This is aWiktionary policy, guideline or common practices page. Specifically it is a policythink tank, working to develop a formal policy.
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See alsoCategory:Arabic language

The aim of this guideline is to ensure accuracy in representing proper Arabic phonetics and morphology. Use of correcthamazāt,sing.hamza, (أ andإ), and tāʔ marbūṭa (ة) placement preserves linguistic integrity and avoids ambiguity in written Arabic.

The hamazāt referred to here are the lettersأ andإ, known ashamzat al-waṣl, when alif (ا) is written with the diacritic hamza (ء).

Hamzāt must be used at the beginning of a word, except in specific cases outlined below. Words spelled with a plain alif (ا) are incorrect, though such spellings can be retained as alternative lemmas with the{{alternative spelling of}} template used to redirect to the properly spelled form. (This is abot job though.)

A test which appeals to native Arabic speakers' intuition involves prefixing the wordوَ(wa,“and”) to the word in question:

• If the sound of the hamzaremains, as inوَأَكْتُبُ(waʔaktubu,“and I write”), the word must be spelledwitheitherأ orإ.
• If the sound of the hamzadisappears, as inوَٱمْتِحَان(wamtiḥān,“and an exam”), the word must be spelledwithouta hamza, using a plainا.

However, this test is not universally reliable, and codified rules should be followed:

Use eitherأ orإ in most cases, except for the following:

The definite articleال. Always spelled without a hamza.

Form VII and higher verbs: Past tense, imperative, and verbal nouns of all verbs whose past tense begins with akasrain speech (e.g.,اِمْتِحَان(imtiḥān),اِفْتِرَاض(iftirāḍ)).

Exception: Form IV verbal nouns, such asإِضْرَاب(ʔiḍrāb) andإِضَافَة(ʔiḍāfa), retain the hamza because the past tense begins with afatḥa.

Borrowed words: Words likeإِنْجِلِيز(ʔingilīz),إِسْبَان(ʔisbān), andإِفْرِيقِيَا(ʔifrīqiyā) retain their hamza spelling.

Form I imperative verbs: Verbs of hamza-initial roots are tricky here, because theوَ-test above appears to show that they begin with a hamza; for example,وَٱئْتِ(waʔti,“and come”). However, this is only because the prefix causes elision of the initial hamza-lessا, allowing the root's hamza to show itself. The unprefixed word isاِيتِ(īti,“come”) and pronounced without the root's hamza due to Arabic's historical haplology of adjacent phonetic glottal stops.

All other words that underlyingly start with a two-consonant cluster, i.e.:

Use a plainا in words starting with a two-consonant cluster, likeاِبْن(ibn),اِسْم(ism) andاِسْت(ist).

If a word can haveة, it must use it instead ofه. This applies to nouns and adjectives where the ending signifies femininity or a specific grammatical function.

We use the following system for deciding whether to include ʔiʕrāb (final, normally unpronounced short vowels andnunation, e.g. the third-person masculine singular past-tense ending-a or the indefinite nominative singular ending-un) in headwords, which generally follows Hans Wehr:

1. Verbs are shown with full ʔiʕrāb, e.g.كَتَبَ(kataba,“he wrote”) andيَكْتُبُ(yaktubu,“he writes”) rather than #كَتَب(katab) and #يَكْتُب(yaktub).
2. Triptote and diptote nouns, adjectives, and participles (those ending in-un and-u in the indefinite nominative singular, respectively) are normally shown without the ʔiʕrāb, e.g.قَلْب(qalb,“heart”),مَكَاتِب(makātib,“desks”) rather than #قَلْبٌ(qalbun), #مَكَاتِبُ(makātibu).
3. Duals and sound masculine and feminine plurals omit the ʔiʕrāb, e.g.بَيْتَان(baytān,“two houses”),مُسْلِمُون(muslimūn,“Muslims”),أُمَّهَات(ʔummahāt,“mothers”),مُعَمَّوْن(muʕammawn,“disguised (masc. pl.)”) rather than #بَيْتَانِ(baytāni), #مُسْلِمُونَ(muslimūna), #أُمَّهَاتٌ(ʔummahātun), #مُعَمَّوْنَ(muʕammawna).
4. Other declension types include full ʔiʕrāb, e.g.قَاضٍ(qāḍin,“judge”),مُسْتَشْفًى(mustašfan,“hospital”),دُنْيَا(dunyā,“world”). Note that pages for words ending in-in such asقَاضٍ(qāḍin,“judge”) andوَادٍ(wādin,“valley”) are found under e.g.قاض andواد rather than #قاضي or #وادي, although the latter may be created as non-lemma (construct state) forms; see the example forوَادِي(wādī).

