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been

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Been,beeñ,be·en,andbe- -en

English

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Englishbeen(past participle), fromOld English(ġe)bēon; equivalent tobe +‎-en.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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been

  1. pastparticiple ofbe.
    All the fries havebeen eaten.
    Theybeen here since yesterday.(dialectal, e.g. AAVE, omittinghave)
  2. (Southern US or African-American Vernacular)remote past form ofbe.
    Hebeen had that job.
    Webeen knew they was doing this.
    • 2013, DayQuan Miller,Back Blocks, StealthMode Entertainment, page 147:
      She was disloyal, Casper was disloyal, so them muthafuckas gotta go. Like you said[,] webeen knew we was going to have to kill Frost, so let's do it and Light too.” Star said. “Say no more. I'ma handle Kisha myself.” Max said walking to the door.
Further reading
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  • Alexander Pollatsek, Rebecca Treiman (2015)The Oxford Handbook of Reading, Oxford Library of Psychology,→ISBN, page433:For example, the remote past “been” is used as part of the verb to express something that took place in the distant past: 'hebeen reading story books.'
  • Mary Kohn, Walt Wolfram, Charlie Farrington, Jennifer Renn, Janneke Van Hofwegen (2020)African American Language: Language development from Infancy to Adulthood, Cambridge University Press,→ISBN, page231:Remote past 'been' ([RPB], coded on word) =been is used to mark action in the remote past; in such cases the wordbeen is always stressed (e.g., he been[RPB] had that job; I been[RPB] bought her clothes).

Etymology 2

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Either fromMiddle Englishbeen(to be,infinitive) (fromOld Englishbēon), or from a dialectal use of the preceding past tense form as an infinitive form (compare dialectal use of(I)'s,(I) is in the first person,(he) am in the third person, etc).

Verb

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been

  1. (Southern US or African-American Vernacular, rare)Synonym ofbe(infinitival sense).
    Itusetabeen five foot long.
    • 1875,Minstrel Gags and End Men's Hand-book, New York: Dick and Fitzgerald, page83; republished New York: Literature House,1969:
      "Bones", says he, "I tink dey's a-goin' tobeen a war ober de Alabamy question[]
    • 1888,Mary Augusta Ward, “Book I”, inRobert Elsmere[1], London:Macmillan and Company, page20:
      Yur a boald 'un to tell the missus theer to hur feeace as how ya wur 'tossicatit whan ya owt tobeen duing yur larful business.
    • 1966, DARE Tape SC10, quotee, “be v”, in Frederic G. Cassidy, Joan Houston Hall, editors,Dictionary of American Regional English[2], volume 1,Harvard University Press, published1985, page178:
      []But one time it use' tobeen so cold right first of the winter.

Etymology 3

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FromMiddle Englishbeen(plural indicative form); equivalent tobe +‎-en.

Verb

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been

  1. (obsolete)plural simplepresent ofbe.
    • 1584,George Peele,The Arraignment of Paris, I, ii:
      My love is fair, my love is gay, / As fresh asbeen the flowers in May;
    • 1606,N[athaniel] B[axter],Sir Philip Sydneys Ouránia, That Is, Endimions Song and Tragedie, Containing All Philosophie, London: [] Ed. Allde, for Edward White, [],→OCLC,signature G, recto:
      Theſe Beaſtesbeen of higheſt Regard and Price / To pleaſure Princes and to murder vice.
    • c.1607–1608 (date written),William Shakespeare, [George Wilkins?],The Late, and Much Admired Play, Called Pericles, Prince of Tyre. [], London: [] [William White andThomas Creede] for Henry Gosson, [], published1609,→OCLC,[Act II, prologue]:
      Where when menbeen, there's ſeldome eaſe,
    • 1641,Ben Jonson,The Sad Shepherd, I, iii:
      O Friar, those are faults that are not seen, / Ours open, and of worse examplebeen.
    • 1686, Edward Fairfax, transl.,Godfrey of Bulloigne: Or, The Recovery of Jerusalem[3], section 20, page 8:
      Some of green Boughs their slender Cabbins frame, / Some lodged wereTortoſa's streets about, / Of all the Hoſt the Chief of Worth and Name / Aſſembledbeen, a Senate grave and ſtout;

Etymology 4

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FromMiddle Englishbeen,bene,ben,beon, fromOld Englishbēon(bees), equivalent tobee +‎-en(plural ending).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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been

  1. (UK dialectal)plural ofbee

References

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Vaux, Bert and Scott Golder. 2003. The Harvard Dialect Survey: been. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Linguistics Department.

