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From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "by"
Languages (23)
English
Afrikaans • Chinese • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Japanese • Lower Sorbian • Manx • Middle English • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Czech • Old English • Old Polish • Polish • Scots • Silesian • Slovak • Swedish • Upper Sorbian • West Frisian • Yola
Page categories

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Alternative forms

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  • bye (archaic for preposition and adverb, not used for abbreviation, preferred for noun and interjection)

Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishby,bi, fromOld English(by; near; around), fromProto-West Germanic*bī, fromProto-Germanic*bi(near; by; around; about), fromProto-Indo-European*h₁epi.

Cognate withWest Frisianby(by; near),Afrikaansby(at; by; near),Saterland Frisianbie(near; by),Dutchbij(near; by),German Low Germanbi(by; near; at),Germanbei(by; near; at).

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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by

  1. Near ornext to.
    The mailbox isby the bus stop.
  2. From one side of something to the other, passing close by;past.
    The stream runsby our back door.
    He ran straightby me.
  3. Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval).
    Be backby ten o'clock!.
    We'll find someoneby the end of March.
    We will send itby the first week of July.
  4. Indicates the person or thing that does or causes something: Through the action or presence of.
    1. Following a passive verb.
      The matter was decidedby the chairman.
      The boat was swampedby the water.
      He was protectedby his body armour.
      • 2011 September 28, Jon Smith, “Valencia 1-1 Chelsea”, inBBC Sport:
        Valencia threatened sporadically in the first half with Miguel having a decent effort deflected wide by Ashley Cole, while Jordi Alba's near-post cross was flicked into the sidenettingby Pablo Hernandez.
    2. Following a noun.
      There was a callby the unions for a 30% pay rise.
    3. (not in common modern use)Following an adjective.
      I was aghastby what I saw.
      • 1874,Thomas Hardy,Far from the Madding Crowd, 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p.109:
        In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colourby the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred [].
  5. Indicates the creator of a work: Existing through the authorship etc. of.
    There are many well-known playsby William Shakespeare
  6. Indicates ameans of achieving something: Involving/using the means of.
    I avoided the guardsby moving only when they weren't looking.
    By Pythagoras' theorem, we can calculate the length of the hypotenuse.
    We wentby bus.
    I discovered itby chance.
    By 'maybe' she means 'no'.
    The electricity was cut off, so we had to readby candlelight.
    • 1909,Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], chapter II, inThe Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.:Dodd, Mead and Company, published1919,→OCLC:
      "I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppersby—except steal. []"
    • 1945, Neva L. Boyd,Handbook of Recreational Games,Dover, published1975,→ISBN,page16:
      Players: Can we get thereby candlelight? ¶ Gatekeepers: Yes and back again.
    • 1960,Dr. Seuss,One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish:
      By the light of the moon, /by the light of a star / they walked all night
  7. Indicates an authority according to which something is done.
    By the power vested in me, I now pronounce you man and wife.
    1. Invokes an authority in anoath.
      By Jove! I think she's got it!
      By all that is holy, I'll put an end to this.
  8. Indicates a means of classification or organisation.
    I sorted the itemsby category.
    Table 1 shows details of our employees broken downby sex and age.
  9. Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy
    Our stock is upby ten percent.
    His date of birth was wrongby ten years.
  10. In the formulaeX by X andby Xs, indicates a steady progression, oneX after another.
    We went through the book pageby page.
    We crawled forwardby inches.
  11. (with the) Acted on inunits of the specified size or measure.(Sometimes hyperbolically)
    soldby the yard;cheaper if boughtby the gross
    He drinks brandyby the bucketful!
  12. Per; with or inproportion to each.
    His health was deterioratingby the day.
    The pickers are paidby the bushel.
  13. Indicates a referenced source: According to.
    He cheatedby his own admission.
    By my reckoning, we should be nearly there.
    • 1722, William Wollaston, “Sect. V. Truths relating to the Deity. Of his exiſtence, perfection, providence, &c.”, inThe Religion of Nature Delineated[1], page81:
      Ignorant and ſuperſtitious wretches meaſure the actions ofletterd andphiloſophical men by the tattle of their nurſes or illiterate parents and companions, or by the faſhion of the country : and people of differing religions judge and condemn each otherby their own tenents ; whenboth of them cannot be in the right, and it is well ifeither of them are.
  14. Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.
    It is easy to invert a 2-by-2 matrix.
    The room was about 4 footby 6 foot.
    The bricks used to build the wall measured 10by 20by30 cm.
  15. (mathematics) multiplied by or(chiefly South Asia) divided by
  16. (horse breeding)Designates a horse's male parent (sire); cf.out of.
    She's a lovely little filly,by Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.
  17. (chiefly Yeshivish) At, with, among
    Are you eatingby Rabbi Fischer? (at the house of)
    By Chabad, it's different. (with, among)