The same forms are copied into the declension and conjugation tables which automatically display full ʔiʕrāb. For participles and verbal nouns listed in conjugation tables the above rules about ommission of nunation apply. Usage examples may or may not include ʔiʕrāb, depending on how formal they are.

Primarily in the following situations:

1. Whenever a word ending inة occurs as other than the final word. In that case, the automatic transliteration will render the ending as(t); the manual transliteration should render it as eithert or nothing, depending on whether it's in the construct state. Note that manual transliteration isnot necessary when theة is followed by ʔiʕrāb such asً(-an); in such a case theة will automatically be rendered ast. (Analogous considerations apply to the endingاة, which should be rendered eitherāt orāh in manual translit.)
2. When a word is preceded by aclitic prefix such asوَـ(wa-),بِـ(bi-) orلِـ(li-), so that the hyphen can be written. The automatic transliteration will also have problems with some prefixes followed by the definite article, e.g.وَالْكِتَاب(wa-l-kitāb), rendered asوَالْكِتَاب(wālkitāb) without manual transliteration, andوَالشَّيْء(wa-š-šayʔ), which without manual transliteration is renderedوَالشَّيْء, without any transliteration. Note that manual translit is not necessary in words beginning with the definite article, e.g.الكِتَاب(al-kitāb). Note also that as a special case, words withbi- + definite article are automatically handled correctly, e.g.بِالكِتَاب(bi-l-kitāb) orبِالتَأْكِيد(bi-t-taʔkīd).
3. In borrowed words where written long vowels are pronounced short, e.g.فِيلْم(film,“film”); where the vowelse,ē,o orō occur, e.g.بِيَانُو(biyānō,“piano”); or where a letter has an unexpected pronunciation such asg, e.g.إِنْجْلِيزِيّ(ʔinglīziyy,“English”).
4. In the small number of native words not pronounced as spelled, mostly archaic spellings likeأُولٰئِكَ(ʔulāʔika,“those”),مِائَة(miʔa,“hundred”),عَمْرو(ʿamr,“Amr”),صَلٰوة(ṣalāh,“prayer”).

Arabic transliterations (that is, romanizations) are not words. Arabic entries should only be written in the Arabic script. Normally the transcriptions are automatically and correctly provided by the modulear-translit if you use the correct templates and enter the words with their Arabic vowel signs, but for details how this works:

The Wiktionary romanization system as well as the orthography for Arabic is based on the system found in Hans WehrA Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, with the following modifications:

1. Hamza (ʔ) is always written at the beginning of a word, except when the word begins with an elidable hamza (hamzat al-qaṭʕ).
2. -iyy-,-uww- are used in place of-īy-,-ūw-. This is because automatic transcriptions can be more easily done this way.
3. -ay-,-aw- are used in place of-ai-,-au-.
4. Words with the nisba endingـِيّ are transcribed with-iyy instead of-ī.
5. The third-person masculine singular object pronoun is always written-hu/-hi with a short vowel (Hans Wehr writes-hū/-hī following a short vowel,-hu/-hi following a long vowel). Again, even though the vowels are technically long as inهذه, there is no way for programs to know this.

