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genus

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Genus,ĝenus,and-genus

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European*ǵenh₁-
    Proto-Indo-European*-os
    Proto-Indo-European*ǵénh₁os
    Englishgenus

    Borrowed fromLatingenus(birth, origin, a race, sort, kind) from the rootgen- inLatingignō(to beget, produce).Doublet ofgender andgenre, further related tokin.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    genus (pluralgeneraor(all, nonstandard)genusesorgenussesorgenii)

    1. (biology, taxonomy) Acategory in the classification oforganisms, ranking belowfamily (Lat.familia) and abovespecies.
      All magnolias belong to thegenusMagnolia.
      Other species of thegenusBos are often called cattle or wild cattle.
      There are only twogenera and species of seadragons.
      • 1992, Rudolf M[athias] Schuster,The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America: East of the Hundredth Meridian, volume V, Chicago, Ill.:Field Museum of Natural History,→ISBN, page 6:
        Müller[] criticized the division of the "Jubuleae" into two families and he citedJubula as an annectantgenus.
      • 2003, James B. Phipps, Robert J. O'Kennon, Ronald W. Lance,Hawthorns and Medlars, Portland, O.R.:Timber Press,→ISBN,page57:
        Other maloidgenera with hard nutlets areCotoneaster,Hesperomeles,Osteomeles, andPyracantba, but each of these is quite different fromMespilus andCrataegus.
      1. (by ellipsis) Ataxon at this rank.
        Synonym:genus name
        In most cases, at subsequent mentions of the binomial name you can abbreviate thegenus with no danger of confusing the reader.
    2. Agroup withcommonattributes.
      • 1945,Bertrand Russell,A History of Western Philosophy, page655:
        Recollection is one of a wholegenus of effects which are more or less peculiar to the phenomena that we naturally call "mental."
    3. (topology, graph theory, algebraic geometry) Anatural number representing any of several related measures of thecomplexity of a givenmanifold orgraph.
    4. (semantics) Within a definition, a broader category of the defined concept.
    5. (music) A type oftuning orintonation, used within anAncient Greektetrachord.

    Usage notes

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    Synonyms

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    Hyponyms

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    Derived terms

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    Related terms

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    Descendants

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    Translations

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    rank in a taxonomic classification between family and species
    taxon at this rank
    group with common attributes
    topological invariant
    The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
    Translations to be checked

    See also

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    Further reading

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    Anagrams

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    Danish

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    DanishWikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipediada

    Etymology

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    Borrowed fromLatingenus.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ɡeːnus/,[ˈɡ̊eːnus]

    Noun

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    genus n (plural indefinitegenusorgenera)

    1. (biology, taxonomy)genus
      Synonym:slægt
    2. (grammar)gender
      Synonym:køn

    Further reading

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    Dutch

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    Etymology

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    Borrowed fromLatingenus.Doublet ofgender andgenre.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈɣeː.nʏs/
    • Audio:(file)
    • Hyphenation:ge‧nus

    Noun

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    genus n (pluralgenera,nodiminutive)

    1. (botany) arank in ataxonomicclassification, in betweenfamily andspecies
      Synonym:geslacht
    2. (botany) ataxon at this rank
      Synonym:geslacht
    3. (linguistics)gender
      Synonym:geslacht

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    Finnish

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    Etymology

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    Borrowed fromLatingenus.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈɡenus/,[ˈɡe̞nus̠]
    • Rhymes:-enus
    • Syllabification(key):ge‧nus
    • Hyphenation(key):ge‧nus

    Noun

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    genus

    1. (botany)synonym ofsuku(genus)
    2. (topology)genus
      Synonym:suku

    Declension

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    Inflection ofgenus (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
    nominativegenusgenukset
    genitivegenuksengenusten
    genuksien
    partitivegenustagenuksia
    illativegenukseengenuksiin
    singularplural
    nominativegenusgenukset
    accusativenom.genusgenukset
    gen.genuksen
    genitivegenuksengenusten
    genuksien
    partitivegenustagenuksia
    inessivegenuksessagenuksissa
    elativegenuksestagenuksista
    illativegenukseengenuksiin
    adessivegenuksellagenuksilla
    ablativegenukseltagenuksilta
    allativegenuksellegenuksille
    essivegenuksenagenuksina
    translativegenukseksigenuksiksi
    abessivegenuksettagenuksitta
    instructivegenuksin
    comitativeSee the possessive forms below.
    Possessive forms ofgenus(Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)

    Indonesian

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    IndonesianWikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipediaid

    Etymology

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    Borrowed fromDutchgenus, fromLatingenus.Doublet ofgender,genre, andjenis.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    genus (pluralgenus-genus)

