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bark

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Bark

English

[edit]
 bark on Wikipedia

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

FromMiddle Englishbarken,berken,borken, fromOld Englishbeorcan(“to bark”), from theProto-West Germanic*berkan(“to bark”), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰerg-(“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from*bʰer-(“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate withIcelandicberkja(“to bark, bluster”),Icelandicbarki(“throat, windpipe”), dialectalLithuanianburgė́ti(“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”),Serbo-Croatianbrbljati(“to murmur”). For the noun, compareOld Englishbeorc,bearce(“barking”).

.

Verb

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bark (third-person singular simple presentbarks,present participlebarking,simple past and past participlebarked)

  1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud,explosivenoise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).
    Synonyms:give tongue,(rare)latrate
    The neighbour's dog is alwaysbarking.
    The sealbarked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.
  2. (intransitive) To make aclamor; to makeimportunateoutcries.
    • 1530, Tyndale,A Pathway into the Holy Scripture:
      And therefore theybark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.
    • 1655,Thomas Fuller,The Church-history of Britain; […], London: […] Iohn Williams […],→OCLC,(please specify |book=I to XI):
      Where there is thebarking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
  3. (transitive) Tospeaksharply.
    The sergeantbarked an order.
    • 1932,Delos W. Lovelace,King Kong, published1965, page 3:
      Plainly he was prepared tobark out an interminable succession of charges against the Wanderer.
    • 2001,Salman Rushdie,Fury: A Novel, London:Jonathan Cape,→ISBN,page 5:
      Sudden anger rose in him. “What I’m looking for,” hebarked, “is to be left in peace.” His voice trembled with a rage far bigger than her intrusion merited, the rage which shocked him whenever it coursed through his nervous system, like a flood.
    • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, inBBC‎[2]:
      WhileMcCarthy prowled the touchlinebarking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw onNicolas Anelka forKalou.
Derived terms
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Terms derived frombark verb
Translations
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to make a loud noise (dogs)
to make a clamor
to speak sharply
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions atWiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Noun

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bark (pluralbarks)

  1. The short, loud,explosivesound uttered by adog, afox, and some other animals.
  2. (figuratively) Anabrupt loudvocalutterance.
    • c.1921,The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, volume11:
      Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to abark in excitement.
    • 1949 January and February, F. G. Roe, “I Saw Three Englands–1”, inRailway Magazine, page12:
      Long before Shap platform showed up around a corner and the two arms on the gradient post drooped in both directions at once,Duchess of Buccleuch's amiable throbbing purr at the stack [funnel, chimney] had become a fierce freight-enginebark, as she resolutely dragged at her enormous load.
  3. (music) The quick opening of thehi-hatcymbal as it is hit, followed by its timely closing.
Derived terms
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Translations
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short, loud, explosive utterance
figurative: abrupt utterance

Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Englishbark, fromOld Englishbarc(“bark”), fromOld Norsebǫrkr(“tree bark”), fromProto-Germanic*barkuz, probably related to*birkijǭ(“birch”), fromProto-Indo-European*bʰerHǵós (compareLatinfrāxinus(“ash”),Lithuanianbéržas(“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European*bʰerHǵ-(“to gleam; white”) (compareEnglishbright); akin toDanishbark,Icelandicbörkur,Low Germanborke andAlbanianberk(“bast”).

Noun

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EnglishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

bark (countable anduncountable,pluralbarks)

  2. (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of atree.
    • 1879, Friedrich August Flückigeret al.,Pharmacographia...‎[3], page346:
      The hardships ofbark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilizedIndians and people ofmixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are calledCascarilleros orCascadores, from the Spanish wordCascara,bark.
    • 2012, John Branch, “Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, inNew York Time‎[4]:
      Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shreddingbark from their trunks.
  3. (medicine)Peruvian bark orJesuit's bark, the bark of thecinchona from whichquinine is produced.
  5. Hardcandy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
  7. Thecrust formed onbarbecuedmeat that has had arub applied to it.
    • 2009, Julie Reinhardt,She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page151:
      This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to thebark.
  8. The envelopment or outer covering of anything.
Usage notes
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Usually uncountable;bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

Synonyms
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  • (exterior covering of a tree):rind
Derived terms
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Translations
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exterior covering of a tree
in medicine—seeJesuit's bark

Verb

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bark (third-person singular simple presentbarks,present participlebarking,simple past and past participlebarked)

