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Declension ofaku (ÕS type16/pere, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		aku	akud
accusative	nom.	aku
accusative	gen.	aku
genitive		aku	akude
partitive		akut	akusid
illative		akku akusse	akudesse
inessive		akus	akudes
elative		akust	akudest
allative		akule	akudele
adessive		akul	akudel
ablative		akult	akudelt
translative		akuks	akudeks
terminative		akuni	akudeni
essive		akuna	akudena
abessive		akuta	akudeta
comitative		akuga	akudega

Greenlandic

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Etymology

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FromProto-Inuit*aku-(“interval, to mix”), fromProto-Eskimo*akuv-(“between, to mix”). Compareakunneq(“interval”) andakulaaq(“crotch”).

Pronunciation

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(Nuuk)IPA^(key): /aku/,[a.kʊ]

Noun

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aku (pluralakut)

ingredient
estuary,mouth of ariver

Declension

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Declension ofaku (typeillu)
case	singular	plural
absolutive	aku	akut
ergative	akup	akut
allative	akumut	akunut
ablative	akumit	akunit
prolative	akukkut	akutigut
locative	akumi	akuni
instrumental	akumik	akunik
equative	akutut

First-person singular declension ofakuga (typeillu)
case	singular	plural
absolutive	akuga	akukka
ergative	akuma
allative	akunnut
ablative	akunnit
prolative	akukkut
locative	akunni
instrumental	akunnik
equative	akuttut

Guaraní

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Adjective

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aku

Hadza

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ʔaku/

Determiner

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aku

what kind?, which?

Related terms

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akwaza(“who?”)
akwia(“what?”)

Hawaiian

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈa.ku/,[ˈɐ.ku]

Etymology 1

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FromProto-Polynesian*qatu (compare withMaoriatu,Rarotonganatu,Tonganʻatu,Samoanatu)^[1] fromProto-Oceanic*qatun (compare withFijianyatu).^[2]

Noun

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aku

bonito,skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis)

References

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^Hooper, Robin (1994),Reconstructing Proto-Polynesian fish names‎^[1], Pacific Linguistics, Australian National University,→DOI, page222
^Ross, Malcolm D.; Pawley, Andrew; Osmond, Meredith (2011),The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic, volume 4: Animals, Canberra: Australian National University,→ISBN, pages112-3

Etymology 2

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Compare withMaoriatu.(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

Particle

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aku

direction away from the speaker,away
soon,later,earlier,last (week, year, etc.)

Usage notes

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Mai andaku may change the meaning of the verb:
aʻo mai(“to learn”) —aʻoaku(“to teach”)
kūʻai mai(“to buy”) —kūʻaiaku(“to sell”)

Synonyms

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akula

Antonyms

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mai,maila

Iban

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayic*aku, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronoun

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aku

I,me (first person singular pronoun)
(when placed after a noun)my (first person singular possessive pronoun)

References

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Adelaar, K. A. (1992),Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology‎^[4], Canberra: The Australian National University
Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset fromThe Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–),→DOI

Indonesian

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Pronunciation

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(Standard Indonesian)IPA^(key): /ˈaku/[ˈa.ku]
Audio: (file)
Syllabification:a‧ku

Etymology 1

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Inherited fromMalayaku, fromProto-Malayic*aku, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronoun

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aku

Indonesian personal pronouns
		singular	plural
1st person exclusive	regular	aku, saya¹	kami
	enclitic	-ku	-
	proclitic	ku-	-
1st person inclusive		-	kita
2nd person	regular	kamu, Anda², kau³	kalian, Anda², Anda sekalian², Anda semua²
2nd person	enclitic	-mu	-
3rd person	regular	dia, beliau⁴, ia³	mereka
3rd person	enclitic	-nya	-
reflexive		diri⁵,diri sendiri
emphatic		sendiri

¹ Polite.
² Formal.
³ Now mostly literary.
⁴ Respectful.

⁵ Sometimes used as an emphatic marker instead of being reflexive.

Notes:

This table only shows personal pronouns that are commonly used in the standard language.
The second person pronouns are often replaced by kinship terms, titles, or the like.
The enclitics are only used obliquely (object or possessor), while the proclitic is only used as a subject.

See each entry for more information.

(casual or informal)first person singular pronoun:I,me,my
Synonyms:(informal, Jakarta)gua;(polite)saya;(poetic)hamba
Pagi iniaku makan ikan.
This morningI ate fish.
Dia mengajakaku berjalan-jalan di taman.
He invitedme to take a walk in the park.
Kucingaku sedang tidur.
My cat is sleeping.