    1. genus:
      1. (biology, taxonomy) acategory in the classification oforganisms, ranking belowfamily (Lat.familia) and abovespecies
      2. a group with common attributes
    2. type
    3. class;group

    Derived terms

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    Further reading

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    Latin

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    LatinWikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipediala

    Etymology 1

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  • FromProto-Italic*genos, fromProto-Indo-European*ǵénh₁os n(race), from the root*ǵenh₁-(to produce, beget); compare alsogēns,gignō and-gnus, from the same root. From the genitivegener-is (< PIE*ǵénh₁es-os), the sound shift-r- <*-s- can be observed, through which the Old Latin form*genes-is can be reconstructed.Cognates includeAncient Greekγένος(génos,race, stock, kin, kind),Sanskritजनस्(jánas,race, class of beings),Proto-Celtic*genos(birth; family), andEnglishkin.Doublet ofgenea.

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    genus n (genitivegeneris);third declension

    1. birth,origin,lineage,descent
    2. kind,type,class
      • 27BCE – 25BCE,Titus Livius,Ab Urbe Condita26.1:
        huicgeneri militum senatus eundem, quem Cannensibus, finem statuerat militiae.
        For thisclass of soldier the senate had established a limit in duration to their military service, which was the same as the men at Cannae.
    3. species(general classification, as of living things),taxon(of animal or plant),race(of people or animals)
      • c. 37BCE – 30BCE,Virgil,GeorgicsIII:
        omne adeogenus in terris hominumque ferarumque / etgenus aequoreum pecudes pictaeque volucres / in furias ignemque ruunt
        So far does everyrace on earth of man and beast, / whether the aquaticspecies, livestock, or painted-winged, / collapse into the frenzies and the fire [of sex].
    4. set,group,category(with common attributes)
    5. (grammar)gender
      • 6th century, Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus (attributed):Commentarium de oratione et de octo partibus orationis. In: „Patrologiae cursus completus sive Bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, omnium ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque ecclesiasticorum qui ab aevo apostolico ad innocentii III tempora floruerunt; [] . Series prima, in qua prodeunt patres, doctores scriptoresque ecclesiae latinae a tertulliano ad gregorium magnum. Accurante J.-P. Migne, cursuum completorum in singulos scientiae ecclesiaticae ramos editore. Patrologiae tomus LXX. Cassiodori tomus posterior. – Magni Aurelii Cassiodori senatoris, viri patricii, consularis, et vivariensis abbatis opera omnia in duos tomos distributa, ad fidem manuscriptiorum codicum emendata et aucta, notis, observationibus et indicibus locupletata, praecedente auctoris vita, quae nunc primum in lucem prodit cum dissertatione de ejus monarchatu. Opera et studio J. Garetii monarchi ordinis sancti Benedicti e congregatione sancti mauri. Nobis autem curantibus accesserunt complexiones in epistolas b. Pauli quas edidit et annotavit scipio Maffeius. Tomus posterior. – Parisiis, venit apud editorem, in via dicta d'amboise, près la barriere d'enfer, ou petit-montrouge. 1847“, p. 1225
        Genera nominum sunt sex: masculinum, ut hic Cato; femininum, ut haec musa; neutrum, ut hoc monile; commune duorum generum, ut hic et haec sacerdos: trium generum, ut hic, et haec, et hoc felix; epicoenon, quod Latine promiscuum dicitur, ut passer, aquila.
        Nouns have six genders: masculine, e.g.hic Cato 'this man Cato'; feminine, e.g.haec musa 'this muse'; neuter, e.g.hoc monile 'this necklace'; common to two genders, e.g.hic et haec sacerdos 'this priest or priestess'; of three genders, e.g.hic, et haec, et hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman or thing';epicene, called promiscous in Latin, e.g.passer 'sparrow',aquila 'eagle'.
      • 16th century, Andreas Semperius (a.k.a. Andreas Sampere, Andreu Sempere):Andreae Semperii Valentini Alcodiani, doctoris medici, prima grammaticae latinae institutio tribus libris explicata, Majorca/Mallorca, 1819, p.19
        Genera nominum, septem sunt. Masculinum, cui praeponitur hic: ut hic Dominus. Foemineum, cui praeponitur haec: ut haec musa. Neutrum, cui praeponuntur hoc: ut hoc templum. Commune, cui praeponuntur hic, & haec: ut hic, & haec Sacerdos. Omne, cui praeponuntur hic, haec, hoc, vel per tres varias voces inflectitur: ut hic, haec, hoc felix, bonus, bona, bonum. Dubium, quod modo masculinum, modo faemineum, apud Oratores etiam invenitur: ut hic, vel haec dies. Promiscuum, in quo sexus uterque per alterum apparet: ut hic passer, haec aquila, hic lepus.
        Nouns have seven genders. Masculine, which you can precede withhic:hic dominus 'this Lord'. Feminine, which you can precede withhaec, e.g.haec musa 'thismuse'. Neuter, which you can precede withhoc, e.g.hoc templum 'this temple'. Common, which you can precede withhic andhaec:hic & haec sacerdos 'this male or female priest'. Universal, which you can precede with all three ofhic, haec, hoc, or which vary in three forms, e.g.hic, haec, hoc felix 'this lucky man, woman, thing',hic bonus, haec bona, hoc bonum 'this good man, good woman, good thing'. Doubtful, which in the orators can be found to be sometimes masculine, sometimes feminine, e.g.hic, vel haec dies 'this day'. Promiscuous, in which a gender appears instead of another, e.g.hic passer 'this sparrow' (always masculine),haec aquila 'this eagle' (always feminine),hic lepus 'this rabbit' (always masculine).
    6. (grammar)subtype of word
      • Aelius Donatus,Ars Minor De Verbo:
        Genera verborum quot sunt? Quinque. Quae? Activa passiva neutra deponentia communia.
        How many types of verbs are there? Five. Which ones? Active, passive, neuter, deponent, common.
      • Maurus Servius Honoratus,Commentarius in Artem Donati:
        Verborumgenera quinque sunt, activa passiva neutra communia deponentia.
        There are five types of verbs: active, passive, neuter, common, deponent.
    Declension
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    Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

