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descend

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

English

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WOTD – 6 May 2024

Etymology

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PIE word
*de

Theverb is derived fromMiddle Englishdescenden(to move downwards, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to go from a better to a worse condition, decline, degenerate; to be a descendant, derive from (a source); etc.),[1] fromAnglo-Normandescendere,descendre, andOld Frenchdescendere,descendre(to move downwards, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to be a descendant, derive from (a source); etc.) (modernFrenchdescendre), and from theiretymonLatindēscendere,[2] thepresentactiveinfinitive ofdēscendō(to come or go down, fall, descend; to slope downwards; to be a descendant; etc.), fromde-(prefix meaning ‘from; down from’) +scandō(to ascend, climb; to clamber) (fromProto-Indo-European*skend-(to climb, scale; to dart; to jump)).

Thenoun is derived from the verb.[3]

Pronunciation

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Verb

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descend (third-person singular simple presentdescends,present participledescending,simple past and past participledescended)

  1. Senses relating to moving from a higher to a lower position.
    1. (transitive) Topass from ahigher to alowerpart of (something, such as aflight ofstairs or aslope); togo down along or upon.
      theydescended the river in boats
      todescend a ladder
      The noble princedescended to one knee to ask for the princess’s hand in marriage.
    2. (transitive) Of a flight of stairs, aroad, etc.: toleaddown (ahill, a slope, etc.).
      They took the steep path thatdescends the hill down to the beach.
      • 1957 August, H. P. White, “The Tonbridge-Hastings Line and its Traffic”, inRailway Magazine, page528:
        Soon after Crowhurst, the down grade steepens to 1 in 100 as the linedescends the side of a valley, at the mouth of which a glimpse of the sea can be caught—the only one.
    3. (transitive, archaic) Tomove (someone or something) from a higher to a lowerplace orposition; tobring orsend (someone or something) down.
      • a.1677 (date written),Matthew Hale, “Concerning Vegetables, and EspeciallyInsecta Animalia; whether any of Them areSponte Orta, or Arise Not ratherEx Præexistente Semine”, inThe Primitive Origination of Mankind, Considered and Examined According to the Light of Nature, London: [] William Godbid, for William Shrowsbery, [], published1677,→OCLC, section III,page267:
        [T]he common Devv exhaled from ſome ſorts of Herbs or VVeeds, but eſpecially from the common Graſs, carries vvith it the Seminal Tincture of the Herb, vvhich being againdeſcended by Devvs or Rain upon the bare and naked Earth, re-produceth the ſameSpecies:[]
    4. (intransitive) Tophysically move or pass from a higher to a lower place or position; tocome orgo down in anyway, such as byclimbing,falling,flowing,walking, etc.; to movedownwards; to fall, tosink.
      Antonyms:ascend,climb,go up,rise
      • 1528 September 24 (Gregorian calendar),J[ohn] S[herren] Brewer, compiler, “[A Commission of Sewers for the Marches of Calais, [] Dated Hampton Court, 14 Sept. 20 Hen. VIII.]”, inLetters and papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign ofHenry VIII. [], volume IV, part II, London:Longman & Co., andTrübner & Co., [], published1872,→OCLC, paragraph 5102 (Calais),page2232:
        And there is another watergang, called Haile Fayers watergang, 4 miles long and 16 feet broad, whichdescendeth by a spoye of stone at Hofkirk bridge into the said great river, which must always be cast at the tenants' cost.
      • 1534 (date written; published1553),Thomas More, “A Dyalogue of Comforte agaynste Tribulacyon, []. Of the Deuill NamedNegotium Perambulans in Tenebris, that is to Wit, Busines Walking in the Darkenesses.”, in Wyllyam Rastell [i.e.,William Rastell], editor,The Workes of Sir Thomas More Knyght, [], London: [] Iohn Cawod, Iohn Waly, andRicharde Tottell, published30 April 1557,→OCLC, book II,page1124, column 2:
        They leade theyr life in pleaſure, & at a poppe, down theydeſcende into hell.
      • 1549 March 7,Thomas Cranmer [et al.], compilers, “An Ordre for Euensong throughout the Yeare”, inThe Booke of the Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacramentes, [], London: [] Edowardi Whitchurche [],→OCLC,folio vii, recto:
        So God and man is oneChriſte. / Who ſuffered for oure ſaluacion:deſcended into hell, roſe agayne the third daye from the dead. / He aſcended into heauen, he ſytteth on the right hand of the father, God almighty: from whence he ſhall come to iudge the quicke and dead.
      • 1606, Anth[ony] Langvier, “A Caueat or Lesson of Instruction vnto the Reader, []”, in Charles Steuens [i.e.,Charles Estienne]; John Liebault [i.e.,Jean Liébault], translated by Richard Surflet,Maison Rustique, or The Countrey Farme: [], London: [] Arnold Hatfield for Iohn Norton and Iohn Bill,→OCLC, book I:
        []Noe [i.e.,Noah] vvith his familie comming out of the arke vpon the top of the mount Cordicus,deſcended into the plaine at the foote of the mountaine filled vvith dead bodies (vvhich is calledMiri Adam, vvhich is as much as the place of bovvelled men)[]
      • 1611,The Holy Bible, [] (King James Version), London: [] Robert Barker, [],→OCLC,Matthew7:25, column 1:
        And the rainedeſcended, and the floods came, and the windes blew, and beat vpon that houſe; and it fell not: for it was founded vpon a rock.
      • 1678,John Bunyan, “The Author’s Apology for His Book”, inThe Pilgrim’s Progress from This World, to That which is to Come: [], London: [] Nath[aniel] Ponder [],→OCLC:
        Dark Clouds bring VVaters, vvhen the bright bring none / Yea, dark or bright, if they their Silver drops / Cause todeſcend, the Earth, by yielding crops, / Gives praiſe to both, and carpeth not at either, / But treaſures up the Fruit they yield together:[]
      • 1648,Robert Herrick, “To His Learned Friend, M.Jo[hn] Harmar, Phisitian to the Colledge of Westminster”, inHesperides: Or, The Works both Humane & Divine [], London: [] John Williams, and Francis Eglesfield, and are to be sold by Tho[mas] Hunt, [],→OCLC,page357:
        But this I knovv, ſhouldJupiter agen /Deſcend from heaven, to re-converſe vvith men; / The Romane Language full and ſuperfine, / IfIove vvo'd ſpeake, he vvo'd accept of thine.
      • 1816 June –1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter II, inFrankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. [], volume II, London: [] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818,→OCLC,page31:
        The air was cold, and the rain again began todescend: we entered the hut, the fiend with an air of exultation, I with a heavy heart and depressed spirits.
      • a.1862 (date written),Arthur Hugh Clough, “[Untitled poem]”, inPoems: With a Memoir, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire; London:Macmillan and Co. [], published1862,→OCLC,page76:
        O streamdescending to the sea, / Thy mossy banks between, / The flow'rets blow, the grasses grow, / The leafy trees are green. // In garden plots the children play, / The fields the labourers till, / And houses stand on either hand, / And thoudescendest still.
      • 1841,Edward William Lane, transl.,The Thousand and One Nights, Commonly Called, in England, The Arabian Nights’ Entertainments. [], volume III, London:Charles Knight and Co., [],→OCLC,page453:
        And they accosted the sheykh Abu-r-Ruweysh and said to him, O our sheykh, Bahrám practised a strategem to effect his ascent to the top of the mountain, and how did hedescend, and what wonders did he see upon the mountain? The sheykh Abu-r-Ruweysh therefore said, O Ḥasan, tell them how thoudescendedst, and acquaint them with the wonders that thou sawest.
      • 1844, Alexander Watson, “Whit Sunday.[A Prayer for Whitsuntide.]”, inThe Churchman’s Sunday Evenings at Home, volume II, London: W. J. Cleaver, []; Rugeley, Staffordshire: J. T. Walters,→OCLC,page163:
        Let that mighty rushing wind, in which aforetime Thoudescendedst, purge away the chaff of our carnal affections, and with a holy violence beat down our strongholds of sin, and all the proud imaginations that resist Thy grace.
      • 1934,J[ohn] B[oynton] Priestley, “To East Durham and the Tees”, inEnglish Journey [], London:William Heinemann in association withVictor Gollancz,→OCLC, section 1,page330:
        As it is, the miner is one of the most overworked and deplorably underpaid men in the country.[] I know very well that if your supply of coal depended on my walking several miles to a pithead,descending in a cage for half a mile, walking again to the dwindling tunnel where I had to work, then slogging away for about seven hours in that hell, all for something like two pounds a week, your grates would be empty.