Alternative forms

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Derived terms

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Etymology 2

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Noun

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aku (uncountable)

syllabic abbreviation ofanggaran dan keuangan(“budgeting and finance”)

Etymology 3

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Borrowed fromJavanese[Term?].

Noun

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aku (pluralaku-aku)

(dialect)pomegranate flower

Japanese

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Romanization

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aku

Rōmaji transcription ofあく

Jarai

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*ikuR, fromProto-Austronesian*ikuR.

Noun

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aku (classifierƀĕ)

tail

Javanese

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Romanization

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aku

romanization ofꦲꦏꦸ

Kabishiana

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Noun

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äḳu

water

References

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Merritt Ruhlen,The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue (1996,→ISBN

Kapampangan

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromProto-Philippine*ʔakúʔ, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈaku/ [ˈäː.xu]
Hyphenation:a‧ku

Pronoun

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áku

I(personal pronoun)
me(direct object of a verb)
me(object of a preposition)
me(indirect object of a verb)
my(belonging to me)

Kapampangan personal pronouns
	absolute	ergative	oblique
disjunctive	enclitic
first person	singular	aku/i aku/yaku	ku	kanaku
plural inclusive	ikatamu	katamu/tamu	tamu/ta	kekatamu
plural exclusive	ikami,ike	kami/ke	mi	kekami/keke
second person	singular	ika	ka	mu	keka
plural	ikayu/iko	kayu/ko	yu	kekayu/keko
third person	singular	iya/ya	ya	na	keya/kaya
plural	ila	la	da/ra	karela

Karo Batak

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronoun

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aku

I,me (first person singular pronoun)
(when placed after a noun)my (first person singular possessive pronoun)

References

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Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset fromThe Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–),→DOI

Latvian

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Noun

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aku f

inflection ofaka:
1. accusative/instrumentalsingular
2. genitive plural

Malay

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Alternative forms

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daku(poetic)
ak,aque,aq(text messaging, Internet slang)

Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Malayic*aku, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

First attested in theTelaga Batu inscription, 683 AD, as Old Malay[script needed](aku).

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈaku/ [ˈa.ku]
- Audio(Malaysia): (file)
- Audio(Malaysia): (file)
Rhymes:-aku,-ku,-u
Hyphenation:a‧ku

Pronoun

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aku (Jawi spellingاکو)

(informal)First person singular pronoun;I,me.
Synonym:saya(polite)
Aku tengah makan.
I am eating.

Usage notes

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This pronoun is generally only used with people of the same or a similar age group such as one's classmates.
If used with someone of a socially higher position such an older person or a superior, it would be considered very disrespectful.

Affixations

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Descendants

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> Indonesian:aku(inherited)

Malay personal pronouns
	singular	plural
1^st person	standard	saya /ساي aku /اکو,ku- /كوـ (informal/towards God) -ku /ـكو (poetic possessive) hamba /همبا (dated) daku /داکو (poetic)	kami /کامي (exclusive) kita orang /كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita /کيت (inclusive)
royal	beta /بيتا
2^nd person	standard	kamu /کامو
engkau /اڠکاو,kau- /كاوـ (informal/poetic/towards God) kau /كاو (informal) awak /اوق (friendly/older towards younger) anda /اندا (formal) awda /اءودا (Brunei, formal) -mu /ـمو (poetic possessive) dikau /ديکاو (poetic)	anda semua /اندا سموا (formal) awak semua /اوق سموا kamu semua /كامو سموا kalian /کالين (archaic) kau orang /كاو اورڠ (informal)
royal	tuanku /توانكو
3^rd person	standard	dia /دي ia /اي beliau /بلياو (honorific) -nya /ـڽ (possessive)	mereka /مريک dia orang /دي اورڠ (informal)
royal	baginda /بݢيندا

References

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Adelaar, K. A. (1992),Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology‎^[5], Canberra: The Australian National University
Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset fromThe Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–),→DOI

Maori

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Etymology

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FromProto-Eastern Polynesian*au, fromProto-Nuclear Polynesian*au, fromProto-Polynesian*au, fromProto-Oceanic*au, fromProto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.
Cognate withIndonesianaku,Malagasyaho,Tagalogako.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key):/ˈaku/, [ˈɐkʉ]

Pronoun

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aku

my(when talking of more than one thing)
Koaku tīpuna ērā. ―Those aremy grandparents.