    singularplural
    nominativegenusgenera
    genitivegenerisgenerum
    dativegenerīgeneribus
    accusativegenusgenera
    ablativegeneregeneribus
    vocativegenusgenera
    Hyponyms
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    Derived terms
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    Descendants
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    Unsorted borrowings:

    Etymology 2

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    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    genūs

    1. genitivesingular ofgenū̆

    References

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    • genus”, inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879),A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • genus”, inCharlton T. Lewis (1891),An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • "genus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’sGlossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
    • Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894),Latin Phrase-Book[1], London:Macmillan and Co.
      • an Englishman by birth:natione, genere Anglus
      • the position of the lower classes:condicio ac fortuna hominum infimi generis
      • from this point of view; similarly:quo in genere
      • from every point of view; looked at in every light:omni ex parte; in omni genere; omnibus rebus
      • to be engaged in any branch of study:in aliquo litterarum genere versari
      • the species is subordinate the genus:partesgeneribus subiectae sunt
      • to differ qualitatively not quantitatively:genere, non numero ormagnitudine differre
      • this word is neuter:hoc vocabulum generis neutri (notneutrius)est)
      • to be of noble family:generis antiquitate florere
      • of illustrious family:nobili, honesto, illustri loco orgenere natus
      • people of every rank:homines omnis generis
      • the aristocracy (as a social class):nobiles; nobilitas; qui nobilitate generis excellunt
      • (ambiguous) the male, female sex:sexus (notgenus)virilis, muliebris
      • (ambiguous) to choose a career, profession:genus vitae (vivendi) oraetatis degendae deligere
      • (ambiguous) to analyse a general division into its specific parts:genus universum in species certas partiri et dividere (Or. 33. 117)
      • (ambiguous) to transplant to Rome one of the branches of poesy:poesis genus ad Romanos transferre
      • (ambiguous) style:genus dicendi (scribendi); oratio
      • (ambiguous) elevated, moderate, plain style:genus dicendi grave orgrande, medium, tenue (cf. Or. 5. 20; 6. 21)
      • (ambiguous) a running style:fusum orationis genus
      • (ambiguous) a rough, unpolished style:inconditum dicendi genus (Brut. 69. 242)
      • (ambiguous) a bombastic style:inflatum orationis genus
      • (ambiguous) to adopt the language of everyday life:accedere ad cotidiani sermonis genus

    Norwegian Nynorsk

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    Norwegian NynorskWikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipediann

    Etymology

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    FromLatingenus.

    Noun

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    genus m orn (definite singulargenusenorgenuset,indefinite pluralgeneraorgenus,definite pluralgeneraorgeneraaorgenusaorgenusane)

    1. (biology, taxonomy)genus
    2. (grammar)gender
    3. (grammar)voice

    References

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    Swedish

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    SwedishWikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipediasv

    Etymology

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    Borrowed fromLatingenus.

    Noun

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    genus n

    1. (grammar)gender (division of nouns and pronouns)
    2. (social) gender,sex (social issues of being man or woman)

    Usage notes

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    • Biological gender is calledkön. The Latin wordgenus is used for grammar and more recently for gender studies.

    Declension

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    Declension ofgenus
    nominativegenitive
    singularindefinitegenusgenus
    definitegenusetgenusets
    pluralindefinitegenusgenus
    definitegenusengenusens

    Synonyms

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    Related terms

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    References

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    Anagrams

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