Other important points:

1. ة givesa normally, butat in an ʔiḍāfa construction.
2. اة givesāh normally, butāt in an ʔiḍāfa construction.
3. Similarly,آة, as in e.g.مِرْآة(mirʔāh,“mirror”), givesʔāh normally, butʔāt in an ʔiḍāfa construction.
4. Hamzas are always written ʔ regardless of which letter they sit on.
5. Orthographic, silentو(w) andا occurring at the end of certain words are not transliterated. For example, the third-plural endingـُوا is transliterated-ū, and the nameعَمْرو is transliteratedʕamr in accordance with its pronunciation. (Note that the silence of these letters appears in the Arabic spelling, indicated by the lack of any diacritic over the previous letter when fully vocalized.)
6. Assimilation and elision of the definite articleis shown; henceal- may appear asad-,aṭ-, etc. before a sun letter or as elidedl-,d-,ṭ- etc. after a vowel and before a sun letter. (Assimilation and elision is also reflected in fully vocalized Arabic spelling.)
7. The character- is used to separate articles and other clitics (e.g.bi-,wa-,al-, etc.). However,allāh and related forms of this word are written without the hyphen.
8. Stress isnot shown, since different dialects have widely varying stress systems and it conveys no distinction whatsoever in Standard Arabic.
9. Capitalisation of proper nouns or beginnings of sentences is dispreferred, e.g.اَلْقَاهِرَة is transliterated as “al-qāhira”, not “al-Qāhira”.

• Letters with a limited usage, sometimes used in Arabic texts for words borrowed from other languages and not present in the first layer of Arabic keyboard layouts, may be used in Wiktionary entries according to the usage in the world and are transliterated as follows:

1. پ: p
2. ڤ, orڥ: v
3. گ,ڨ orݣ: g
4. چ: č
5. ژ: ž
6. ڢ: f
7. ڧ: q

{{subst:ar-welcome}} may be placed on the talk page of new Arabic-speaking contributors.

The template{{der||ar}} should be used in the etymology section of entries in non-Arabic languages whose origin is derived from an Arabic word, and specifically{{bor||ar}} if the non-Arabic word is known to be directly from Arabic. For example, on the page for the English worddjinn, the Etymology section may contain the following code:

===Etymology===From {{bor|en|ar|جِنّ||a mythical race of supernatural creatures}}.

Which produces the following display:

FromArabicجِنّ(jinn,“a mythical race of supernatural creatures”).

The template does the following things:

1. It displays the name of the language of origin;
2. It links to the Wikipedia article aboutArabic; and
3. Automatically categorizes the entry in theCategory:English terms derived from Arabic as well as inCategory:English terms borrowed from Arabic if{{bor}} is used.

This template also works for languages other than English if the first parameter is changed. So, for the Spanish wordcero, the Etymology section contains the following code:

From {{bor|es|it|zero}}, from Biblical Latin {{m|la|zephyrum}}, from {{der|es|xaa||ṣifr}}, from Classical {{der|es|ar|صِفْر||zero, nothing, empty, void}}.

Which produces the following display:

FromItalianzero, from Biblical Latinzephyrum, fromAndalusian Arabicṣifr, from ClassicalArabicصِفْر(ṣifr,“zero, nothing, empty, void”).

and classifies the entry inCategory:Spanish terms borrowed from Italian,Category:Spanish terms derived from Italian andCategory:Spanish terms derived from Arabic.

The templates{{bor}},{{der}} can and shall be used in Arabic entries. But in Arabic entries you also might like to use{{inh}} for words which Arabic hasn’t loaned but from earlier times if there is evidence for those words in other Semitic languages. Examples of both byخَوْخَة(ḵawḵa) andفَأْر(faʔr):

From {{bor|ar|gez|ኆኅት|tr=ḫoḫət}}.

Which produces the following display:

FromGe'ezኆኅት(ḫoḫət).

From {{inh|ar|sem-pro|*paʔr-}}.

Which produces the following display:

FromProto-Semitic*paʔr-.

For internal Arabic derivations, that is the majority of lexical entries,{{ar-rootbox}} provides a simple device to categorize terms assigned to certain roots and, via a sidebox, link index pages for the same roots, that have been imagined internally to afford the pattern by which the word has attained its morphological form.

{{ar-rootbox|ك و ن}}

If you intend to explicitly mention roots in etymologies, categorization of terms by roots and linking to root pages inrunning text will be covered by{{ar-root}}. It supports the following two syntaxes:

Belongs to the root {{ar-root|ك و ن}}.

Belongs to the root {{ar-root|ك|و|ن}}.