  1. Tostrip the bark from; topeel.
    • 1922, A. M. Chisholm,A Thousand a Plate:
      Along the river freshly felled andbarked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.
  2. Toabrade or rub off any outer covering from.
    tobark one’s heel
    • 2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, inThe Guardian‎[5]:
      Barcelona had been harried and hurried and stretched thin by the midway point in the second half. Tackles flew in. Toes were crushed, shinsbarked, ankles hacked.
  3. Togirdle.
  4. Tocover orinclose with bark, or as with bark.
    tobark the roof of a hut
Derived terms
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Translations
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to strip the bark from, to peel
to abrade or rub off any outer covering from
to girdle—seegirdle
to cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark

Etymology 3

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FromMiddle Englishbarke(“boat”), fromMiddle Frenchbarque, fromLate Latinbarca, a regular syncope ofVulgar Latin*barica, fromClassical Latinbāris, fromAncient Greekβᾶρις(bâris,“Egyptian boat”), fromCopticⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ(baare,“small boat”), fromDemoticbr, fromEgyptianbꜣjr

bbAAy
rZ1		P1

(“transport ship”).Doublet ofbarge,barque andbaris.

Alternative forms

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Noun

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bark (pluralbarks)

  1. (obsolete) A smallsailingvessel, e.g. apinnace or a fishingsmack; a rowing boat or barge.
  2. (poetic) A sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
  3. (nautical) A vessel, typically with three (or more) masts, with the foremasts (or fore- and mainmasts) square-rigged, and mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
    • 1997, Mark Kurlansky,Cod, page114:
      Europeans would cross the ocean in largebarks built for deck space and large holds.
Descendants
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Translations
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small sailing vessel
poetic term for a boat
three-masted vessel, foremast and mainmast square-rigged, mizzenmast schooner-rigged

Etymology 4

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Noun

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bark (pluralbarks)

  1. (slang, obsolete) AnIrish person.

References

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  • John Camden Hotten (1873)The Slang Dictionary
  • 1890, John Stephen Farmer, William Ernest Henley,Slang and Its Analogues Past and Present: A to Byz (page 124)

Anagrams

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Albanian

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Etymology

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FromProto-Albanian*báruka, fromProto-Indo-European*bʰor-uko-, from*bʰer-(“to carry”). CompareMessapicβάρυκα(báruka). Adoublet ofbie,barrë, andbarrë.

Another reconstruction isProto-Albanian*bárkʷa-, from earlier *bʰórkʷu- "belly", from a PIE *bʰorkʷó-, from*bʰer-(“to carry”).

Noun

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bark m (pluralbarqe, definitebarku, definite pluralbarqet)

  1. (anatomy)belly
    Synonym:abdomen(technical)
  2. stomach orintestines as parts of the digestive system
    Synonyms:stomak,zorrë
  3. pelviccavity,uterus
    Synonyms:kavitet pelvik,mitër
  4. alloffspring a mother births to with the same male (human or animal)
    Synonym:pjellë
    Motër e vëlla nga dybarqe ―Brother and sister from twomothers
  5. (ethnography)lineage, all offspring of the same mother
    Synonym:gji
    Janë të njëbarku ―They're of the samemother
  6. (figurative)generation
    Synonym:brez
    Bark pasbarku ―Generation aftergeneration
  7. convex side of an object,bulge,curve
    Synonym:e mysët
    Mur mebark ―Curved wall
  8. (figurative, colloquial)interior part of an object, thehollow part
    Synonyms:gji,brendësi
  9. (in thesingular) themiddle part of timeline
    Synonym:mes
    Barku i javës ―Themiddle of the week
  10. (medicine)diarrhea,dysentery
    Synonyms:diarre,purth,spirë,nevojë e hollë,dizenteri
  11. (figurative, colloquial)heart (in the sense of bravery)
    Synonyms:zemër,shpirt
    Me gjithëbark ―With all myheart

Declension

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Declension ofbark
singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativebarkbarkubarqebarqet
accusativebarkun
dativebarkubarkutbarqevebarqeve
ablativebarqesh

Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎[6],1980

Danish

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Etymology 1

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FromOld Norsebǫrkr.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /bark/,[b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

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bark c (singular definitebarken,not used in plural form)

  1. bark(covering of the trunk of a tree)
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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FromOld Norsebarki

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /bark/,[b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

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bark c (singular definitebarken,plural indefinitebarker)

  1. bark(large sailing boat)
Inflection
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Declension ofbark
common
gender		singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativebarkbarkenbarkerbarkerne
genitivebarksbarkensbarkersbarkernes

References

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Dutch

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Noun

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bark m (pluralbarken,diminutivebarkje n)

  1. the bark of certain trees, used for itstannin

Etymology 2

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FromMiddle Dutchbarke, fromOld Frenchbarque.

