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calm

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also:CALM

English

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Alternative forms

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calme(obsolete)

Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishcalm,calme, fromMiddle Frenchcalme, probably fromOld Italiancalma, of uncertain origin.Calma may derive fromLate Latincauma(“heat of the midday sun”), fromAncient Greekκαῦμα(kaûma,“heat, especially of the sun”), fromκαίω(kaíō,“I burn”), or possibly fromLatincaleō. Compare alsoLombardic*chalm,*chalma(“frozenness”), ultimately fromProto-Germanic*kalmaz(“frozenness, cold”).

Displaced nativeMiddle Englishsmilte(“quiet, still, gentle”) fromOld Englishsmylte(“quiet, tranquil, calm, serene”).

Pronunciation

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(England, Wales)IPA^(key): /kɑːm/,[kʰɑːm]
(General Australian, New Zealand)IPA^(key): /kaːm/,[kʰɐːm]
(US)IPA^(key): /kɑm/,/kɑlm/,/kɔlm/,(archaic)/kæm/^[1]
- Audio(US): (file)
(Canada)IPA^(key): [kʰäː(ɫ)m],[kʰɒː(ɫ)m],[kʰa(ː)m]
(Ireland, Scotland)IPA^(key): /kam/
(nonstandard, now chiefly dialectal)IPA^(key): /kaɹm/
Rhymes:-ɑːm,-ɑːlm,-ɔːlm,-ɔːm,-æm

Adjective

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calm (comparativecalmerormorecalm,superlativecalmestormostcalm)

(of a person)Peaceful,quiet, especially free fromanger andanxiety.
Antonyms:stressed,nervous,anxious
(of a place or situation) Free ofnoise anddisturbance.
Antonym:disturbed
- 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson],In Memoriam, London:Edward Moxon, […],→OCLC, Canto XI:
  Calm is the morn without a sound,
  ⁠Calm as to suit acalmer grief,
  ⁠And only thro’ the faded leaf
  The chestnut pattering to the ground: […]
(of water) with few or no waves on the surface; not rippled.
(of weather)Without wind orstorm.
Antonyms:windy,stormy

Usage notes

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Although a place or environment that makes one calm is usually calledcalm, athing that makes one calm (such as a film, a beverage, or someone's voice) would not be calledcalm; instead, it would be calledcalming.

free from anger and anxiety

Apache:
Western Apache:nkegohenʼą́ą́go
Arabic:هَادِئ(hādiʔ)
Armenian:հանգիստ (hy)(hangist),հանդարտ (hy)(handart),խախանդ (hy)(xaxand)
Assamese:শান্ত(xanto),শাঁত(xãt)
Aymara:aliqa (ay)
Azerbaijani:arxayın
Bashkir:тыныс(tınıs)
Belarusian:спако́йны (be)(spakójny)
Bulgarian:спокоен (bg)(spokoen)
Catalan:calm (ca)
Chinese:
Mandarin:平靜 /平静 (zh)(píngjìng),安靜 /安静 (zh)(ānjìng)
Corsican:calmu (co)
Czech:klidný (cs) m
Danish:rolig (da)
Dutch:vredig (nl),kalm (nl)
Esperanto:trankvila (eo)
Finnish:rauhallinen (fi),tyyni (fi),levollinen (fi)
French:calme (fr)
Galician:calmo m
Georgian:მშვიდი(mšvidi),წყნარი (ka)(c̣q̇nari)
German:ruhig (de)
Gothic:𐌵𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌿𐍃(qairrus)
Greek:ήρεμος (el)(íremos)
Ancient:γαληνός(galēnós)
Hebrew:רגוע (he) m(ragua)
Hindi:शांत (hi)(śānt)
Hungarian:nyugodt (hu)
Irish:suaimhneach,socair
Italian:calmo (it)
Japanese:穏やかな (ja)(odayaka na),静かな (ja)(shizuka na),平穏な (ja)(heion na)
Kazakh:жуас(juas)
Korean:고요하다 (ko)(goyohada),잠잠하다 (ko)(jamjamhada)
Kumyk:юваш(yuwaş)
Latgalian:romons,mīrons
Latin:tranquillus,sēdātus,placidus
Latvian:rāms (lv)
Lithuanian:ramus (lt)
Macedonian:ми́рен(míren)
Malay:tenang (ms)
Maori:āio,mauritau
Northern Sami:ráfálaš
Norwegian Bokmål:rolig (no)
Norwegian Nynorsk:roleg
Occitan:calme (oc)
Old English:smylte,stille
Ottoman Turkish:ساكن(sakin),دولك(dölek)
Persian:آرام (fa)(ârâm)
Polish:spokojny (pl) m,opanowany (pl) m
Portuguese:tranquilo (pt),calmo (pt),sossegado (pt)
Romanian:liniștit (ro),calm (ro)
Russian:споко́йный (ru) m(spokójnyj),ти́хий (ru) m(tíxij)
Scottish Gaelic:suaimhneach
Serbo-Croatian:
Cyrillic:миран
Roman:miran (sh)
Slovak:pokojný (sk)
Slovene:miren (sl)
Southern Altai:јобош(ǰoboš)
Spanish:calmado (es)
Swedish:lugn (sv),rofylld (sv)
Tajik:ором (tg)(orom)
Tok Pisin:belisi
Turkish:sakin (tr),durgun (tr),dingin (tr)
Ukrainian:спокі́йний(spokíjnyj)
Venetan:cet (vec)
Yiddish:רויִק(ruik)
Zazaki:vınderde,sakin