Anagrams

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Afrikaans

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AfrikaansWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediaaf

Etymology

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FromDutchbeen, fromMiddle Dutchbêen, fromOld Dutchbēn, fromProto-Germanic*bainą.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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been (pluralbeneorbeendere,diminutivebeentjie)

  1. leg of ahuman orhumanoid
  2. bone
  3. (in the diminutive)Synonym ofossikel(ossicle)

Usage notes

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  • The pluralbeendere is used alternatively in the sense “bone”, especially collectively.

Synonyms

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  • poot(leg, of an animal)
  • boud(leg, a cut of meat)

Derived terms

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Basque

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Noun

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been

  1. genitiveplural ofbe

Dutch

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Picture dictionary

Click on labels in the image

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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FromMiddle Dutchbêen, fromOld Dutchbēn, fromProto-West Germanic*bain, fromProto-Germanic*bainą.

Noun

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been n (pluralbenen,diminutivebeentje n)

  1. leg,limb of a person, horse (other animals' would havepoten) and certain objects (again many havepoten)
    Debenen van een passer.The legs of a pair of compasses.
  2. (mathematics)side,leg
    Debenen van een hoek.The sides of an angle.
  3. the upper part of a sock, above the ankle
Usage notes
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  • The contemporary pluralbenen is derived from an analogy to other nouns with regular plurals. Originally,been was left unchanged in the plural; such use is preserved only inset phrases likeop de been(upright, standing, awake).

Noun

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been n (pluralbeenderenorbenenor(obsolete)beenders,diminutivebeentje n)

  1. bone, constituent part of a skeleton
    Synonyms:bot,knook,knekel
    De archeologen vonden oudebeenderen van een dinosaurus in de opgraving.
    The archaeologists found ancientbones of a dinosaur in the excavation.
  2. (uncountable) bone, the chalky material bones are made of
    Synonym:bot
Derived terms
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Descendants
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Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the correspondinglemma form.

Verb

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been

  1. inflection ofbenen:
    1. first-personsingularpresentindicative
    2. (in case ofinversion)second-personsingularpresentindicative
    3. imperative

Anagrams

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Dutch Low Saxon

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Etymology

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FromLow GermanBeen, fromMiddle Low Germanbên, fromOld Saxonbēn.

Noun

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been

  1. leg

See also

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  • German Low German:Been

Finnish

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Noun

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been

  1. genitive/accusativesingular ofbee

Middle Dutch

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Etymology

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FromOld Dutchbēn, fromProto-West Germanic*bain, fromProto-Germanic*bainą.

Noun

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bêen n

  1. leg
  2. foot
  3. bone

Inflection

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This noun needs aninflection-table template.

Alternative forms

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Descendants

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Further reading

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Middle English

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Etymology 1

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From a conflation ofOld Englishbēon andwesan, fromProto-West Germanic*beun and*wesan, fromProto-Germanic*beuną and*wesaną, fromProto-Indo-European*bʰewHeti (seeProto-Indo-European*bʰuH-) and a conflation of*h₂wéseti and*h₁ésti.

