ˈi(h)]

(Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/[ˈi(h)]
- (São Paulo)IPA^(key): /ˈi(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro)IPA^(key): /ˈi(ʁ)/[ˈi(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil)IPA^(key): /ˈi(ɻ)/

(Portugal)IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/

(Portugal)IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/
- (Southern Portugal)IPA^(key): /ˈi.ɾi/

Homophones:i,e(with -r dropping)
Hyphenation:ir

Verb

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ir (first-person singular presentvou,first-person singular preteritefui,past participleido)

togo(to move to a destination)[withparaoraorem‘to somewhere’;orwithaté‘as far as somewhere’]
Vamos a pé?
Do wego on foot?
Elesforam ao centro comercial.
Theywent to the shopping centre.
Queríamosir para casa.
We wantedto go home.
(auxiliary)will; to begoing to;forms the future tense[withinfinitive]
Vou comprar um sapato.
Iwill buy a shoe.
Nós nãoíamos fazer nada.
We weren’tgoing to do anything.
(auxiliary) tokeep on; togo on; ~on;forms the continuative aspect[withgerund]
A águavai escorrendo até acabar.
The waterkeeps on leaking until it is all gone.
(pronominal) togo; toleave; todepart
Os homens já seforam todos.
All the menhave left already.
toattend; togo to(to be present in an event)[withparaoremora‘an event’]
Sinto muito, não podereiir à sua festa.
I’m sorry, I won’t be able togo to your party.
(intransitive) togo on until; tolast to[withaté‘a specified time’]
A batalhafoi até as duas da manhã.
The battlewent on until two AM.
todo; tofare(to have a good or bad result)[withem‘a result’]
Fui muito mal em quase todas as provas.
I did very bad in nearly all the tests.
(intransitive) tobe doing;formula used in greetings[withadverb]
“Comovai?” “Vou bem, obrigado.”
“Howare you doing?” “I am doing fine, thanks.”
(pronominal) to begone, beon the blink,on the fritz(depleted, destroyed; no longer usable)
Porcaria! Minha TV sefoi.
Damn it! My TVis gone.
(euphemistic, pronominal) toleave(to die); todepart(to die)
Uma oração para os que já seforam.
A prayer for those who have alreadyleft us.
(intransitive) togo(to begin an action or process)
Um, dois, três,vai!
One, two, three,go!
O sinal verde ainda nãofoi!
The green light still didn’tlight up.
Vamos!
Get on with it!
(intransitive) tomatch; togo with(to form a good combination with)[withcom‘someone/something’]
Este casaco nãovai bemcom os sapatos.
This jacket doesn'tgo wellwith the shoes.
(intransitive) tolike ortolerate[withcom‘someone/something’]
Parece que ninguémvai comigo.
It seems nobodylikes me.
(intransitive) tofollow(to take into account when making choices)[withpor]
Vai pela razão, não pelos sentimentos.
Follow reason, not feelings.
Se a luz não acender, pode encontrar o livroindo pelo tato.
If the light doesn’t turn on, you can find the book byfollowing your sense of touch.
Vai por mim.
Trust me.
(intransitive) torange(to encompass values between two given extremes)[withde‘from’anda‘to’]
As perguntasiam do fácil ao difícil.
The questionsranged from easy to difficult.
(poker, intransitive) tocall(to match the amount of chips in the pot)
- 2012,Luís Fernando Veríssimo, “Os pêssegos”, inDiálogos Impossíveis, Rio de Janeiro: Editora Objetiva,→ISBN, page29:
  Não se ouvia mais nada, além dos ruídos naturais do pôquer. O clicar das fichas. Frases curtas: "Dou cartas." "Vou." "Nãovou." "Pago pra ver." "Não é possível!"
  (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
(reflexive) todepart; toleave
Synonyms:ir embora,sair
(reflexive, euphemistic) topass away; todepart; todie
Synonyms:falecer,morrer

Usage notes

[edit]

The use of auxiliaryir with lexicalir (e.g.Eu vou ir para casa “I'm going to go home”) is sometimes proscribed. A singleir (Eu vou para casa, even though this also means the present “I'm going home”) or the future tense form (Eu irei para casa, which is rather formal) can be used instead.