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Mandarin:by(bāi),BY(bāi)

Translations

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near, or next to
not later than
indicates the agent of a passive verb
indicates creator of a work
indicates a means
with the authority of
(indicates an oath) with the authority of
indicating means of classification or organisation
indicating amount of change, difference or discrepancy
indicates steady progression
used to separate dimensions
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Adverb

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by (notcomparable)

  1. Along apath whichrunspast someone or something.
    I watched the parade as it passedby.
  2. In thevicinity,near.
    There was a shepherd closeby.
  3. To or at aplace, as aresidence or place ofbusiness.
    I'll stopby on my way home from work.
    We're right near the lifeguard station. Comeby before you leave.
  4. (uncommon outside the phrase 'put by')Aside,away.
    The women spent much time after harvest putting jamsby for winter and spring.

Derived terms

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terms derived from by (adverb)

Translations

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along a path

Adjective

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by (notcomparable)

  1. Out of the way, off to one side.
    aby path; aby room
  2. Subsidiary,incidental.
    by catch; aby issue

Usage notes

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More usually in compounds, either hyphenated (e.g.by-product) or closed (e.g.byproduct); see alsoby-.

Antonyms

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Derived terms

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Noun

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by (pluralbys)

  1. Alternative form ofbye.

Interjection

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by

  1. Dated form ofbye(goodbye).

Anagrams

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Afrikaans

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromDutchbij, fromMiddle Dutchbi, fromOld Dutch.

Preposition

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by

  1. at
  2. to
  3. by
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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FromDutchbij, fromMiddle Dutchbie, fromOld Dutch*bīa.

Noun

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by (pluralbye)

  1. bee
Derived terms
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Chinese

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Semantic shift fromEnglishby.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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by

  1. (informal)according to
    by市长本人[MSC,trad.]
    by市长本人[MSC,simp.]
    bāi mǒu shìzhǎng běnrén suǒ shuō[Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Czech

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Etymology

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Inherited fromOld Czechby, fromProto-Slavic*by.

Pronunciation

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Particle

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by

  1. third-personsingular/pluralconditional ofbýt;would
    Vstávalby dřív, ale toby si napřed musel koupit budík.
    He would be getting up earlier, but then he would have to buy an alarm clock first.
  2. (clipping, informal);would
    Bylby tam šel, kdyby mě byli pozvali.
    I would have gone there if they had invited me.
    Myby tam šli, kdyby nás byli pozvali.
    We would have gone there if they had invited us.

Usage notes

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  • In formal language, it is used for thethird person singular and plural, and in thesecond person singular together with reflexive pronoun formsses orsis (which effectively take the final -s frombys):
    Zahrálbysis jednu hru?Would you [like to] play one game?
  • In colloquial Czech,by is commonly used in place of other conditional forms ofbýt in both singular and plural if the subject is deducible from context (from the conjugated form of the verb). That is,by is a shared clipped form ofbych,bys,bychom andbyste.