Usage notes

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A possessive determiner which must be followed by a noun, unlikeāku andōku. This is the neutral or informal form and is not governed by thea ando categories. It cannot be stressed, in which case eitherāku orōku must be used, depending on the category of the noun.

Declension

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Maori possessive pronouns
		singular object			dual/plural object
		A category	O category	neutral	A category	O category	neutral
singular subject	1st person	tāku	tōku	taku	āku	ōku	aku
	2nd person	tāu	tōu	tō	āu	ōu	ō
	3rd person	tāna	tōna	tana	āna	ōna	ana

dual subject	1st person,inclusive	tātāua	tōtāua	—	ātāua	ōtāua	—
	1st person,exclusive	tāmāua	tōmāua	—	āmāua	ōmāua	—
	2nd person	tākōrua	tōkōrua	—	ākōrua	ōkōrua	—
	3rd person	tārāua	tōrāua	—	ārāua	ōrāua	—

plural subject	1st person,inclusive	tātātou	tōtātou	—	ātātou	ōtātou	—
	1st person,exclusive	tāmātou	tōmātou	—	āmātou	ōmātou	—
	2nd person	tākoutou	tōkoutou	—	ākoutou	ōkoutou	—
	3rd person	tārātou	tōrātou	—	ārātou	ōrātou	—

A category: alienable possession; possessor has control of the relationship.
O category: inalienable possession; possessor has no control over the relationship.

References

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“aku” in John C. Moorfield, Te Aka: Maori–English, English–Maori Dictionary and Index, 3rd edition, Longman/Pearson Education New Zealand, 2011,→ISBN.

Mbyá Guaraní

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Adjective

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aku

(to be)hot

Conjugation

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Conjugation of aku

singular			plural
1^st person	2^nd person	3^rd person	1^st person inclusive	1^st person exclusive	2^nd person	3^rd person
xeexeraku	ndeenderaku	ha'ehaku	nhandenhanderaku	oreoreraku	peẽpenderaku	ha'ehaku

Mmen

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [āku᷇]

Noun

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aku

forest

Mori Bawah

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Etymology

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FromProto-Bungku-Tolaki*ku, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronoun

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aku

I(personal pronoun)
me(direct object of a verb)
me(object of a preposition)
me(indirect object of a verb)
my(belonging to me)

Moronene

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Alternative forms

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iβaku

Etymology

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FromProto-Bungku-Tolaki*aku, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronoun

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aku

I(personal pronoun)
me(direct object of a verb)
me(object of a preposition)
me(indirect object of a verb)
my(belonging to me)

Musi

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayic*aku, fromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /aku/
Audio(Palembang): (file)

Pronoun

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aku

I,me (first person singular pronoun)
Aku nandang kumanyé kûyûng.(Sekayu) ―I visited my brother's house.
(when placed after a noun)my (first person singular possessive pronoun)
Emé'aku la nyawîske kuî segelo'.(Palembang) ―My mother has prepared a jar of cookies.

References

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Adelaar, K. A. (1992),Proto-Malayic: The reconstruction of its phonology and parts of its lexicon and morphology‎^[6], Canberra: The Australian National University
Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset fromThe Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–),→DOI

Ngizim

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Etymology

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FromProto-Chadic*wk-/*kw-(“goat”). Cognate withKarekareàuyàku,Uldemeawak,Miyankwak,Ngamoaku,Buraaki.

Noun

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àkū (pluralgàrau)

goat

Nupe

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Etymology

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FromHausaaku.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /à.kú/

Noun

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àkú (pluralàkúzhì)

African gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus)

Old Javanese

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronoun

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aku

I,me (first person singular pronoun)
(when placed after a noun)my (first person singular possessive pronoun)

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Javanese:ꦲꦏꦸ(aku)

References

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"aku" in P.J. Zoetmulder with the collaboration of S.O. Robson,Old Javanese-English Dictionary. 's-Gravenhage: M. Nijhoff, 1982.

Quechua

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Alternative forms

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haku(Ayacucho)("flour")
hak'u(Cuzco-Collao)("flour")

Etymology

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Inherited fromProto-Quechuan*aku.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈa.kʊ/

Noun

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aku

flour, amilled cereal
Synonyms:hak'u(Cuzco-Collao),haku(Ayacucho)
(Cuzco)chewed coca
(Collao)resting time after chewing coca

Sasak

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronoun

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aku

I,me (first person singular pronoun)
(when placed after a noun)my (first person singular possessive pronoun)

References

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Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*aku”, in the CLDF dataset fromThe Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–),→DOI

Tagal Murut

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku, fromProto-Austronesian*aku.

