E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985)An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London,→ISBN, page283
Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015)L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[3], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)
1835, Jakob Stutz,Gemälde aus dem Volksleben nach der Natur aufgenommen und treu dargestellt in gereimten Gesprächen Zürcherischer Mundart, first part, 2nd ed., pp. 27, 49, 97, 109:
Ih wött dih jetz nu duße möge-n- Auh noh en einzigs Wörtli fröge.
[...] as en einzigs Mol, [...]
Denn ist er si Lebtig e stills Büebli gsi.
Aber es wot e chüels Windli goh.
1864, J. C. Ott,Rosen und Dornen. Gedichte und Gerichte, gewachsen auf Bernerboden, 1st small volume, 2nd ed., pp. 53, 57:
„„Nu, wenn i öppis by d'r gilte,““ Seit Franz, – „„so mach en End myr Qual! [...]““
„[...] O, schenk-mer, Herr, es gnädig's End, Nimm uf my Geist i dyni Händ!“
1864, J. C. Ott,Rosen und Dornen. Gedichte und Gerichte, gewachsen auf Bernerboden, 1st small volume, 2nd ed., pp. 43, 76, 106, 186:
E Mezgerbursch i syne schönste Jahre Mit rothe Backe, schwarze, chruse Haare, Chunt spät am Aabe ganz allei Vom Erlebacher-Märit hei.
Im Berner Alpeg'länd sitzt vor sym chlyne Hüsi [...] En alte Veteran vom Cheiserrych Na Dörflerg'wohnheit i d'r Gartenlaube.
[...] Da villicht en alte Jud, [...]
En Ehrebrecher isch sy Kamerad, [...]
Joh. Schönauer,Beschreibung miner Heimat, in:1876,Volksthümliches aus dem Kanton Bern. Localsagen und Satzungen des Aberglaubens. Gesammelt von Heinrich Grunholzer durch seine Seminarzöglinge. Zusammengestellt und herausgegeben von J. E. Rothenbach. Separat-Abdruck aus der „Neuen Alpenpost“, p. 5:
Vor zwei Jahra ist z' Höchstetta, das 20 Minuta vo Zäziwyl ist, emene Länder-Güterfuhrma der Waga verbrönnt worda.
^Starostin, Sergei,Dybo, Anna,Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*ēn”, inEtymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
While this article (and its feminine counterpartna) is standard in Balearic Catalan, in other Eastern Catalan dialects its use is waning, and the elided of the definite article,l', is used before names beginning with vowels. There is no plural personal article, so the plural definite articleels is used in all dialects.
“en” inMartalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974)Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo
1544, "Van proper Janneken" (song 123), in Dieuwke E. van der Poel, Dirk Geirnaert, Hermina Joldersma, J.B. Oosterman & Louis Peter Grijp (eds.)Het Antwerps liedboek, vol. 1, Lannoo (publ. 2004), page 283.
Schoon soete lief, waert u bequame / Dat ghi mi gaeft een troostelijc woort, / Icen soude certeyn geen ander boelken kiesen, / Al sout mi oock aen mijn leven gaen.
Beautiful sweet darling, if it were pleasing to you / that you gave me a word of consolation, / I would certainly choose no other girlfriend, / even if it were to put my life at risk.
1632, Jacob Cats,Spiegel van den ouden ende nieuwen tijt, bestaende uyt spreeckwoorden ende sinspreucken, "Een rotten appel in de mande, maeckt oock het gave fruyt te schande.", in J. van Vloten (ed.),Alle de werken, vol. 1, 1862, page 649.
Daer magh geen rotte peer in onse manden wesen, / En wat'er nieten deught, dat dient'er uyt gelesen;
There should not be any rotten pear in our baskets, / and what is not of decent quality, that ought be taken out of it;
"Herr Halewyn", A.H. Hoffmann von Fallersleben,Horae Belgicae, page 41.
‘Uw zoon heer Halewyn is gaen jagen, / g’en ziet hem weêr uw levens dagen.’
'Your son Lord Halewyn has gone hunting / youwon't see him again for the rest of your life.'
c.1860, Guido Gezelle,Gij zegt dat 't vlaamsch te niet zal gaan:
Gij zegt dat 't vlaamsch te niet zal gaan: / 'ten zal! / dat 't waalsch gezwets zal boven slaan: / 'ten zal!
You say that Flemish will go extinct: /no, itwon't! / That Walloon banter [i.e. Belgian French, not the Walloon language] will gain the upper hand: /No, itwon't!
...dat aldaer binnen Utrecht niet meer geacht ende respecteerten wordt, ... ―that in Utrecht is no longer valued and respected...