Related terms

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Further reading

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  • by”, inPříruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech),1935–1957
  • by”, inSlovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech),1960–1971, 1989

Danish

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Etymology

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FromOld Norsebýr, bœr(settlement).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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by c (singular definitebyen,plural indefinitebyer)

  1. town,city

Declension

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Declension ofby
common
gender
singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativebybyenbyerbyerne
genitivebysbyensbyersbyernes

Related terms

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Further reading

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Dutch

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Preposition

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by

  1. Obsolete spelling ofbij.

Adverb

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by

  1. Obsolete spelling ofbij.

Adjective

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by (used onlypredicatively,notcomparable)

  1. Obsolete spelling ofbij.

Noun

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by f (pluralbyen,diminutivebytje n)

  1. Obsolete spelling ofbij.

Japanese

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromEnglishby.

Pronunciation

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Particle

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by(バイ) (bai

  1. (informal)Used to sign off a message/attribute a text.
    • 2002,[2]
      ココにはバッファから生成したMAPのTEXTURE希望 by JAMAD
      "I want the texture of the MAP generated from the buffer here" — JAMAD
    • 2007,さよなら絶望先生第5話[3]
      己を知らされば、戦う毎に必ず殆し。by 孫子
      "If one is ignorant of oneself, one is bound to be in danger with every battle" — Sun Tzu
    • 2009,けいおん!第4話[4]
      めざせ武道館!! by 軽音部!
      "Aim for the Budokan!" — Light Music Club

Lower Sorbian

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Etymology

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FromProto-Slavic*by(third-person singular aorist of*byti).

Pronunciation

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Verb

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by (defective,invariable)

  1. would(used with the past active participle to form a conditional)
    Njecynimy to, dokulažby jim škóźeło.
    We don’t do that because it would hurt them.

Usage notes

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This verb may be omitted before the past active participles ofmóc(be able to),kśěś(want to), anddejaś(ought to).

Derived terms

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  • aby(that...would)
  • gaby(if...would)
  • gdyby(if...would)
  • njeby(would not)

Further reading

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  • Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “by”, inSłownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague:ОРЯС РАН,ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag,2008
  • Starosta, Manfred (1999) “by”, inDolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Manx

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Alternative forms

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Particle

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by(triggers lenition)

  1. past/conditional ofs'
    By vie lhiam gollmyrgeddin.
    I want to go as well.
    B'laik lhiam briaght jiu c'redbare lhiu jannoo jiu.
    I'd like to ask you what you'd prefer to do today.
  2. (dated)Past and conditional form ofs'(used to introduce the comparative and superlative form of adjectives)
    yn dooinneyby hrosheythe man who was the strongest

Middle English

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Etymology 1

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Inherited fromOld English, fromProto-West Germanic*bī, fromProto-Germanic*bi, fromProto-Indo-European*h₁epi.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /biː/,(unstressed)/bi/

Preposition

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by

  1. by
    • 1407,The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages40–41:
      And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformedbi hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”
      (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
Related terms
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Descendants
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References
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Etymology 2

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Verb

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by

  1. Alternative form ofbeen(to be)

Norwegian Bokmål

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NorwegianWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediano

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromOld Norsebýr(place (to camp or settle), land, property, lot;and later settlement).

Noun

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by m (definite singularbyen,indefinite pluralbyer,definite pluralbyene)

  1. town,city (regardless of population size or land area)
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Frombyde, fromOld Norsebjóða, fromProto-Germanic*beudaną(to offer), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰewdʰ-(to wake, rise up).

Alternative forms

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Verb

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by (imperativeby,present tensebyr,simple pastbødorbøyorbydde,past participlebudtorbydd)

  1. tobid;offer
  2. toask;invite
  3. tocommand;order

References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromOld Norsebýr m, fromProto-Germanic*būwiz.Doublet of.

Noun

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by m (definite singularbyen,indefinite pluralbyar,definite pluralbyane)

  1. town,city (regardless of population size or land area)
Derived terms
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Related terms
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Etymology 2

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FromOld Norsebjóða, fromProto-Germanic*beudaną(to offer), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰewdʰ-(to wake, rise up). Akin toEnglishbid.