Usually used in the preterite and with the pronoun preceding the verb:

Elese foi.

Hedeparted.

Elasse foram.

Theydeparted.

Conjugation

[edit]

Conjugation ofir (irregular) (SeeAppendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele /ela /você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles /elas /vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	ir
Personal	ir	ires	ir	irmos	irdes	irem
Gerund
	indo
Past participle
Masculine	ido			idos
Feminine	ida			idas
Indicative
Present	vou	vais	vai	vamos	ides	vão
Imperfect	ia	ias	ia	íamos	íeis	iam
Preterite	fui	foste	foi	fomos	fostes	foram
Pluperfect	fora	foras	fora	fôramos	fôreis	foram
Future	irei	irás	irá	iremos	ireis	irão
Conditional	iria	irias	iria	iríamos	iríeis	iriam
Subjunctive
Present	vá	vás	vá	vamos	vades	vão
Imperfect	fosse	fosses	fosse	fôssemos	fôsseis	fossem
Future	for	fores	for	formos	fordes	forem
Imperative
Affirmative		vai	vá	vamos	ide	vão
Negative (não)		não vás	não vá	não vamos	não vades	não vão

Quotations

[edit]

For quotations using this term, seeCitations:ir.

Synonyms

[edit]

(go):andar
(leave):partir

Derived terms

[edit]

ir ao cu

Romansch

[edit]

Alternative forms

[edit]

eir(Surmiran)

Etymology

[edit]

Inherited fromLatinīre. The forms beginning with /v/ derive from corresponding conjugations ofvādere, and those beginning with /m/ presumably frommeāre.

Verb

[edit]

(Rumantsch Grischun, Sursilvan, Sutsilvan, Puter, Vallader)go

Conjugation

[edit]

Conjugation ofir (Sursilvan)

	singular			plural
infinitive			ir
gerund			mond
past participle			iu
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	mon	vas	va	mein	meis	van
imperfect	evel	evas	eva	evan	evas	evan
future	vegnel a ir	vegns a ir	vegn a ir	vegnin a ir	vegnis a ir	vegnan a ir
conditional	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
direct present	mass	masses	mass	massen	masses	massen
indirect present	massi	massies	massi	massien	massies	massien
direct future	vegness a ir	vegnesses a ir	vegness a ir	vegnessen a ir	vegnesses a ir	vegnessen a ir
indirect future	vegnessi a ir	vegnessies a ir	vegnessi a ir	vegnessien a ir	vegnessies a ir	vegnessien a ir
subjunctive	che jeu	che ti	ch'el/ch'ella	che nus	che vus	ch'els/ch'ellas
present	mondi	mondies	mondi	meien	meies	mondien
past	evi	evies	evi	evien	evies	evien
future	vegni a ir	vegnies a ir	vegni a ir	vegnîen a ir	vegnîes a ir	vegnien a ir
imperative	—	ti	—	—	vus	—
imperative		va			mei

Conjugation ofir (Grischun)

	singular			plural
infinitive			ir
gerund			giond
past participle			ì
	1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	vom	vas	va	giain	giais	van
imperfect	gieva	gievas	gieva	gievan	gievas	gievan
future	vegnel a ir	vegns a ir	vegn a ir	vegnin a ir	vegnis a ir	vegnan a ir
conditional	jeu	ti	el/ella	nus	vus	els/ellas
present	giess	giesses	giess	giessen	giesses	giessen
future	vegness a ir	vegnesses a ir	vegness a ir	vegnessen a ir	vegnesses a ir	vegnessen a ir
subjunctive	che jeu	che ti	ch'el/ch'ella	che nus	che vus	ch'els/ch'ellas
present	giaja	giajas	giaja	giajan	giajas	giajan
future	vegni a ir	vegnies a ir	vegni a ir	vegnîen a ir	vegnîes a ir	vegnien a ir
imperative	—	ti	—	—	vus	—
imperative		va			giai