free of noise and disturbance

Armenian:հանգիստ (hy)(hangist),հանդարտ (hy)(handart),խախանդ (hy)(xaxand)
Bashkir:тыныс(tınıs)
Belarusian:спакойны (be)(spakójny)
Bulgarian:тих (bg)(tih),мирен (bg)(miren)
Catalan:calm (ca)
Czech:klidný (cs) m
Danish:rolig (da),stille (da)
Dutch:kalm (nl),rustig (nl)
Esperanto:serena
Finnish:rauhallinen (fi),tyyni (fi),levollinen (fi)
French:calme (fr) m or f,tranquille (fr)
Georgian:წყნარი (ka)(c̣q̇nari),მშვიდი(mšvidi)
German:ruhig (de)
Greek:γαλήνιος (el)(galínios)
Hebrew:שלוו(shalev)
Hindi:शांत (hi)(śānt)
Hungarian:csendes (hu)
Ingrian:tyyni
Irish:suaimhneach,socair,ciúin
Japanese:平穏な (ja)(heion na),泰平な (ja)(taihei na),平静な (ja)(heisei na)
Latin:tranquillus,placidus
Luxembourgish:roueg
Macedonian:ми́рен(míren),спо́коен(spókoen),ти́вок(tívok)
Maori:āio
Northern Sami:ráfálaš,goalki
Norwegian Bokmål:rolig (no),fredelig (no)
Norwegian Nynorsk:roleg,fredeleg
Old English:smylte,stille
Plautdietsch:stell
Polish:cichy (pl),spokojny (pl)
Portuguese:tranquilo (pt),calmo (pt)
Romanian:liniștit (ro),calm (ro),senin (ro)
Russian:споко́йный (ru)(spokójnyj)
Scottish Gaelic:suaimhneach
Spanish:calmado (es)
Swedish:lugn (sv),stilla (sv)
Tatar:калим(qalim)
Turkish:sakin (tr),durgun (tr),dingin (tr)
Ukrainian:спокі́йний(spokíjnyj),за́ти́шни́й(zátýšnýj)
Yiddish:רויִק(ruik)

(of water) with few or no waves on the surface

Aklanon:malinaw
Danish:stille (da)
Dutch:kalm (nl)
Georgian:წყნარი (ka)(c̣q̇nari)
Greek:
Ancient:γαληνός(galēnós)
Hebrew:דִּמְמַת רוּחַ (he) f(dimemat ruakh),גַּלֵּינֵי (he) m(galeyney),שְׁטִיל (he) m(shtil)
Hindi:शांत (hi)(śānt)
Ingrian:tyyni
Malay:tenang (ms)
Maori:āio,hāro,marino
Maranao:malinaw
Northern Sami:goalki
Old English:smylte,stille
Polish:spokojny (pl) m
Portuguese:tranquilo (pt),calmo (pt)
Romanian:liniștit (ro),calm (ro)
Spanish:glaxo(Peru)
Swedish:stilla (sv)
Turkish:sakin (tr),durgun (tr),dingin (tr)

without wind or storm

Bulgarian:безветрен (bg)(bezvetren)
Dutch:windstil (nl)
French:calme (fr) m or f
Georgian:წყნარი (ka)(c̣q̇nari)
German:windstill (de)
Ingrian:tyyni
Japanese:穏やかな (ja)(odayaka na),無風の (ja)(mufū no)
Macedonian:бе́зветрен(bézvetren)
Maori:tāhengihengi,mārū(of the weather)
Northern Sami:goalki
Norwegian:
Bokmål:vindstille
Old English:smylte,stille
Pitjantjatjara:atan
Romanian:liniștit (ro),calm (ro),senin (ro)
Spanish:calmado (es)
Swedish:vindstilla (sv)
Turkish:sakin (tr),dingin (tr)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

Irish:^{(pleaseverify)}calma
Mongolian:^{(pleaseverify)}дөлгөөн (mn)(dölgöön)

Noun

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calm (countable anduncountable,pluralcalms)

(in a person) The state of being calm;peacefulness; absence ofworry,anger,fear or other strong negative emotion.
- 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson],In Memoriam, London:Edward Moxon, […],→OCLC, Canto XI:
  Calm on the seas, and silver sleep,
  ⁠And waves that sway themselves in rest,
  ⁠And deadcalm in that noble breast
  Which heaves but with the heaving deep.
(in a place or situation) The state of being calm; absence ofnoise anddisturbance.
A period of time withoutwind.
- 1611,The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […],→OCLC,Mark 4:39:
  The wind ceased, and there was a greatcalm.
- 1851 November 14,Herman Melville, chapter 64, inMoby-Dick; or, The Whale, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.:Harper & Brothers; London:Richard Bentley,→OCLC,page324:
  It was acalm ; so, forming a tandem of three boats, we commenced the slow business of towing the trophy to the Pequod.