Alternative forms

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Verb

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by (present tensebyr,past tensebaudorbydde,supinebodeorbyddorbydt,past participlebodenorbydd,present participlebydande,imperativeby)

  1. tocommand,order
    Egbyd deg å stoppe.
    Icommand you to stop.
  2. tobid,offer
    Egbyd deg 100 kroner.
    Ioffer you a 100 NOK.
  3. tooffer
    Bestemorbaud på småkaker.
    Grannyoffered us cookies.
Derived terms
[edit]
Related terms
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References

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  • “by” inThe Nynorsk Dictionary.
  • by” inThe Ordnett Dictionary

Old Czech

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Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Slavic*by.

Conjunction

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by

  1. second/third-personsingularaorist ofbýti
    Synonym:
  2. Introduces a clause two which the speaker has reservations or uncertainty.
  3. Especially with a negated verb; expresses concern.
  4. Introduces a clause of intention;in order to;would that
  5. Especially after a negated verb; expresses that the viewer sees something as unrealistic.
  6. Forms a conditional;would
  7. Admissive;albeit,although

Descendants

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References

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Old English

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Noun

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 n

  1. dwelling,habituation

References

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Old Polish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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    Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European*bʰuH-
    Proto-Indo-European*bʰúHt
    Proto-Indo-European*h₁es-
    Proto-Indo-European*h₁ésti
    Proto-Balto-Slavic*bū́ˀtei
    Proto-Slavic*byti
    Proto-Slavic*by
    Old Polishby

    Inherited fromProto-Slavic*by. First attested in the 14th century.

    Conjunction

    [edit]