Scots

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

(Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of tobe
(Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of tobe

Spanish

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

Forms containing/b/ such asvoy(“I go”) oriba(“I used to go”) areinherited fromLatinvādere(“to go”).^[1]
Forms beginning with/f/ such asfui(“I went”) areinherited fromLatinesse(“to be”).^[1]
The futurevoseo form, andá, is a result ofsuppletion withandar.
Other forms areinherited fromLatinīre(“to go”).^[1]

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): /ˈiɾ/[ˈiɾ]
Rhymes:-iɾ
Syllabification:ir

Verb

[edit]

ir (first-person singular presentvoy,first-person singular preteritefui,past participleido)

(intransitive) togo (away from speaker and listener)
Nos gustair al cine. ―We like togo to the movies.
(said of things or people, intransitive) to besuitable orapt for its purpose, tomatch orsuit well(of clothing)
Una blusa negra no leva a esa falda. ―A black blouse doesn'tsuit that skirt.
(intransitive) to head towards orlead to a place away from the speaker
Este caminova a la aldea. ―This roadleads to the village
(said of a thing, intransitive) to extend in time or space, from one point to another
Esta redva de un lado del campo al otro.
this netextends from one side of the field to the other
El eventova de las 9 de la mañana hasta las 5 de la tarde.
The eventextends from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
(intransitive, card games) toplay
Juan estaba seguro de su mano, así que decidióir con todo.
Juan was confident in his hand, so he decided togo all in.
Si no estás seguro de tu baraja, es mejor noir en esta ronda.
If you're not confident about your deck, it's better not toplay this round
(intransitive) toapproach orconsider (something) from aspecific angle, or to direct attention towards a particular goal
ir en serio —ir de veras —ir de verdad
be serious about something, make a real attempt at something
Si por honestidadva, ¿qué cosa más honesta que la virtud? Ahorava de veras.
Ifit's about honesty, what could be more honest than virtue? Now Iam serious.
(preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive)denotes an ongoing action with a sense of progression or movement through space or time; togo on, tocarry on
Voy caminando.
Igo on walking
(preceding the gerund of a verb, intransitive)an action or process is beginning to occur or unfold; togrow (dark),get (cloudy)
Va anocheziendo. ―It starts to get dark
(colloquial, commonly paired withpues, intransitive)usedironically with certain adjectives or passive participles
Pues yavas tu preparado para el exámen!.
Well, you're ready for the exam! (implying that you are not prepared at all for the exam)
(auxiliary)used with the past participle of transitive verbs to indicate undergoing the action of the verb
Ellava atormentada.
Shegoes tormented (the fact of her being in a state of torment which isn't self imposed, sheundergoes externally imposed torment)
(auxiliary)used with the past participle of reflexive verbs to indicate being in a state caused by the verb
Ir arrepentido. ―Being remorseful
Ir apresurado. ―Being in a hurry
Élva enojado. ―Heis angry
(auxiliary) to begoing to;used to convey the near future tense[witha(+infinitive)‘do something’]
Voy a decirle la verdad. ―Iam going to tell her the truth.
(intransitive, said of a thing, especially a sum of money) to bestaked orbet in a dispute or competition(only used in the third-person plural present indicative formvan to entice someone to engage in abet)
Van cinco euros a que gana el Madrid ―Ibet five euros that Madrid will win the match
(intransitive)used with ahortative value to encourage or urge action;let's
Vamos a trabajar ―.Let's get working
(intransitive, imperfective only) tohabitually happen on a specific day or occasion; to habituallygo
En verano,vamos a la playa. ―In summer, wego to the beach.
(intransitive)used to describe the manner in which someone behaves or acts under specific conditions[withcon(+abstractnoun)]
ir con cuidado ―to be careful (literally, “to go with carefulness”)
(intransitive)indicates an inclination towards a particular profession or career path, especially one that is perceived in other people based on their current skills or personality
Este niñova para médico. ―This childwill become a doctor (perceived by the speaker).
(intransitive)indicates the pursuit of a particular career or vocation[withpor‘career or vocation’]
Ellava por la música. ―Sheis pursuing a career in music
(intransitive) togo fetch[withpor‘something’anda‘somewhere’]
Voy por leche al supermercado. ―I'm going to the supermarket toget milk.
(intransitive, of an element of a language)indicates adherence to a specific linguistic pattern or rules, like conjugation
Esa palabra solova en plural. ―That wordis only used in the plural.
(intransitive) tocome(towards or with the listener)
Quieroir contigo.
I want tocome with you.
Iré a tu casa.
I'llcome to your house.
(reflexive) togo away, toleave, todepart, togo(when the destination is not essential; when something or someone is going somewhere else)
Synonyms:andarse,marcharse
Lo siento. Tengo queirme.
I'm sorry. I have toleave.
Élse va a salvar al mundo otra vez.
He's off to save the world again.
(reflexive) toleak out (with liquids and gasses), toboil away, togo flat (gas in drinks)
(reflexive) tooverflow
(reflexive) togo out (lights)
(reflexive) tofinish, towear out, todisappear (e.g. money, paint, pains, mechanical parts)
(reflexive) todie
(reflexive, informal) tobreak wind, tofart
(reflexive, informal) towet/soil oneself (i.e., urinate or defecate in one's pants)
(reflexive, vulgar) tocome, tocum, toejaculate, toorgasm