In historical usage,en is always used directly before the finite verb. When used to negate it is commonly accompanied by another negator:gijen zult niet stelen (“thou shalt not steal”),en wat er nieten deugt (“and what is not of decent quality”),iken zoude certein geen ander boelken kiezen (“I would certainly not choose another girlfriend”). Also when used as a stand-alone negator or when combined withmaar, it still stands directly before the finite verb. Use of the particle does not trigger a change in the word order.
In Belgian Dutch it is still sometimes used in certain regional lects and in thetussentaal(“informal registers influenced by both Standard Belgian Dutch and the regional lects”). Details and frequency of use depend on what regional language variety influences a given speaker's idiom, as well as on the speaker's preferences.
In West Flemish usage broadly conforms to historical use: the negation particle may be used along with other negators, independentely or it may be omitted. It is also used as a stand-alone negator to contradict a previous statement that was phrased with positive polarity:Gij zegt dat 't Vlaams te niet zal gaan: / 'ten zal! (“You say that Flemish will go extinct: /no, itwon't!”)
In Belgian Brabantian it is frequently omitted, but it may also be used directly before another negator rather than before the finite verb:en niet.
2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar,Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 2: Númerus:
Cumu to é custión de proporciós, sin que sirva de argumentu por nun fel falta, poemus vel queen a misma Europa hai Estaus Soberarius con menus territoriu que os tres lugaris nossus, cumu:[…]
As everything is a matter of proportions, without its presence being an argument, we can see that evenin Europe there are Sovereign States with less territory than our three places, such as:[…]
En in the sense ofwhile is often not translated into English.
When referring to location in countries, provinces, or similar subdivisions in sense 1 and direction in sense 2,en must be used when the name for that very large location is either a feminine singular noun or a vowel-initial masculine singular noun. If the name for the very large location is a consonant-initial masculine singular noun,au is used, while if the name of the very large location is plural,aux is used.
Used as the object of a verb to indicate an indefinite quantity;ofit,ofthem. Replaces the partitive article (du, de la, etc.)
Essaies-en !
Try some (of it / them)!
Tu as combien de livres ? J’en ai trois.
How many books do you have? I have three (of them).
Y a-t-il beaucoup de pièces ? Oui. Il yen a beaucoup.
Are there many rooms? Yes, there are many (of them).
Martin a trois sandwichs, mais j’en ai seulement deux.
Martin has three sandwiches, but I have only two (of them).
Il yen a combien ?
How manyof them are there?
Je bois de l’alcool parce que j’en ai besoin
I drink alcohol because I needit.
1654, Blaise Pascal,Traité du triangle arithmétique :
J'en donnerai ici la méthode, que je poursuivrai seulement en deux ou trois exemples, qui seront si aisés à continuer qu'il ne sera pas nécessaire d'en donner davantage.
I shall give (of it) here the method that I shall pursue only in two or three examples, which will be so easy to continue that it will not be necessary to give moreof them.
Adverbial preposition indicating movement away from a place already mentioned;fromthere,fromit. Replaces the phrasede là ord’ici.
Est-ce qu’elle vient de Barcelone ? Oui, elleen vient.
Does she come from Barcelona? Yes, she comesfrom there.
1On can also function as a first person plural (although agreeing with third person singular verb forms). 2Vous is also used as the polite singular form. 3Ils andeux are also used when a group has a mixture of masculine and feminine members. 4 These forms are also used as third person plural reflexive.
Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019),Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi,→ISBN, page30
Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019),Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi,→ISBN, page61
N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “en”, inGagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija,→ISBN, page176
when preceding a verb or a complement of a verb it can denote an unfinished or continued action:
O Manuel vaina casa ―Manuel went home (implying that eventually he'll be back)
María beberricano licor ―María is sipping the liquor
1822, anonymous author,A Parola Polêteca:
En escoitalo, señor tio Calacú, xà o peléxo do meu corpo tembra. Sei que á tanta agua que acarrexóu amolentoulle os miolos, é por eso louquéa
While listening to you, my sir uncle Pumpkin, my body's skin trembles. Perhaps the much water you have carried softened you brain, and therefore you are going insane
1853, Xosé Manuel Pintos,A Gaita Gallega:
xa morder ti ben non podes con tal podrico nos dentes, indano pan teño mentes seique non podes chanchar
you can no longer aptly eat with such rottenness in you teeth, even bread, I think, probably you cannot gnaw [chanchar means "bite", buten precedingpan, "bread", implies a repeated action]
En chegando mudas a roupa mollada ―As soon as you arrive change your wet clothes
1295, R. Lorenzo, editor,La traducción gallega de la Crónica General y de la Crónica de Castilla., Ourense:I. E. O. P. F, page111:
Et o conde,en chegando et ferindo logo ẽnos mouros, todo en hũu o fezo
And the count, [just] arriving, and hurting promptly the Moors, all in one he did that
1460, Rui Vasques,Corónica de Iria:
en leendo perlos llibros algũus de canõicas antijgas, et preujlegios goticos dos santos catholicos et deuotos bispos de Yria et porla Escriptura, achey o fundamento para rreduzir aa memoria dos homes quanto durarõ çertas ydades
[while/after] reading books, some of them of ancient canons, and Gothic privileges of the saint Catholic and devout bishops of Iria, and through the Bible, I found the foundation for reducing to the mind of men for how long some ages lasted
1461, X. Ferro Couselo (ed.),A vida e a fala dos devanceiros. Escolma de documentos en galego dos séculos XIII ao XVI. 2 vols. Vigo: Galaxia, page 141:
dito testigoen seendo moço pequeno con seu tyo Afonso Dominges, guardando o gaando en Curro do Moyño, que le dixera o dito Afonso Domingees "bees, por aquy se parte ho término do conde do de Juan d'Estúñiga
said witness [while/when] being a young boy and together with his uncle Afonso Domínguez, watching the cattle in Curro do Muíño, he was told by said Afonso Domínguez: "you see, here the term of the count limits with that of Xoán de Estúñiga"
1858, Francisco María de la Iglesia,O orfiño da arquiña:
Que pan e insinanza Pardiola has de ter, Roupiña e oficio Para deprender; Eende sendo grande Si es home de ben, Na Seña Duquesa Madriña tamén
Such bread and teaching By gosh you'll have! Clothes and office to learn; Andthem when you're big If you're a good man our Lady the Duchess will be also your protector
FromOld Norseen. The comparative superior conjunction and the hesitational conjunction have developed separately into the same form. The comparative conjunction is-an in the old language;-þan on runestone probably is related to-then, while the other form (hesitational) has formed from the augmentive.
Ég erbetrien bróðir minn. ―I'mbetterthan my brother.
Hún er skemmtilegrien ég. ―She is more funthan I am.
(formal written language)used to join closely linked sentences, similar to asemicolon in English
2019 April 25 (last accessed), “Baldur ákærður fyrir innherjasvik og brot í opinberu starfi”, inVísir[7], archived fromthe original on19 September 2016:
Rannsókn embættis sérstaks saksóknara á meintum innherjasvikum Baldurs Guðlaugssonar stóð yfir í rúmlega ár,en FME kærði málið með bréfi til embættisins hinn 9. júlí á síðasta ári.
Sonur hans hét Jón,en dóttir hans Ása. ―His son was named John and his daughter was named Ása.
Veðrið var ekki gottframan af: rigning á fjallinu,en þoka í byggð. ―The weather was not good to begin with: rain in the mountains, and fog in the countryside.
“Look, what am I doing?” (Sleepless Dido considers her limited options. Regarding “ēn” in this context, R.G. Austin (1963) comments: “‘See’, or ‘Lo!’ in English does not really bring out its force, which is a mixture of exasperation and despair.”)
Multiple Latin names for the letterN,n have been suggested. The most common isen or asyllabicn, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter,nē,ən,nə, and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters)ιννε(inne).
en inCharlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879)A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
en inGaffiot, Félix (1934)Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Arthur E. Gordon,The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 ofUniversity of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
N. Gilojeva, S. Rudakova (2009)Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect][10] (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk,→ISBN, page20
Olga Žarinova (2012)Pagizemmo Karjalakse [Let's speak Karelian], St Petersburg,→ISBN, page142
Tatjana Boiko (2019) “ei”, inSuuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition,→ISBN, page38
Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the criticaltonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
[C]omo hũa moller q̇ iogaua os dadosen pulla lançou hũa pedra aa omagen de ſṫa maṙi[a] poꝛ q̇ perdera ⁊ parou un angeo de pedra que y eſtaua a mão ⁊ reçibiu o colpe.
How a woman who was playing dicein Apulia threw a stone at the statue of Holy Mary because she had lost, and an angel of stone which was there reached out its hand and received the blow.
The forméden is used when the word does not modify a noun directly, but stands in predicate position. When counting or reciting numbers, the feminine forména is normally used (see the number box).
Besides being the subject form in some dialects and vernaculars,en is sometimes deliberately used as an alternative subject form of the indefinite pronounman, which is ahomonymousderivative of the nounman ("man"). This development is in some ways parallel to the gender-neutral pronounhen.
han in Elof Hellquist,Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)
Brüch, Josef (1922) “Lateinische Etymologien”, inIndogermanische Forschungen. Zeitschrift für Indogermanistik und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft[11] (in German), volume40, Berlin und Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter & Co.,pages225–226