    by

    1. (attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland)introduces a clause of aim;to,so that,in order to
      • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors,Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎[6],Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages9, 31:
        Grzeszni... godzi,bi vlapil vbogego (insidiatur, ut rapiat pauperem)
        [Grzeszny... godzi,by ułapił ubogiego (insidiatur, ut rapiat pauperem)]
      • 1887, 1889 [1395], Józef Lekszycki, editor,Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume II, number1773,Pyzdry,Gniezno,Kościan:
        Orandowal i[e]szm do gich domv,by penødze brali
        [Orędował j[e]śm do jich domu,by pieniądze brali]
    2. (attested in Lesser Poland)introduces a command;to
      • End of the 15th century,Dekalog - Dziesięcioro przykazań bożych - Decem praecepta Dei, volume III, number 2:
        Pamyantay, tobe vyele,by czczil suato y nyedzela
        [Pamiętaj, tobie wielę,by czcił święto i niedzielę]
      • 1861 [1398],Pismo poświęcone naukom, sztukom i przemysłowi[7], volume III, Biblioteka Warszawska, page34:
        Micolay prosil prze bok,by mu othpustil przisi[an]gą
        [Mikołaj prosił prze Bog,by mu otpuścił przysi[ę]gę]
      • 1892 [1484], Hieronim Łopaciński, editor,Reguła trzeciego zakonu św. Franciszka i drobniejsze zabytki języka polskiego z końca w. XV i początku XVI[8],Krakow, page721:
        Nye chczemy,by tho zgromadzenye navyedzal... kthory lagyk (nolumus tamen congregationem huiusmodi a laico visitari)
        [Nie chcemy,by to zgromadzenie nawiedzał... ktory lajik (nolumus tamen congregationem huiusmodi a laico visitari)]
    3. (attested in Greater Poland)introduces a clarifying clause;to
      • 1896 [Middle of the 15th century], Lucjan Malinowski, editor,Żywot świętego Błażeja. Zabytek języka polskiego z początku wieku XV,[9], page320:
        Swyøty Blaszey gemu rzekl: Wylo, mnymasz,by *twey møky mogly odyøcz miloscz bozø
        [Święty Błażej jemu rzekł: Wiło, mnimasz,by twe[j] męki mogły odjąć miłość bożą]
      • 1902 [1405], “Wybór zapisek sądowych grodzkich i ziemskich wielkopolskich z XV wieku”, in Franciszek Piekosiński, editor,Studia, rozprawy i materiały z dziedziny historii polskiej i prawa polskiego[10], volume 6,Poznań,Pyzdry,Kościan,Gniezno, page272:
        Roman Ianoui ne slubowal,bi mu szø gwalth ne sstal w gego domu
        [Roman Janowi nie ślubował,by mu się gwałt nie sstał w jego domu]
      • 1888 [1401], Romuald Hube, editor,Zbiór rot przysiąg sądowych poznańskich, kościańskich, kaliskich, sieradzkich, piotrkowskich i dobrzyszyckich z końca wieku XIV i pierwszych lat wieku XV[11],Greater Poland, page109:
        Sczepan zalowal,bi Przibkowa dzewka mu pancz grziwen wcradla
        [Szczepan żałował,by Przybkowa dziewka mu pięć grzywien ukradła]
    4. introduces clauses of emotions;to
      • 1874-1891 [Middle of the fifteenth century],Rozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności[12],[13],[14], volume XXII, page235:
        Boymisch syą,bichom pichą krolewstwa nyebyeskyego ny straczily
        [Bojmyż się,bychom pychą krolewstwa niebieskiego ni stracili]
      • Middle of the 15th century,Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa[15], page610:
        Byli krzywi, bo im był przykazał, aby nie spali; a kiedy przyszedł a oni śpią, pochwacili sie ze snu..., bo im było żal i srom,by jego pośledniej kaźni nie mogli popełnić
        [Byli krzywi, bo im był przykazał, aby nie spali. A kiedy przyszedł, a oni śpią, pochwacili sie ze snu..., bo im było żal i srom,by jego pośledniej kaźni nie mogli popełnić]
    5. introduces a subjective clause;in order to
    6. (attested in Greater Poland)introduces an attributive clause;in order to
      • 1887, 1889 [1399], Józef Lekszycki, editor,Die ältesten großpolnischen Grodbücher, volume II, number1376,Pyzdry,Gniezno,Kościan:
        Micol[ay] s Wawrzincem ne vmawal nigednei vmo[wi],bi meli pusczicz na przyaczele
        [Mikoł[aj] z Wawrzyńcem nie umawiał nijednej umo[wy],by mieli puścić na przyjaciele]
    7. introduces a clausal clause;in order to
    8. (attested in Lesser Poland)introduces an unreal conditional clause;if
      • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors,Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎[17],Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages93, 17:
        Boby bog ne podpomogl me, przes mala przebiwalabi bila w pekle dusza moia (nisi quia dominus adiuvit me, paulo minus habitasset in inferno anima mea)
        [Boby Bog nie podpomogł mie, przez mała przebywałaby była w piekle dusza moja (nisi quia Dominus adiuvit me, paulo minus habitasset in inferno anima mea)]
    9. (attested in Masovia)admissive;albeit,although
      • 1895 [1448–1450],Mikołaj Suled, edited by Franciszek Piekosiński,Tłumaczenia polskie statutów ziemskich, Kodeks Świętosławów,Warka, page63:
        (Pothkomorze wszącz ma)... dwa rydla a nye wyączey,by tesz dwye alybo trzy dzedzyny myedzy dwyema granyczyl (etiamsi duas aut tres hereditates inter duos limitaret)
        [(Podkomorze wziąć ma)... dwa rydla, a nie więcej,by też dwie alibo trzy dziedziny miedzy dwiema graniczył (etiamsi duas aut tres hereditates inter duos limitaret)]

    Particle

    [edit]

    by

    1. (attested in Lesser Poland)expressesoptative meaning;if only,had better,let
      • 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors,Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki [Sankt Florian Psalter]‎[18],Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego [The Ossoliński National Institute: with the benefit of the Silesian Parliament], pages27, 1:
        Bosze moy, ne milczy ote mne,bi negdi ne milczal ote mne (deus meus, ne sileas a me, ne quando taceas a me)
        [Boże moj, nie milczy ote mnie,by niegdy nie milczał ote mnie (Deus meus, ne sileas a me, ne quando taceas a me)]
    Descendants
    [edit]
    • Polish:by
    • Silesian:by