Usage notes

[edit]

ir is similar toestar in many senses.
- Estar + gerund expresses the fact that the action of the verb is happening on the immediate present, with no inherent sense of past or future movement through time or space. It's the standard and more common expression.
- "Ella está cantando" (She is singing) could imply:
  - Current Action (She is singing right now)
  - Continuous State (She is currently engaged in an event where she regularly sings, but might not be doing so at the moment)
  - (now(dated) or(formal)): Habitual action "she sings in the morning every day"
- ir + gerund expresses a kind of iterative or durative aspect. It emphasizes that the action involves movement or change over time, particularly along a longer process or journey, one that will usually be continued into the future. It is less common in casual speech and is mostly found in formal or literary works.
- "Ellava cantando" (She goes on singing) could imply:
  - She is moving and singing, either simultaneously or independently (She could move, stop to sing, and then continue moving). Either moving and singing with no defined direction through different locations (She goes around singing wherever she is) or along a specified path.
  - The continuous and habitual nature and development of the action over the past, present and often future (She sings little by little and improves over time) Emphasizes progression and the gradual unfolding of a habitual action.

The basic meaning "go" applies to any kind of animate or inanimate motion:walk,ride,sail,fly, etc.

Conjugation

[edit]

The verbir has one of the most irregular conjugations of all Spanish verbs, with many of its irregularities being unique, or nearly unique, to this verb. In particular:

It is one of only three verbs (alongsideser andver, and their derivatives) to have irregular forms in the imperfect indicative tense.
In the preterite indicative and the imperfect and future subjunctive, the conjugation ofir is identical to that ofser ("to be"). Thus, for example,yo fui can mean either "I went" or "I was", depending on context.
In contemporary Spanish, the first-person plural affirmative imperative form ofir is usuallyvamos; the alternative formvayamos, while not proscribed by theRoyal Spanish Academy, is used almost exclusively inliterary language and otherwise considered archaic. However,vayamos remains in use for the (first-person plural) present subjunctive and negative imperative forms (the use ofvamos in these cases is nonstandard). This makesir the only Spanish verb for which the two first-person plural imperative forms (i.e., the affirmative and the negative) are not identical.
The verb does not have a standardisedvoseo form in the second-person singular imperative – instead, the imperative ofandar (which has the formandá) is usually used in its place byvoseo speakers.^[2] The formi is sometimes used as well, though this is considered nonstandard.
It is also the only verb in Spanish in which the verb-final-d is not fully elided when the affirmative imperativevosotros form is combined with the pronominal suffixos. The correct form forid+os is eitheridos oriros; the more predictable formíos (analogous to such forms in other-ir verbs) had been in use in the past, but is viewed as nonstandard today.