Noun

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bark f (pluralbarken,diminutivebarkje n)

  1. barge, a large type of rowing or sailing boat
Descendants
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Anagrams

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Faroese

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Etymology

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FromDanishbark, fromMiddle Frenchbarque, fromLate Latinbarca, fromVulgar Latinbarica, fromAncient Greekβάρις(báris,“Egyptian boat”), fromCopticⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ(baare,“small boat”), fromEgyptianbꜣjr(“transport ship, type of fish”),

bbAAy
rZ1		P1

Noun

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bark f (genitive singularbarkar, pluralbarkir)

  1. (nautical)bark: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

Declension

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f2singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativebarkbarkinbarkirbarkirnar
accusativebarkbarkinabarkirbarkirnar
dativebarkbarkinibarkumbarkunum
genitivebarkarbarkarinnarbarkabarkanna

Synonyms

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Further reading

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  • "bark" at Sprotin.fo

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromOld Englishbark, fromOld Norsebǫrkr, fromProto-Germanic*barkuz.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bark (pluralbarkes)

  1. bark(a tree's covering, often used inleatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).
  2. The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.
  3. (rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.

Derived terms

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Descendants

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References

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Norwegian Bokmål

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NorwegianWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediano

Etymology 1

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FromOld Norsebǫrkr.

Noun

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bark m (definite singularbarken,uncountable)

  1. bark(outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes)
Derived terms
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See also

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Etymology 2

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NorwegianWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediano

FromLate Latinbarca, viaFrenchbarque.

Noun

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bark m (definite singularbarken,indefinite pluralbarker,definite pluralbarkene)

  1. (nautical) abarque orbark(type of sailing ship)

References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Norwegian NynorskWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediann

Etymology

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FromLate Latinbarca, viaFrenchbarque.

Noun

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bark m (definite singularbarken,indefinite pluralbarkar,definite pluralbarkane)

  1. (nautical) abarque orbark(type of sailing ship)

References

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Old Polish

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): (10th–15th CE)/ba(ː)rk/
  • IPA(key): (15th CE)/bark/,/bɒrk/

Etymology 1

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Inherited fromProto-Slavic*bъrkъ

Noun

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bark m inan

  1. (attested in Greater Poland)shoulder(part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket)
    • Middle of the 15th century,Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa‎[7], page817:
      Są związali tako trudno i twardo jego święte ręce i zabarki ji ciągnęli
      [Są związali tako trudno i twardo jego święte ręce i zabarki ji ciągnęli]
    • c.1500,Wokabularz lubiński,Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page72r:
      Lacertus est superior pars brachii vel musculusbark
      [Lacertus est superior pars brachii vel musculusbark]
  2. (agriculture)swingletree,whiffletree,whippletree
    • 1868 [1455],Akta grodzkie i ziemskie z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej : z archiwum tak zwanego bernardyńskiego we Lwowie w skutek fundacyi śp. Alexandra hr. Stadnickiego‎[8], volume XIV, page439:
      Currus non habuit hakow anybarkow
      [Currus non habuit hakow anibarkow]
Descendants
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Etymology 2

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Noun

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bark m animacy unattested

  1. Alternative form ofbarg

References

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  • Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “bark”, inSłownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie,→ISBN
  • Mańczak, Witold (2017) “bark”, inPolski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności,→ISBN
  • Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “bark”, inEtymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
  • Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “bark”, inJan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors,Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
  • Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “bark”, inSłownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
  • B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “bark”, inSłownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków:IJP PAN,→ISBN
  • Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “bark”, inRozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków:Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Polish

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PolishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediapl

Etymology 1

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Inherited fromOld Polishbark.

Pronunciation

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  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes:-ark
  • Syllabification:bark

Noun

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bark m inan (related adjectivebarkowy)

  1. shoulder(part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket)
    Synonym:ramię
  3. (architecture, historical)sideextension of afort orfortification
  4. (in theplural)upperback(area including the shoulder blades from one shoulder to the other)
  5. shoulder(side edge of the tire tread)
  6. shoulder(bending the arc of a horseshoe, half-moon, half-ring or buckle)
  7. (obsolete, agriculture)swingletree,whiffletree,whippletree
    Synonym:orczyk
  8. (obsolete, architecture)arch
    Synonyms:pałąk,obłąk
  9. (Middle Polish)shoulder(thicker and higher part of an animal's hind legs)
  10. (Middle Polish)arch(any bend in an object)
Declension
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Declension ofbark
singularplural
nominativebarkbarki
genitivebarkubarków
dativebarkowibarkom
accusativebarkbarki
instrumentalbarkiembarkami
locativebarkubarkach
vocativebarkubarki
Derived terms
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adjectives
nouns
verbs
verbs
Related terms
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adverbs
nouns