      • 2001 May,John Griesemer, chapter 20, inNo One Thinks of Greenland, New York, N.Y.:Picador,→ISBN,page187:
        Rudy felt a gust of fear rise in his chest, and he looked again in the mirror, but the hangar and stable were now beyond the rise, out of sight, he wasdescending so fast.
      1. (astrology) Of azodiac sign: to move away from thezenith towards thehorizon; tosink; also, of aplanet: to move to a place where it has lessastrologicalsignificance.
      2. (astronomy) Of acelestial body: to move away from the zenith towards the horizon; to sink; also, to move towards thesouth.
        • 1667,John Milton, “Book IV”, inParadise Lost. [], London: [] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker [];[a]nd by Robert Boulter [];[a]nd Matthias Walker, [],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books: [], London: Basil Montagu Pickering [],1873,→OCLC, lines540–543:
          [T]he ſetting Sun / Slowlydeſcended, and with right aſpect / Againſt the eaſtern Gate of Paradiſe / Leveld his eevning Rayes:[]
        • 1816 June –1817 April/May (date written), [Mary Shelley], chapter VI, inFrankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. [], volume III, London: [] [Macdonald and Son] for Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones, published 1 January 1818,→OCLC,pages116–117:
          The moon had reached her summit in the heavens and was beginning todescend; the clouds swept across it swifter than the flight of the vulture and dimmed her rays, while the lake reflected the scene of the busy heavens, rendered still busier by the restless waves that were beginning to rise.
        • a.1836 (date written),James Hogg,Flodden Field; republished in Robert Murray, “James Hogg”, inHawick Songs and Song Writers, 3rd edition, Hawick, Roxburghshire: W. & J. Kennedy,1897,→OCLC,page31:
          Sol, with broaden'd orb,descending, / Left fierce warriors still contending, / Brilliant Vesper shed her glances, / Ere they sheathed their blood-stained lances.
      3. (biology, physiology) Of abody part: to move downwards, especially duringdevelopment of theembryo; specifically, of thetestes of amammal: to move downwards from theabdominal cavity into thescrotum.
        Cryptorchidism is the failure of one or both testes todescend into the scrotum.
      4. (chemistry, obsolete) Of aliquidsubstance: todistil out from another substance andgather at thebottom of acontainer; also, to distil a substance to obtain another liquid substance in thismanner.
    5. (intransitive) Toslope orstretch downwards.
    6. (intransitive, chiefly historical) Toalight from acarriage, ahorse, etc.; also, todisembark from avessel; toland.
      • 1726,Homer, “Book XV”, in [Alexander Pope], transl.,The Odyssey of Homer. [], volume IV, London: [] Bernard Lintot,→OCLC,page48, lines437–440:
        Their ſails they loos'd, they laſh'd the maſt aſide, / And caſt their anchors, and the cables ty'd: / Then on the breezy ſhoredeſcending, join / In grateful banquet o'er the roſy vvine.
      • 1873,Mark Twain [pseudonym; Samuel Langhorne Clemens],Charles Dudley Warner, chapter XVII, inThe Gilded Age: A Tale of To-day, Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company, published1874,→OCLC,page164:
        About ten o'clock a horse and wagon was descried making a slow approach to the camp over the prairie.[] When the conveyance at length drew up to Mr. Thompson's door, the gentlemandescended with great deliberation, straightened himself up, rubbed his hands, and beaming satisfaction from every part of his radiant frame, advanced to the group that was gathered to welcome him, and which had saluted him by name as soon as he came within hearing.
    7. (intransitive, figurative)
      1. To come or go down, orreduce, inintensity or some otherquality.
      2. Of aphysicalthing (such as a acloud orstorm) or a (generallynegative)immaterial thing (such asdarkness,gloom, orsilence): tosettle upon andstart toaffect aperson or place.
      3. Inspeech orwriting: toproceed from onematter to another; especially, to pass from moregeneral orimportant tospecific or less important matters to beconsidered.
      4. Chiefly followed byintoorto: of asituation: tobecomeworse; todecline, todeteriorate.