Conjugation ofir (irregular) (SeeAppendix:Spanish verbs)

		singular			plural
infinitive			ir
gerund			yendo
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		ido		ida
		plural		idos		idas
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	voy	vas	va	vamos	vais	van
	imperfect	iba	ibas	iba	íbamos	ibais	iban
	preterite	fui	fuiste	fue	fuimos	fuisteis	fueron
	future	iré	irás	irá	iremos	iréis	irán
	conditional	iría	irías	iría	iríamos	iríais	irían

subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	vaya	vayas^{^tú} vayás^{^vos²}	vaya	vayamos	vayáis	vayan
	imperfect (ra)	fuera	fueras	fuera	fuéramos	fuerais	fueran
	imperfect (se)	fuese	fueses	fuese	fuésemos	fueseis	fuesen
	future¹	fuere	fueres	fuere	fuéremos	fuereis	fueren

imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		ve^{^tú} andá^{^vos}	vaya	vamos,vayamos	id	vayan
	negative		no vayas	no vaya	no vayamos	no vayáis	no vayan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayanvoseo prefers thetú form for the present subjunctive.

Selected combined forms ofir (irregular)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitiveir	dative	irme	irte	irle,irse	irnos	iros	irles,irse
with infinitiveir	accusative	irme	irte	irlo,irla,irse	irnos	iros	irlos,irlas,irse

with gerundyendo	dative	yéndome	yéndote	yéndole,yéndose	yéndonos	yéndoos	yéndoles,yéndose
with gerundyendo	accusative	yéndome	yéndote	yéndolo,yéndola,yéndose	yéndonos	yéndoos	yéndolos,yéndolas,yéndose

with informal second-person singulartú imperativeve	dative	veme	vete	vele	venos	not used	veles
with informal second-person singulartú imperativeve	accusative	veme	vete	velo,vela	venos	not used	velos,velas

with informal second-person singularvos imperativeandá	dative	andame	andate	andale	andanos	not used	andales
with informal second-person singularvos imperativeandá	accusative	andame	andate	andalo,andala	andanos	not used	andalos,andalas

with formal second-person singular imperativevaya	dative	váyame	not used	váyale,váyase	váyanos	not used	váyales
with formal second-person singular imperativevaya	accusative	váyame	not used	váyalo,váyala,váyase	váyanos	not used	váyalos,váyalas

with first-person plural imperativevamos,vayamos	dative	not used	vámoste,vayámoste	vámosle,vayámosle	vámonos,vayámonos	vámoos,vayámoos	vámosles,vayámosles
with first-person plural imperativevamos,vayamos	accusative	not used	vámoste,vayámoste	vámoslo,vayámoslo,vámosla,vayámosla	vámonos,vayámonos	vámoos,vayámoos	vámoslos,vayámoslos,vámoslas,vayámoslas

with informal second-person plural imperativeid	dative	idme	not used	idle	idnos	idos,iros	idles
with informal second-person plural imperativeid	accusative	idme	not used	idlo,idla	idnos	idos,iros	idlos,idlas

with formal second-person plural imperativevayan	dative	váyanme	not used	váyanle	váyannos	not used	váyanles,váyanse
with formal second-person plural imperativevayan	accusative	váyanme	not used	váyanlo,váyanla	váyannos	not used	váyanlos,váyanlas,váyanse