Etymology 2

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Borrowed fromEnglishbarque.[1][2][3] First attested in the 20th century.[3]Doublet ofbarka.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bark m inan (related adjectivebarkowy)

  2. (nautical)barque(sailing vessel)
Declension
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Declension ofbark
singularplural
nominativebarkbarki
genitivebarkubarków
dativebarkowibarkom
accusativebarkbarki
instrumentalbarkiembarkami
locativebarkubarkach
vocativebarkubarki

Etymology 3

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(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.) First attested in 1600–1750.[4]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bark m inan

  1. (Middle Polish)tool orvessel used in certaincrafts ortrades
    Alternative form:barka

References

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  1. ^Mirosław Bańko, Lidia Wiśniakowska (2021) “bark”, inWielki słownik wyrazów obcych,→ISBN
  2. ^Stanisław Dubisz, editor (2003), “II bark”, inUniwersalny słownik języka polskiego [Universal dictionary of the Polish language]‎[1] (in Polish), volumes1-4, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA,→ISBN
  3. ↑3.03.1Witold Doroszewski, editor (1958–1969), “bark II”, inSłownik języka polskiego (in Polish), Warszawa:PWN
  4. ^Paweł Kupiszewski (09.10.2018) “BARK”, inElektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]

Further reading

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Slovincian

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Etymology

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Borrowed fromGermanBarke.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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bark m inan (related adjectivebarkôwy)

  1. smallboat on awagon

Further reading

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Swedish

[edit]
SwedishWikipedia has an article on:
Wikipediasv
tallbark [pinebark]

Etymology

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FromOld Norsebǫrkr, fromProto-Germanic*barkuz.

Noun

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bark c (uncountable)

  1. bark(covering of the trunk of a tree)
  2. barque(type of ship)
    Synonym:barkskepp

Declension

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Declension ofbark
nominativegenitive
singularindefinitebarkbarks
definitebarkenbarkens
pluralindefinitebarkarbarkars
definitebarkarnabarkarnas

Derived terms

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Related terms

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References

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Turkish

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Etymology

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FromProto-Turkic*b(i)ark(“home”).

Noun

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bark (definite accusativebarkı,pluralbarklar)

  1. (idiomatic)home

Declension

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Declension ofbark
singularplural
nominativebarkbarklar
definite accusativebarkıbarkları
dativebarkabarklara
locativebarktabarklarda
ablativebarktanbarklardan
genitivebarkınbarkların
Possessive forms
nominative
singularplural
1st singularbarkımbarklarım
2nd singularbarkınbarkların
3rd singularbarkıbarkları
1st pluralbarkımızbarklarımız
2nd pluralbarkınızbarklarınız
3rd pluralbarklarıbarkları
definite accusative
singularplural
1st singularbarkımıbarklarımı
2nd singularbarkınıbarklarını
3rd singularbarkınıbarklarını
1st pluralbarkımızıbarklarımızı
2nd pluralbarkınızıbarklarınızı
3rd pluralbarklarınıbarklarını
dative
singularplural
1st singularbarkımabarklarıma
2nd singularbarkınabarklarına
3rd singularbarkınabarklarına
1st pluralbarkımızabarklarımıza
2nd pluralbarkınızabarklarınıza
3rd pluralbarklarınabarklarına
locative
singularplural
1st singularbarkımdabarklarımda
2nd singularbarkındabarklarında
3rd singularbarkındabarklarında
1st pluralbarkımızdabarklarımızda
2nd pluralbarkınızdabarklarınızda
3rd pluralbarklarındabarklarında
ablative
singularplural
1st singularbarkımdanbarklarımdan
2nd singularbarkındanbarklarından
3rd singularbarkındanbarklarından
1st pluralbarkımızdanbarklarımızdan
2nd pluralbarkınızdanbarklarınızdan
3rd pluralbarklarındanbarklarından
genitive
singularplural
1st singularbarkımınbarklarımın
2nd singularbarkınınbarklarının
3rd singularbarkınınbarklarının
1st pluralbarkımızınbarklarımızın
2nd pluralbarkınızınbarklarınızın
3rd pluralbarklarınınbarklarının

Synonyms

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Derived terms

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See also

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Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=bark&oldid=84021940"
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