1991 June 1, Steven K. Croft, “Tethys Geology and Tectonics Revisited”, inReports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program (NASA Technical Memorandum; accession number 92N10765, document ID 19920001547)[1], Washington, D.C.: Scientific and Technical Information Branch,National Aeronautics and Space Administration,→OCLC, archived fromthe original on22 February 2017, page98:
The most prominent tectonic feature on Tethys is the globe-girdling IthacaChasma, which is 60 to 100 km wide, 3–4 km deep, and can be traced through at least 270° of a rough great circle (Smith et al, 1982; Moore & Ahern, 1983).[…] Odysseys TangentChasma. A prominentchasma 60–80 km wide and at least 800 km long (90° arc), visible in 80.27, is tangent to the rim ofOdysseus, trending about 10° east of north. Thechasma intersects a ridge-bounded trough radial to Odysseus[…] and is then lost in the zone around the North Pole that is shadowed in all of the extant images.
2003, David Leverington, “The Space Age – Terrestrial Planets”, inBabylon to Voyager and Beyond: A History of Planetary Astronomy, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,→ISBN, page398:
Venus shows clear signs of past tectonic activity in the highland regions. The deformational (tectonic) features showing[sic – meaningshow] the results of both compressional and extensional forces. Rifting of the crust has occurred to produce relatively shallowchasmas and abundant faulting in theAphrodite Terra andBeta Regio highlands[…]
2007, Mary G. Chapman, John L. Smellie, “Mars Interior Layered Deposits and Terrestrial Sub-ice Volcanoes Compared: Observations and Interpretations of Similar Geomorphic Characteristics”, in Mary[G.] Chapman, editor,The Geology of Mars: Evidence from Earth-based Analogs (Cambridge Planetary Science), Cambridge, New York, N.Y.:Cambridge University Press,→ISBN, page203:
Assuming a subglacial or subaqueous setting for the ILDs [interior layered deposits], a simple tectonic control (and associated rupture of a confined aquifer) alone seems an unlikely trigger for ILD volcanism, or we should also observe ILDs in the linearchasmata, for which a tectonic setting is most likely and in which ILDs are absent. We suggest that the method of formation of the ellipticalchasmata and the ILDs may be genetically related.
The near circular trough of theArtemischasma [on Venus] has a diameter of 2100 km. The concentric features outside thechasma are attributed to normal faulting associated with lithospheric flexure similar to that occurring seaward of subduction zones on the Earth.
ThusCornelius Gemma, Professor of Medicine in Louvain, mentions them [theaurora borealis] under the name ofchasma, as appearing in Brabant on the 13th February and 28th September, 1575.
1822, Samuel Burder, “St. Luke. iii. 21”, inOriental Literature, Applied to the Illustration of the Sacred Scriptures; Especially with Reference to Antiquities, Traditions, and Manners; Collected from the Most Celebrated Writers and Travellers, Ancient and Modern. Designed as a Sequel to Oriental Customs.[...] In Two Volumes, volume II, London: Printed forLongman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, Paternoster-Row,→OCLC, paragraph 1283,page375:
Livy (lib. xxii. cap. 1.) mentions a similar appearance among the prodigies which precededHannibal's entrance into Italy in thesecond Punic War. It was reported, says he,[…] that atFalerii the Heaven seemed to be rent with a vast chasm; and that where it was opened, a great light shone forth. Such phenomena the Roman naturalists calledchasmata, chasms, as we learn fromPliny [the Elder],Nat. Hist. lib. ii. cap. 26. andSeneca [the Younger],Nat. Quæst. lib. i. cap. 14.
According to the state of the atmosphere, they [the aurora borealis] differ in colour. They often put on the colour of blood, and make a most dreadful appearance. The rustic sages become prophetic, and terrify the gazing spectators with the dread of war, pestilence, and famine. This superstition was not peculiar to the northern islands; nor are these appearances of recent date. The ancients called themChasmata, andTrabes, andBolides, according to their forms or colours.