        Synonym:degenerate
        The meetingdescended into chaos.
      5. Chiefly followed byonorupon: tomake anattack orincursion, from or as if from avantageground; to comesuddenly and withviolence.
      6. Chiefly followed byonorupon: toarrivesuddenly orunexpectedly, especially in a manner thatcausesdisruption orinconvenience.
        My neighbourdescended upon me just as I was walking out the door.
      7. Tocome down to ahumbler or lessfortunate, or a worse or lessvirtuous,rank orstate; toabase orlower oneself; tocondescend orstoop to something.
        Hedescended from his high estate.
        • 1608,Jos[eph] Hall, “Of the Truly-noble”, inCharacters of Vertues and Vices: [], London: [] Melch[isidec] Bradwood for Eleazar Edgar and Samuel Macham, [],→OCLC, 1st book (Characterismes of Vertues),page54:
          [I]f (as ſeldome) hedeſcend to diſports of chance, his games ſhall neuer make him either pale vvith feare, or hote vvith deſire of gaine.
        • 1667,John Milton, “Book VIII”, inParadise Lost. [], London: [] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker [];[a]nd by Robert Boulter [];[a]nd Matthias Walker, [],→OCLC; republished asParadise Lost in Ten Books: [], London: Basil Montagu Pickering [],1873,→OCLC, lines168–171:
          But what will not Ambition and Revenge /Deſcend to? vvho aſpires muſt down as low / As high he ſoard, obnoxious firſt or laſt / To baſeſt things.
        • 1752 March 28 (Gregorian calendar),Samuel Johnson, “No. 208. [Tuesday], March 17. 1752.”, inThe Rambler, volume VIII, Edinburgh:[] Sands, Murray, and Cochran; sold by W. Gordon, C. Wright, J. Yair, [], published1752,→OCLC,page171:
          If I have not been diſtinguiſhed by the diſtributers of literary honours, I have ſeldomdeſcended to any of the arts by vvhich favour is obtained.
        • 1813, Lord Byron,The Giaour, a Fragment of a Turkish Tale, 8th edition, London: [] Thomas Davison, [], forJohn Murray, [],→OCLC,page42, lines850–852:
          Not oft to smiledescendeth he, / And when he doth 'tis sad to see / That he but mocks at Misery.
        • 1827 March,Thomas Babington Macaulay, “[Niccolò] Machiavelli. []”, inCritical and Historical Essays, Contributed to theEdinburgh Review. [], 2nd edition, volume I, London: [] Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, [], published1843,→OCLC,page92:
          But that a shrewd statesman, whose earliest works are characterised by manliness of thought and language, should, at near sixty years of age,descend to such puerility, is utterly inconceivable.
      8. (chiefly poetic or religion)Chiefly in the formdescend into(orwithin)oneself: tomentallyenter a state of (deep)meditation orthought; toretire.
      9. (mathematics) Of asequence orseries: to proceed from higher to lowervalues.
        • 1715,George Cheyne, “Of the Use of the Arithmetick of Infinites. Corollary I.”, inPhilosophical Principles of Religion: Natural and Revealed: [] Philosophical Principles of Religion. Part II. [], London: [] George Strahan [],→OCLC,page162:
          Indefinite numbers I ſuppoſe to be intermediate Numbers lying betvveen finite and infinite: For as vve do notdeſcend from 1 to 0 at one Step, but muſt paſs through an infinite Series of Fractions, ½, ⅓, ¼,15, &c.
      10. (music) To pass from a higher to a lowernote ortone; to fall inpitch.
  2. Senses relating to passing down from a source to another thing.
    1. (transitive, obsolete, rare) Totrace (alineage) fromearlier tolatergenerations.
    2. (intransitive) Of acharacteristic: to betransmitted from aparent to achild.
      • 1713 December 19 (Gregorian calendar),Richard Steele, “December 8.[1713].”, inThe Englishman: Being the Sequel of theGuardian, collected edition, number28, London: [] Sam[uel] Buckley [], published1714,→OCLC,page182:
        [T]he eternal Mark of having had a vvicked Anceſtordeſcends to his Poſterity; his VVife is deprived of her Dovvry, and all his Deſcendants are made ignoble:[]
    3. (intransitive, often passive voice)Chiefly followed byfromor (obsolete)of: to come down orderive from anancestor orancestralstock, or asource; tooriginate, tostem.
      The beggar maydescend from a prince.
    4. (intransitive, chiefly law) Ofproperty, aright, etc.: topass down to ageneration, a person, etc., byinheritance.
      The crowndescends to the heir of the previous monarch.