Pronoun

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aku

I(personal pronoun)

Tausug

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Etymology

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FromProto-Malayo-Polynesian*aku.

Pronunciation

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(Sinūgan Parianun)IPA^(key): /ʔaku/[ʔɑˈk̠u]
Rhymes:-u
Syllabification:a‧ku

Pronoun

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aku (Sulat Sūg spellingاَكُ)

Ternate

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Etymology

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Ultimately fromProto-North Halmahera (likely of the form*akun); compareLolodaakunu,Sahunga'unu (withN- prefixation),Paguakun.

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): /ˈa.ku/

Verb

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aku (Jawiأكو)

(auxiliary) to beallowed,may
أكو ؤواه سکالي٢ أن إهورو سسيره ―aku ua sakali-sakali ana ihoru sosira ―it is absolutely notallowed that they paddle earlier
una owosa toma hito, mina moaku ua ―he enters the kitchen, shemay not
ngone fosabea geaku ―we (incl.)may pray for that

Usage notes

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As an auxiliary,aku follows the main verb. It may take the subject clitics (o,mo, etc.) only either for emphasis or whenaku is used as the sole verb in a sentence.

Conjugation

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Conjugation ofaku
		singular	plural
		singular	inclusive	exclusive
1st person		toaku	foaku	miaku
2nd person		noaku	niaku
3rd person	masculine	oaku	iaku yoaku(archaic)
	feminine	moaku
	neuter	iaku

References

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Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890),Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
Rika Hayami-Allen (2001),A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh

Tokelauan

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Pronunciation

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IPA^(key): [ˈa.ku]
Hyphenation:a‧ku

Etymology 1

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FromProto-Polynesian*qa-ku. Cognates includeMaoriāku.

Pronoun

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a aku

(alienable)mine

Tokelauan possessive pronouns
inalienable (O-type)	singular	dual	plural
long	short
1st person (exclusive)	ooku, okita¹	omāua	omā	omātou
1st person (inclusive)	―	otāua	otā	otātou
2nd person	oōu, okoe	okoulua	okoutou
3rd person	oona	olāua	olā	olātou

alienable (A-type)	singular	dual	plural
long	short
1st person (exclusive)	aaku, akita¹	amāua	amā	amātou
1st person (inclusive)	―	atāua	atā	atātou
2nd person	aāu, akoe	akoulua	akoutou
3rd person	aana	alāua	alā	alātou

Determiner

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aku

(alienable)my

Tokelauan possessive determiners
Definite inalienable (O-type)
	singular reference	plural reference
sg	du	pl	sg	du	pl
long	short	long	short
1st person	excl.	toku,tota¹	tomāua	tomā	tomātou	oku,ota¹	omāua	omā	omātou
incl.	―	totāua	totā	totātou	―	otāua	otā	otātou
2nd person	tō	toulua	toutou	ō	oulua	outou
3rd person	tona	tolāua	tolā	tolātou	ona	olāua	olā	olātou

Definite alienable (A-type)
	singular reference	plural reference
sg	du	pl	sg	du	pl
long	short	long	short
1st person	excl.	taku,tata¹	tamāua	tamā	tamātou	aku,ata¹	amāua	amā	amātou
incl.	―	tatāua	tatā	tatātou	―	atāua	atā	atātou
2nd person	tau	taulua	tautou	au	aulua	autou
3rd person	tana	talāua	talā	talātou	ana	alāua	alā	alātou

Indefinite inalienable (O-type)
	singular reference	plural reference
sg	du	pl	sg	du	pl
long	short	long	short
1st person	excl.	hoku,hota¹	homāua	homā	homātou	nioku, niota¹	ni omāua	ni omā	ni omātou
incl.	―	hotāua	hotā	hotātou	―	ni otāua	ni otā	ni otātou
2nd person	hō	houlua	houtou	niō	nioulua	nioutou
3rd person	hona	holāua	holā	holātou	niona	ni olāua	ni olā	ni olātou

Indefinite alienable (A-type)
	singular reference	plural reference
sg	du	pl	sg	du	pl
long	short	long	short
1st person	excl.	haku,hata¹	hamāua	hamā	hamātou	niaku, niata¹	ni amāua	ni amā	ni amātou
incl.	―	hatāua	hatā	hatātou	―	ni atāua	ni atā	ni atātou
2nd person	hau	haulua	hautou	niau	niaulua	niautou
3rd person	hana	halāua	halā	halātou	niana	ni alāua	ni alā	ni alātou