Conjugation ofirse (irregular) (SeeAppendix:Spanish verbs)

		singular			plural
infinitive			irse
gerund			yéndose
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		ido		ida
		plural		idos		idas
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
personal non-finite		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	infinitive	irme	irte	irse	irnos	iros	irse
	gerund	yéndome	yéndote	yéndose	yéndonos	yéndoos	yéndose

indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	me voy	te vas	se va	nos vamos	os vais	se van
	imperfect	me iba	te ibas	se iba	nos íbamos	os ibais	se iban
	preterite	me fui	te fuiste	se fue	nos fuimos	os fuisteis	se fueron
	future	me iré	te irás	se irá	nos iremos	os iréis	se irán
	conditional	me iría	te irías	se iría	nos iríamos	os iríais	se irían

subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	me vaya	te vayas^{^tú} te vayás^{^vos²}	se vaya	nos vayamos	os vayáis	se vayan
	imperfect (ra)	me fuera	te fueras	se fuera	nos fuéramos	os fuerais	se fueran
	imperfect (se)	me fuese	te fueses	se fuese	nos fuésemos	os fueseis	se fuesen
	future¹	me fuere	te fueres	se fuere	nos fuéremos	os fuereis	se fueren

imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		vete^{^tú} andate^{^vos}	váyase	vámonos,vayámonos	idos,iros	váyanse
	negative		no te vayas	no se vaya	no nos vayamos	no os vayáis	no se vayan

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayanvoseo prefers thetú form for the present subjunctive.

Derived terms

[edit]

a eso voy
agua va
ahí va
al ahí se va
cosas que van y vienen
cuando tú vas yo vengo de regreso
ir a buscar
ir a lo seguro(“to play it safe”)
ir a más
ir a medias
ir a menos
ir a parar
ir a por(“to go get, to fetch; to go for, to come for”)
ir al grano
ir cada uno por su lado
ir de
ir de compras
ir de copas
ir de primero
ir de putas
ir de segundo
ir del bracero
ir del bracete
ir demasiado lejos
ir en serio(“to get serious, to be serious; to mean it”)
ir en top
ir para largo
ir preso
ires y venires
irse a fondo
irse a hacer gárgaras
irse a la cama
irse a la verga
irse al cuerno
irse al tacho
irse chuco
irse de culo
irse de este mundo
irse de las manos
irse de vareta
irse la fuerza por la boca
írsele el avión
írsele el pájaro
írsele la onda
ni ir ni venir
no va más
no vaya a ser que
qué va
quién va
sin ir más lejos
va de cuento
vamos al caso
vamos hablando
vaya con Dios
vaya por caso
vete a chingar
vete con Dios
voy y vengo
¿dónde va Vicente? donde va la gente

References

[edit]

↑^1.0^1.1^1.2Joan Coromines,José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “ir”, inDiccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
^“Spanish from Argentina: That Voseo Thing”, in(Please provide the book title or journal name)‎^[2], 2015 October 9 (last accessed)

Sumerian

[edit]

Romanization

[edit]

Romanization of𒅕(ir)

Welsh

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

FromProto-Brythonic*ir (compareCornishyr), fromProto-Celtic*ɸūros (compareIrishúr), fromProto-Indo-European*puHrós, fromProto-Indo-European*pewH-(“to be clean, pure”).Doublet ofpur.

Pronunciation

[edit]

IPA^(key): /iːr/
Rhymes:-iːr

Adjective

[edit]

ir (feminine singularir,pluralirion,equativeired,comparativeirach,superlativeiraf)

Mutation

[edit]

Mutated forms ofir
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ir	unchanged	unchanged	hir

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

References

[edit]

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “ir”, inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Yapese

[edit]

Pronoun

[edit]

Third-person singular pronoun;he,she,it

Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ir&oldid=84323752"

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