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

    Verb

    [edit]

    by

    1. third-personsingularaorist ofbyć
    2. second-personsingularaorist ofbyć

    References

    [edit]
    • Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “by”, inSłownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie,→ISBN
    • Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “by”, inJan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors,Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
    • Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “by”, inEtymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
    • B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “by”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN

    Polish

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]
      Etymology tree
      Proto-Indo-European*bʰuH-
      Proto-Indo-European*bʰúHt
      Proto-Indo-European*h₁es-
      Proto-Indo-European*h₁ésti
      Proto-Balto-Slavic*bū́ˀtei
      Proto-Slavic*byti
      Proto-Slavic*by
      Old Polishby
      Polishby

      Inherited fromOld Polishby.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]
       
      • Audio:(file)
      • Rhymes:
      • Syllabification:by

      Particle

      [edit]

      by

      1. forms theconditional mood;would,would've
        Onby tam nie poszedł./On nie poszedłby tam.He would not go there.
      2. (Żywiec)Synonym ofprzynajmniej

      Conjunction

      [edit]

      by

      1. creates a clause in thesubjunctive mood:
        1. creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish;to,so that,for that,in order to [withpast-tenseclause]
          Synonyms:aby,ażeby,żeby
          Chciałbym,by poszła do domu.I'd like her to go home.
        2. creates anoptative clause;if only,had better,let[withpast-tenseclause]
          Near-synonyms:bodaj,bodajby,byle,byleby,niech,niechaj,niechajże,niechby,niechże,oby
          Bym zdał ten egzamin.I'd better passed this exam.
        3. creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal;to,so that,for that,in order to[withinfinitive]
          Synonyms:aby,ażeby,żeby
          Poprzekładam trochę rzeczy,by zrobić miejsce na więcej.I'll move some stuff around,to make space for more.
        4. creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else;to,so that,for that,in order to[withinfinitive]
          Synonyms:aby,ażeby,żeby
          Musisz to dokończyć,by zacząć następne.You have to finish it,to start the next one.
        5. introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event;just to,only to[withinfinitive]
          Synonyms:aby,ażeby
        6. introduces a subordinate clause expression doubt;if
          Synonyms:ażeby,żeby

      Declension

      [edit]
      Combined forms ofby
      singularplural
      1st personbymbyśmy
      2nd personbyśbyście
      3rd personbyby

      Trivia

      [edit]

      According toSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990),by is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 20 times in scientific texts, 5 times in news, 64 times in essays, 88 times in fiction, and 172 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 349 times, making it the 144th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]

      References

      [edit]
      1. ^Ida Kurcz (1990) “by”, inSłownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej [Frequency dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), volume 1, Kraków, Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Języka Polskiego, page39

      Further reading

      [edit]
      • by inWielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
      • by in Polish dictionaries at PWN
      • Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “by”, inSłownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
      • BY”, inElektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 2022 September 19
      • Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “by”, inSłownik języka polskiego
      • Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “by”, inSłownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
      • J. Karłowicz,A. Kryński,W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “by”, inSłownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page242
      • Izydor Kopernicki (1875) “by”, in “Spostrzeżenia nad właściwościami językowémi w mowie Górali Bieskidowych z dodatkiem słowniczka wyrazów góralskich”, inRozprawy i Sprawozdania z Posiedzeń Wydziału Filologicznego Akademii Umiejętności (I), volume 3, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page368

      Scots

      [edit]

      Alternative forms

      [edit]

      Etymology

      [edit]

      FromMiddle Englishby, fromOld Englishbi, fromProto-West Germanic*bī. Cognates includeEnglishby andYolabee.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Preposition

      [edit]

      by

      1. by
      2. (in comparisons)than
        • 1894, Robert Hunter,A Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant:
          Archie was auldby me.
          Archie was olderthan me.
          (literally, “Archie was oldby me.”)

      Adverb

      [edit]

      by

      1. by,nearby

      Conjunction

      [edit]

      by

      1. by (the time that)

      References

      [edit]
      1. 1.01.1by,prep., adv., conj..”, inThe Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh:Scottish Language Dictionaries, 2004–present,→OCLC.

