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grammar

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishgramere, fromOld Frenchgramaire(classical learning), from unattestedVulgar Latin*grammāria, an alteration ofLatingrammatica, fromAncient Greekγραμματική(grammatikḗ,skilled in writing), fromγράμμα(grámma,line of writing), fromγράφω(gráphō,write), fromProto-Indo-European*gerbʰ-(to carve, scratch). Displaced nativeOld Englishstæfcræft; adoublet ofglamour,glamoury,gramarye, andgrimoire.Piecewise doublet ofgrammatic.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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grammar (countable anduncountable,pluralgrammars)

  1. (countable and uncountable, linguistics) Asystem ofrules andprinciples for the structure of alanguage, or of languages in general.
    1. (uncountable, linguistics) The study of such a system.
  2. (uncountable)Actual orpresumedprescriptivenotions about the correct use of a language.
  3. (countable) Abookdescribing the grammar (sense 1 orsense 2) of a language.
  4. (Can weverify(+) this sense?)(countable, computingtheory) A formal system specifying thesyntax of a language.
    • 2006, Patrick Blackburn · Johan Bos · Kristina Striegnitz,Learn Prolog Now!, §8.2
      Because real lexicons are big and complex, from a software engineering perspective it is best to write simplegrammars that have a simple, well-defined way, of pulling out the information they need from vast lexicons. That is,grammars should be thought of as separate entities which can access the information contained in lexicons. We can then use specialised mechanisms for efficiently storing the lexicon and retrieving data from it.
  5. (countable, computingtheory) Aformal system defining aformal language.
  6. (countable, figurative) The basicrules orprinciples of a field ofknowledge or a particularskill.
    • 2011,Javier Solana;Daniel Innerarity, Project Syndicate,The New Grammar of Power[1]:
      We must learn a newgrammar of power in a world that is made up more of the common good – or the common bad – than of self-interest or national interest.
  7. (countable, British, archaic) Abook describing theserules orprinciples; atextbook.
    agrammar of geography
  8. (countable and uncountable, chiefly British, informal)Ellipsis ofgrammar school.
    • 1932,Grace Livingston Hill, chapter 6, inThe Patch of Blue, Toronto, Ont.: The Copp Clark Company, Limited, published in the 20th century,→OCLC,page128:
      He’s the old man’s only son. Some baby! Yep, right behind ya. Nope, he donno me. I was inGrammar when he was in High.
    • 2012 January 11, Graeme Paton, “A green light for moregrammars?”, inThe Daily Telegraph:
  9. (countable, cellular automata) A set of componentpatterns, along with the rules for connecting them, which can be combined to form more complex patterns such as largestill lifes,oscillators, andspaceships.
    • 1991 April 4, Bill Gosper, “LIFELINE:in search of the newsletter”, incomp.theory.cell-automata[2] (Usenet):
      Hickerson has a computer program which found a spaceship with speed c/3. In fact a wholegrammar of them.
    • 1992 August 27, David Bell, “Spaceships in Conway's Life (Part 2a)”, incomp.theory.cell-automata[3] (Usenet):
      Within a few hours of finding the first period 2 ship, Dean had discovered agrammar for constructing an infinite number of different short, wide, period 2 spaceships. Agrammar is an "alphabet" of "components", along with rules for the possible sequences of connections between components. Components are simply the identifiable pieces of a ship which reappear over and over in different ships in different combinations.
    • 1994 January 21, Harold McIntosh, “de Bruijn diagrams”, incomp.theory.cell-automata[4] (Usenet):
      Dean's discovery included a much more plentiful family than just the light, medium, and heavy weight spaceships that have been known since the beginning, which he was able to organize into a series of tiles and agrammar for them.

Usage notes

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Colloquially,grammar (sense 1) is often used to refer specifically to the internal structure of words (morphology) and the structure of phrases and sentences (syntax) of a language (which are subsumed in linguistics under the labelmorphosyntax), without reference to other aspects of grammar, such as the sounds of the language.

Synonyms

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  • (study & field of study in medieval Latin contexts):glomery

Hyponyms

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Derived terms

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Related terms

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Translations

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rules for speaking and writing a language
study of internal structure and use of words
book describing grammar
in computing: formal system specifying the syntax of a language
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Verb

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grammar (third-person singular simple presentgrammars,present participlegrammaring,simple past and past participlegrammared)

  1. (obsolete, intransitive) Todiscourse according to the rules of grammar; to use grammar.

See also

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Further reading

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