Synonyms

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See alsoThesaurus:calmness

Derived terms

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Translations

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condition of being unworried and free from anger

Armenian:հանգստություն (hy)(hangstutʻyun),խաղաղություն (hy)(xaġaġutʻyun)
Bulgarian:спокойствие (bg) n(spokojstvie),покой (bg) m(pokoj)
Catalan:calma (ca) f
Chinese:
Mandarin:平靜 /平静 (zh)(píngjìng)
Czech:klid (cs) m
Danish:ro (da) c
Dutch:sereniteit (nl) f
Finnish:rauhallisuus (fi),tyyneys (fi),levollisuus (fi)
Greek:ηρεμία (el) f(iremía)
Hebrew:רוגע m(roga)
Japanese:平穏 (ja)(heion),平静 (ja)(heisei)
Macedonian:спо́којство n(spókojstvo),спо́кој m(spókoj),мир (mk) m(mir)
Northern Sami:ráfálašvuohta
Polish:spokój (pl) m
Portuguese:calma (pt) f
Romanian:liniște (ro) f
Russian:поко́й (ru) m(pokój),споко́йствие (ru) n(spokójstvije)
Spanish:sosiego (es) m,calma (es) f
Swedish:ro (sv) c,lugn (sv) n
Turkish:sükûnet (tr),dinginlik (tr)
Ukrainian:спо́кій m(spókij)

the state with absence of noise and disturbance

Armenian:հանգիստ (hy)(hangist),խաղաղություն (hy)(xaġaġutʻyun)
Bulgarian:тишина (bg) f(tišina)
Catalan:calma (ca) f
Danish:ro (da) c,stilhed (da)
Dutch:rust (nl) m or f
Finnish:rauhallisuus (fi),tyyneys (fi),levollisuus (fi)
German:Ruhe (de) f
Greek:γαλήνη (el) f(galíni),ησυχία (el) f(isychía)
Ancient:ἡσυχία f(hēsukhía)
Hebrew:שלווה (he) f(shalva)
Japanese:平安 (ja)(heian),平静 (ja)(heisei)
Latin:quiēs (la) f
Macedonian:ти́шина f(tíšina)
Northern Sami:goalki
Polish:spokój (pl) m
Portuguese:calma (pt) f,tranquilidade (pt) f,sossego (pt) m
Romanian:liniște (ro) f
Russian:поко́й (ru) m(pokój),тишина́ (ru) f(tišiná)
Spanish:sosiego (es) m
Swedish:ro (sv) c,stillhet (sv) c,lugn (sv) n
Tatar:калим(qalim)
Turkish:sükûnet (tr),dinginlik (tr)
Ukrainian:спо́кій m(spókij)

period without wind

Bulgarian:безветрие (bg) n(bezvetrie),затишие (bg) n(zatišie)
Catalan:calma (ca) f
Danish:vindstille
Dutch:windstilte (nl) f
Estonian:tuulevaikus
Finnish:tyven (fi),tyyni (fi),pläkä
French:calme plat (fr) m,calme (fr) m
German:Windstille (de) f
Gothic:𐍅𐌹𐍃 n(wis)
Greek:
Ancient:γαλήνη f(galḗnē)
Hungarian:szélcsend (hu)
Japanese:無風 (ja)(mufū)
Latin:malacia f
Macedonian:зати́шие n(zatíšie),за́тишје n(zátišje),безве́трина f(bezvétrina),безве́трие n(bezvétrie)(archaic)
Maori:rahopē(refers to condition at sea),āio
Northern Sami:goalki
Polish:cisza (pl) f,flauta (pl) f(nautical)
Portuguese:calmaria (pt) f
Russian:зати́шье (ru) n(zatíšʹje),безве́трие (ru) n(bezvétrije),штиль (ru) m(štilʹ)(nautical)
Scottish Gaelic:fèath m or f
Spanish:calma (es) f
Swahili:shwari (sw)
Swedish:stiltje (sv),bleke (sv),vindstilla (sv) c
Turkish:dinginlik (tr)
Ukrainian:зати́шшя n(zatýššja),безві́тря (uk) n(bezvítrja)

Verb

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calm (third-person singular simple presentcalms,present participlecalming,simple past and past participlecalmed)

(transitive) To make calm.
tocalm a crying baby
tocalm the passions
- 1697,Virgil, “(please specify the book number)”, inJohn Dryden, transl.,The Works of Virgil: Containing His Pastorals, Georgics, and Æneis. […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […],→OCLC:
  tocalm the tempest raised by Aeolus
(intransitive) To become calm.