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dwarf

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:DWARF

English

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishdwergh,dwerw,dwerf, fromOld Englishdweorg, fromProto-West Germanic*dwerg, fromProto-Germanic*dwergaz.

Cognate withScotsdroich,dwerch(dwarf, midget);Old High Germantwerc (German,LuxembourgishZwerg(dwarf));Old Norsedvergr (Danishdværg(dwarf, midget),Faroesedvørgur(dwarf),Icelandicdvergur(dwarf),Norwegian Bokmåldverg(dwarf),Norwegian Nynorskdverg,verg(dwarf),Swedishdvärg(dwarf));Old Frisiandwirg (Saterland FrisianDwärch(dwarf),West Frisiandwerch(dwarf));Middle Low Germandwerch,dwarch,twerg (German Low GermanDwarg(dwarf));Middle Dutchdwerch,dworch (Dutchdwerg(dwarf)).

The Modern English noun has undergone complex phonetic changes. The formdwarf is the regular continuation of Old Englishdweorg, but the pluraldweorgas would have given rise todwarrows and the oblique stemdweorge- would have led todwery. These forms are sometimes found as the nominative singular in Middle English texts and in English dialects. A parallel case is that of Old Englishburg givingburgh,borough,burrow,bury.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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dwarf (pluraldwarfsordwarves)

Nain assis (Seated Dwarf, 19th century), a painting in the style of Spanish artistFrancisco Goya
InSnow White and the Seven Dwarfs, theseven dwarfs sing "Heigh-Ho", while walking on a log.
  1. (mythology) Any member of arace of beings from (especiallyScandinavian and otherGermanic)folklore, usually depicted as having some sort of supernatural powers and being skilled incrafting andmetalworking, often as short with long beards, and sometimes as clashing withelves.
    Synonyms:dwarfin(rare),dwarrow(rare)
    • 2017,Neil Gaiman,Norse Mythology, Bloomsbury Publishing, page20:
      Nidavellir, which is sometimes called Svartalfheim, where thedwarfs (who are also known as dark elves) live beneath the mountains and build their remarkable creations.
  2. (now sometimes offensive) A person of shortstature, often one whoselimbs aredisproportionately small in relation to the body as compared with typical adults, usually as the result of ageneticcondition.
    Synonyms:elf,midget,pygmy(imprecise)
    Antonyms:ettin(archaic),giant
  3. Ananimal,plant or other thing much smaller than the usual of its sort.
    Synonym:runt
    dwarf tree
    dwarf honeysuckle
  4. (astronomy) Adwarf star.
    • 2024 August 21, Ashley Strickland, “An unusual object is moving so fast it could escape the Milky Way. Scientists aren’t certain what it is”, inCNN[1]:
      But none of those browndwarfs were speeding along on a trajectory that would carry them out of the galaxy like “runaway” hypervelocity stars observed by astronomers in the last two decades.

Usage notes

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At first,dwarfs was the only normative plural in English, anddwarves was considered incorrect.[1] AfterJ. R. R. Tolkien useddwarves in his works, that form became an acceptable plural for the mythological beings. For a non-mythological dwarf (people withdwarfism, small plants, animals, planets, stars, etc.),dwarfs has remained the preferred plural form. The use ofdwarf to describe people withdwarfism is currently considered to be offensive by some.

Derived terms

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Translations

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a being from folklore, underground-dwelling nature spirit
small person
something much smaller than the usual of its sort
astronomy: relatively small star
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adjective

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dwarf (comparativedwarfer,superlativedwarfest)

  1. (especially in botany)Miniature.
    The specimen is a verydwarf form of the plant.
    It is possible to grow the plants asdwarf as one desires.

Translations

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miniature

Verb

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dwarf (third-person singular simple presentdwarfs,present participledwarfing,simple past and past participledwarfed)

  1. (transitive) Torender (much) smaller,turn into a dwarf (version).
    Synonyms:miniaturize,shrink
  2. (transitive) To make appear (much) smaller,puny,tiny; to be much larger than.
    The newly-built skyscraperdwarfs all older buildings in the downtown skyline.
    • 1960 April, J. P. Wilson, E. N. C. Haywood, “The route through the Peak - Derby to Manchester: Part Two”, inTrains Illustrated, page225:
      The train bursts from Rusher Cutting Tunnel with explosive violence, the engine's exhaust soaring high into the air, butdwarfed by the mighty limestone cliffs on either side.
    • 2013 May-June, Kevin Heng, “Why Does Nature Form Exoplanets Easily?”, inAmerican Scientist, volume101, number 3, page184:
      In the past two years, NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope has located nearly 3,000 exoplanet candidates ranging from sub-Earth-sized minions to gas giants thatdwarf our own Jupiter.
  3. (transitive) To make appearinsignificant.
    Synonyms:eclipse,overshadow,outshadow,outshine,outdo,put to shame,upstage,surpass,outmatch,outstrip
    Bachdwarfs all other composers.
  4. (intransitive) To become (much) smaller.
    Synonym:shrink
  5. To hinder from growing to the natural size; to make or keep small; to stunt.
    • 1710 July 3 (Gregorian calendar), [Joseph Addison], “THURSDAY, June 22, 1710”, inThe Spectator, number98; republished inAlexander Chalmers, editor,The Spectator; a New Edition, [], volume II, New York, N.Y.:D[aniel] Appleton & Company,1853,→OCLC:
      At present the whole sex is in a mannerdwarfed and shrunk - into a race of beauties that seems almost another species
      The spelling has been modernized.
    • 1881,John Campbell Shairp,Aspects of Poetry:
      Even the most common moral ideas and affections[] would be stunted anddwarfed, if cut off from a spiritual background.

Derived terms

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Translations

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to render smaller, turn into a dwarf
to make appear much smaller
to make appear insignificant
to become (much) smaller
to make or keep small

References

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  1. ^Peter Smith (1826),An Analytical System of English Grammar; [], Edinburgh: [] Oliver & Boyd, []; andGeo[rge] B[yrom] Whittaker, London,page17:
    How are the following nouns improperly formed, and what should they be? viz.—Lifes, knifes,dwarves, mischieves—boxs, churchs, dishs, fishs—enemys, flys, skys, spys—louses, mouses, oxes, pennys—arcanums, datums, erratums, phænomenons—bacheloress, benefactoress, governoress—boys books, girls dolls, childs rattle—diligence sake; Jane’s, Margaret’s, and Isabella’s mother; John’s, Peter’s, and Frank’s books.

Further reading

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