2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar,Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
Esti términu Mañegu, o mais pequenu dos tres, formaba parti, con términus de Vilamel i Trevellu, da pruvincia de Salamancahasta o anu 1833[…]
This San Martinese locality, the smallest of the three, formed, along with the Vilamen and Trevejo localities, the Salamanca provinceuntil the year 1833[…]
N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “хаста”, inGagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija,→ISBN, page78
Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “hasta”, inGagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi,→ISBN, page516
Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “hasta”, inGagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi,→ISBN, page38
1390, Jose Luis Pensado Tomé (ed.), Os Miragres de Santiago. Versión gallega del Códice latino del siglo XII atribuido al papa Calisto I. Madrid: C.S.I.C., page 117:
Et rrei Calrros entẽdeo, et com̃o estaua armado de moi boa loriga et de moy boo elmo et cõ moy boa espada et cõplido de grraça de Deus, que era cõ el, entrou ontre as azes dos mouros dando moy grãdes feridas a destro et seestro, matãdo moytos deles ata que chegou onde estaua a carreta, et dou cõ a espada ẽnaaste en que estaua o pendon et cortoo
King Charlemagne understood, and since he was well armed with an excellent chain mail and a very good helm and a very good sword and full with the Grace of God, which was with him, he entered among the lines of the Moors giving large wounds left and right, killing many of them till he arrived where the wagon was, and he hit with the sword thepole where the pennon was and cut it down
1440, X. Ferro Couselo, editor,A vida e a fala dos devanceiros. Escolma de documentos en galego dos séculos XIII ao XVI, Vigo: Galaxia, page264:
Et o dito Lopo d'Amoeyro, non acatando a dita trégoa e en quebrantamento dela, diso que o dito dia donte que foran XVIII dias do dito mes do dito ano, en término da dita friguesía de Codeyro, e sen o dito Lopo Rodrigues faser mal nen dano ao dito Lopo d'Amoeyro, que aderesçara a él por lo matar, díselle çertas palabras desonestas e injuriosas, et que él e outros seus III omes, que lle poseran as lanças enos peytos, por lo matar, e que o dito Lopo d'Ameyro, que alçara a lança e que lle dera con aasta dela por lo rostro e por las narises e por los ollos, o qual y logo y mostrou, inchado as narises e os ollos, ante os ditos juises
And the mentioned Lopo de Amoeiro, having not accepted this truce and thence breaking it, he [sic, it refers to another Lopo] said that yesterday, 18th of this month and year, in the circumscription of the parish of Codeiro, and without the mentioned Lopo Rodríguez having caused any harm to that Lopo de Amoeiro, that he came close to him to kill him, and he told him some dishonest and injurious words, and that he and his three men put their spears in his chest, for killing him; and that this Lopo de Amoeiro rose his spear and stroke with theshaft on his nose and eyes, what he then shew, his swollen nose and eyes, before said judges
“aste” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006-2016.
Disputed.Michiel de Vaan suggests a possible Proto-Italic formProto-Italic*hastā-. It is also conjectured to be fromProto-Indo-European*ǵʰasto- or*ǵʰasdʰo-(“branch ~ spear, sharp spine”) (see below for Indo-European cognates), but the phonetics are problematic. Likely of ultimately non-Indo-Europeansubstrate origin.[1][2][3]
Cognates includeIrishgad(“withe”),Gothic𐌲𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍃(gazds,“spine, aculeus”) andOld Norsegaddr(“spear, goad”) (loaned into English asgad); the Celtic and Germanic forms point to a PIE pre-form*ǵʰasdʰo-. A relationship withSanskritहस्त(hasta,“hand”) (seehir) is unlikely. A relationship withAlbanianheshtë,ushtë andshtijë (all meaning “spear”) is uncertain.[4]
Also compared toUmbrianhostatu(acc.pl.m.),hostatir(dat.pl.m), of unknown meaning, but the root vowel /o/ does not match the Latin /a/.[2]
Did you think Theseus is defeated, cruel Creon? I am here, and do not believe I'm tired of blood, even myspear is still thirsty for righteous slaughter.
^Lubotsky, Alexander (2004) “Avestansiiazd-, Sanskritsedh-, Latincēdere”, in Hyllested, Adam, Anders Jørgensen, Jenny Larsson and Thomas Olander, editors,Per Aspera ad Asteriscos: Studia indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMIV, Innsbruck: Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft, page 329/330 of 323–332
↑2.02.1De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “hasta”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page280
“hasta”, inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879)A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“hasta”, inCharlton T. Lewis (1891)An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
"hasta", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’sGlossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
hasta inGaffiot, Félix (1934)Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894)Latin Phrase-Book[4], London:Macmillan and Co.
to use javelins at a distance, swords at close quarters:eminus hastis, comminus gladiis uti
the free men are sold as slaves:libera corpora sub corona (hasta) veneunt (B. G. 3. 16. 4)
“hasta”, inHarry Thurston Peck, editor (1898),Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, New York: Harper & Brothers
“hasta”, inWilliam Smith, editor (1854, 1857),A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly
“hasta”, inWilliam Smith et al., editor (1890),A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin
“hasta”, inRichard Stillwell et al., editor (1976),The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press
Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta dalam Bahasa Melayu Masa Kini, Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia,1994,→ISBN, page78
Pijnappel, Jan (1875) “هست hasta”, inMaleisch-Hollandsch woordenboek, John Enschede en Zonen, Frederik Muller, page144
Wilkinson, Richard James (1901) “هست hasta”, inA Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page686
Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “hasta”, inA Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume I, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page401
According to Coromines & Pascual (1980:323-324),fasta is first attested with certainty in the 13th century (dubiously earlier since 1074), with variantsfata (att. 1098 ashata,Auto de Reyes Magos),adte (att. 1050, very rare),ata (att. ca. 1000,Glosas Emilianenses),adta (att. 945, in aCardeña document).A(d)ta predominates in pre-literary (pre-13th century) texts, then in the 13th c. there is increasing vacillation between a predominantfata and the variantfasta untilfasta becomes established in the 14th c. They proposest as dissimilation of the earlierdt inadta, attempting to render the Arabic geminatett, and the initial f- (i.e. /ɸ ~ h/) found in various forms renders the initial Arabic /ħ/ ofḥattā. Cognate withOld Galician-Portugueseata,ate (stressed asaté?),atẽe,atẽes,atães;Portugueseaté;Galicianata,até,atá,asta,astra;Mirandeseata;Asturianfasta,ata;Valenciandasta,hasda,handa.[1]