      Silesian

      [edit]

      Etymology

      [edit]
        Etymology tree
        Proto-Indo-European*bʰuH-
        Proto-Indo-European*bʰúHt
        Proto-Indo-European*h₁es-
        Proto-Indo-European*h₁ésti
        Proto-Balto-Slavic*bū́ˀtei
        Proto-Slavic*byti
        Proto-Slavic*by
        Old Polishby
        Silesianby

        Inherited fromOld Polishby.

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Particle

        [edit]

        by

        1. forms the conditional mood;would,would've

        Conjunction

        [edit]

        by

        1. in order to,so that
          Synonyms:aby,ażby,coby,iżeby,żeby

        Declension

        [edit]
        Combined forms ofby
        singularplural
        1st personbychbychmy
        2nd personbyśbyście
        3rd personbyby

        Related terms

        [edit]
        suffix

        Further reading

        [edit]
        • by in silling.org

        Slovak

        [edit]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Etymology 1

        [edit]

        Inherited fromProto-Slavic*by.

        Particle

        [edit]

        by

        1. Used to form the conditional mood:would.
          Išielby som tam, keby som mohol.Iwould go there, if I could.
        2. Used as an independent part of some conjunctions, often expressing comparison or concession.
          čoby ajeven if
          Vstal akoby nič.He woke up as if it were nothing.
          Bodajby nešiel.I wish he wouldn't go.
        Related terms
        [edit]

        Etymology 2

        [edit]

        Reduction ofaby,inherited fromProto-Slavic*aby.

        Conjunction

        [edit]

        by

        1. (subordinating, literary)Alternative form ofaby(so that; in order to).

        Further reading

        [edit]
        • by”, inSlovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak),https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk,2003–2025

        Swedish

        [edit]
        SwedishWikipedia has an article on:
        Wikipediasv

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Etymology 1

        [edit]

        FromOld Swedishbȳr,(village, farm, town), fromOld Norsebýr. Cognate withDanishby (“town, city”, whence alsoFaroesebýur with the same meaning),Norwegian Bokmålby(town, city) andNorwegian Nynorskby(town, city).

        Noun

        [edit]

        by c

        1. hamlet
        2. village
        3. (obsolete)farm
        4. (obsolete)town,city
        5. (slang, in the definite "byn")Rinkeby
        Declension
        [edit]
        Declension ofby
        nominativegenitive
        singularindefinitebybys
        definitebynbyns
        pluralindefinitebyarbyars
        definitebyarnabyarnas
        Derived terms
        [edit]

        Etymology 2

        [edit]

        FromDutchbui orLow German,böe,böje. Cognate withDanishbyge,Norwegian Bokmålbyge,bøye andNorwegian Nynorskbye,bøye.

        Noun

        [edit]

        by c

        1. gust, rush of wind
        Declension
        [edit]
        Declension ofby
        nominativegenitive
        singularindefinitebybys
        definitebynbyns
        pluralindefinitebyarbyars
        definitebyarnabyarnas
        Derived terms
        [edit]

        References

        [edit]

        Upper Sorbian

        [edit]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]
        • IPA(key): /ˈbɨ/
        • Rhymes:
        • Syllabification:by

        Verb

        [edit]

        by

        1. second/third-personsingularconditional ofbyć

        West Frisian

        [edit]

        Pronunciation

        [edit]

        Preposition

        [edit]

        by

        1. near to
        2. in relation to
          By âlds
          In the olden days

        Further reading

        [edit]
        • by”, inWurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch),2011

        Yola

        [edit]

        Preposition

        [edit]

        by

        1. Alternative form ofbee(by)
          • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, inSONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page84:
            Atby mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.
            Whoby misluck was placed to drive in.
          • 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, inSONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 6, page86:
            Many a bra draughtby Tommeen was ee-maate;
            Many a brave strokeby Tommy was made;

        References

        [edit]
        • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor,A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published1867
        Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=by&oldid=84221233"
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