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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been (third-person singular simple presentis,present participlebeynge,first-/third-person singular past indicativewas,past participlebeen)

  1. (intransitive) Tobe; toexist or haveexistence:
    1. (intransitive) Tooccur; tocome tobe.
    2. (with adjective or adverb) Tobe with a certainquality or in a certainsituation.
    3. (transitive) To beto orforsomeone orsomething.
  2. (copulative) Tobesomething orsomeone.
    • c.1395,John Wycliffe,John Purvey [et al.], transl.,Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎[4], publishedc.1410,Apocalips 3:15,page118v, column 1; republished asWycliffe's translation of the New Testament,Lichfield: Bill Endres,2010:
      I woot þi werkis · foꝛ nei[þer] þou art coold nei[þer] þou art hoot / I wolde þat þouwere coold ei[þer] hoot
      I know your actions: you aren't cold, but neither are you hot. I'd like it if youwere either cold or hot.
    • 1407,The Testimony of William Thorpe, pages40–41:
      []Filip of Repintoun whilis hewas a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whicheweren holden rightwise men and prudent[]
      (pleaseadd an English translation of this quotation)
    1. (with genitive) Tobe someone's; to be in someone's possession.
    2. (auxiliary)Forms the continuous present and perfect.
    3. (auxiliary)Forms the perfect tense with some intransitive verbs.
  3. (auxiliary)Forms various passive constructions.
Usage notes
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  • ben may be used elliptically if the subject, complement, or predicate is implicit.
  • The perfect tense is usually formed withhaven; see that entry for more.
Conjugation
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Conjugation ofbeen (irregular,suppletive)
infinitive(to)been,be
present tensepast tense
1st-personsingularam,bewas
2nd-personsingularart,bistwere
3rd-personsingularis,bithwas
subjunctivesingularbewere
imperativesingular
plural1aren,are,been,beweren,were
subjunctiveplural1been,be
imperativepluralbeth,be
participlesbeynge,beendebeen,be,ybeen,ybe

1 Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.

Descendants
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References
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Etymology 2

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FromOld French andMedieval Latin, fromArabicبَان(bān,ben tree).

Noun

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been

  1. ben(moringa tree)
Descendants
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References

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Etymology 3

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FromOld Englishbēon, nominative plural form ofbēo, fromProto-Germanic*bijōniz, nominative plural form of*bijǭ. Equivalent tobee +‎-en(plural suffix).

Noun

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been

  1. plural ofbee(bee)

Etymology 4

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FromOld Englishġebēon, past participle ofbēon(to be); equivalent toy- +‎be +‎-en(participial suffix).

Alternative forms

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Verb

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been

  1. pastparticiple ofbeen(to be)
Descendants
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Etymology 5

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From (with the replaced with an-n leveled in from the past and subjunctive)Old Englishbēoþ, present plural ofbēon(to be), fromProto-Germanic*biunþi, third-person present plural of*beuną(to be, become).

Alternative forms

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Verb

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been

  1. pluralpresentindicative ofbeen(to be)
Usage notes
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The usual plural form ofbeen isaren in the North,been in the Midlands, andbeth in the South;sind also existed, especially early on, but was not the predominant form in any area.

Descendants
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  • English:been(obsolete as the plural)

Etymology 6

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FromOld Englishbēon, present subjunctive plural ofbēon(to be), fromProto-Germanic*biwīn, third-person present subjunctive plural of*beuną(to be, become).

Verb

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been

  1. pluralpresentsubjunctive ofbeen(to be)
Descendants
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Etymology 7

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Noun

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been (pluralbeenes orbeenen)

  1. Alternative form ofbene(bean)

Scots

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishybeen, fromOld Englishġebēon, past participle ofbēon(to be).

Verb

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been

  1. pastparticiple ofbe

Yola

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Etymology

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FromMiddle Englishbee, fromOld Englishbēo, fromProto-Germanic*bijō.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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been

  1. bees
    • 1867, “THE BRIDE'S PORTION”, inSONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page102:
      A heeve o'been, an dwanty shilleen.
      A hive ofbees, and twenty shillings.
    • 1867, “CASTEALE CUDDE'S LAMENTATION”, inSONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 3, page104:
      Lickweese meebeen deeth in aar heeve.
      Likewise mybees die in their hive.

Derived terms

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References

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  • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor,A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published1867,page25
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