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofdescend
infinitive(to)descend
present tensepast tense
1st-personsingulardescenddescended
2nd-personsingulardescend,descendestdescended,descendedst
3rd-personsingulardescends,descendethdescended
pluraldescend
subjunctivedescenddescended
imperativedescend
participlesdescendingdescended

Derived terms

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Related terms

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Translations

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to pass from a higher to a lower part of (something)
of a flight of stairs, a road, etc.: to lead down (a hill, a slope, etc.)
to move (someone or something) from a higher to a lower place or position
to physically move or pass from a higher to a lower place or position
of a zodiac sign: to move away from the zenith towards the horizon; of a planet: to move to a place where it has less astrological significance
of a celestial body: to move away from the zenith towards the horizon; to move towards the south
of a body part: to move downwards, especially during development of the embryo; specifically, of the testes of a mammal: to move downwards from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum
  • Finnish:laskeutua (fi)
  • Macedonian:please add this translation if you can
to slope or stretch downwards
  • Finnish:laskea (fi)
  • Macedonian:please add this translation if you can
to alight from a carriage, a horse, etc.; to disembark from a vesselseealight,‎disembark,‎land
to come or go down, or reduce, in intensity or some other quality
in speech or writing: to proceed from one matter to another; to pass from more general or important to specific or less important matters to be considered
of a situation: to become worseseedecline,‎deteriorate
to make an attack or incursion, from or as if from a vantage ground
to arrive suddenly or unexpectedly, especially in a manner that causes disruption or inconvenience
  • Finnish:langeta (fi)
  • Macedonian:please add this translation if you can
to come down to a humbler or less fortunate, or a worse or less virtuous, rank or statesee alsoabase,‎condescend
to mentally enter a state of (deep) meditation or thoughtsee alsoretire
  • Finnish:vajota (fi)
  • Macedonian:please add this translation if you can
of a sequence or series: to proceed from higher to lower values
to pass from a higher to a lower note or tone; to fall in pitch
of a characteristic: to be transmitted from a parent to a child
to come down or derive from an ancestor or ancestral stock, or a sourcesee alsooriginate,‎stem
of property, a right, etc.: to pass down to a generation, a person, etc., by inheritance
  • Finnish:periytyä (fi)
  • Macedonian:please add this translation if you can

Noun

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descend (pluraldescends)

  1. (archaic)Synonym ofdescent(instance ofdescending;slopingincline orpassage;waydown;decline, etc.).
    • 1607,Gervase Markham, “Of a Horses Labour or Exercise, and how He shall be Ordered when He is Iourneyed”, inCauelarice, or The English Horseman: [], London: [] [Edward Allde andW[illiam] Jaggard] forEdward White, [],→OCLC, 5th book,page33:
      [I]t ſhall be good if in your iourney you come to thedeſcend of anye great Hil, to light from your Horſes backe, and to vvalke dovvne the hill a foote,[]

Translations

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synonym of descentseedescent

References

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  1. ^dē̆scenden,v.”, inMED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.:University of Michigan,2007.
  2. ^descend,v.”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required, Oxford:Oxford University Press, March 2024;descend,v.”, inLexico,Dictionary.com;Oxford University Press,2019–2022.
  3. ^descend,n.”, inOED OnlinePaid subscription required, Oxford:Oxford University Press,July 2023.

Further reading

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Anagrams

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French

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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descend

  1. third-personsingularpresentindicative ofdescendre
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