Both result in:

Belongs to the rootك و ن(k w n).

If you use it outside of words which belong to the root, you are supposed to give|nocat=1, because else the page gets categorized as inCategory:Arabic terms belonging to the root ك و ن. Conversely, to categorize but show nothing it uses|notext=1.

But if you want to show something in the etymology section, you can use specific Arabic templates as found inCategory:Arabic etymology templates to mark derivations by classical prefixes and suffixes. In cases of a specific template missing you can fall back to{{prefix}} and{{suffix}}.

It is easy to add transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet. Just use {{ar-IPA}} with the vocalized word (and the transcription in|tr=, if there is an irregular pronunciation).

This way:

{{ar-IPA|خَوْخَة}}

It produces

IPA^(key):/xaw.xa/

The template{{arabic-dialect-pronunciation}} can be used to display pronunciations in the modern dialects of Arabic. See for exampleقابلة.

Numerous templates are available for headwords. For nouns,{{ar-noun}} should be used, or a more specific template like{{ar-proper noun}},{{ar-coll-noun}},{{ar-sing-noun}}. For verbs, use{{ar-verb}}. For adjectives, use{{ar-adj}} or{{ar-adj-sound}}. SeeCategory:Arabic headword-line templates for more.

For verb inflections, use{{ar-conj}}. For noun inflections, use{{ar-decl-noun}};{{ar-decl-gendered-noun}},{{ar-decl-coll-noun}} and{{ar-decl-sing-noun}} are handy to show paired nouns. For adjective inflections, use{{ar-decl-adj}}. The template{{ar-prep-auto}} is used to show prepositions with bound pronouns. See for exampleل andب. That’s all. But you can regardCategory:Arabic inflection-table templates for an overview.

If one feels the need to point to a page or an entry outside Wiktionary, there are the general templates{{cite-book}},{{cite-journal}},{{cite-web}} available, for which you can regard their documentations with succeess. But they are too fiddly for sources one uses often. Thus Arabic has, as all languages covered by Wiktionary use to, templates for specific sources you might consult. They are listed onCategory:Arabic reference templates and here the freedom is taken to describe their contents for users who are not familiar with what is available on the market.

In Arabic larger dictionaries are unavoidable to check vocalizations, plural forms, verbal nouns, for one naturally does not find all information one needs for an entry when one picks up a word. You usually only need to call the books by a short name and use the parameters|page=,|pages=, and|entry= or|1= (the first positional parameter) for a specific entry – if the entry referred to is different from the pagename.

There is the dictionary ofHans Wehr as the standard for the modern literary Arabic language.

{{R:ar:Wehr-4}}{{R:ar:Wehr-5-de}}{{R:ar:Wehr-6-de}}

• Wehr, Hans (1979) “Entry name”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor,A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services,→ISBN
• Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “Entry name”, inArabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart‎^[1] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published2011,→ISBN

For Russian readers:

{{R:ar:Borisov}}

• Борисов, В. М. (1993) “Entry name”, inРусско-арабский словарь (Russko-arabskij slovarʹ),Москва:Сам Интернешнл,→ISBN

The online dictionary Al-Maʿānī is fairly comprehensive for Arabic-English:

{{R:ar:Almaany}}

• “Entry name” inname Almaany

Al-Maʿānī’s Arabic-Arabic comprehensivity appears largely feeded from the medieval lexica however. You can also check the bulk ofthese Classical Arabic dictionaries nowadays: they are held accessible at[2]. But this at whole is not templatized because there is a whole lot of dictionaries in it and cryptic URLs. For now there is:

{{R:Lisan al-Arab}}{{R:ar:Qamus}}

• ابن منظور. «Entry name»،لسان العرب.
• Fīrūzābādī (1834)Al-uqiyānūs al-basīt, 2nd edition, translated from Arabic into Ottoman Turkish byAḥmad ʻĀṣim, Constantinople

You might want to look into Abit Yaşar Koçak’s short treatiseHandbook of Arabic Dictionaries from the year 2002 (Berlin: Hans Schiler) to get an overview what dictionaries there have been.

Edward William Lane’s dictionary is thought to be the most complete one for Classical Arabic, translating the medieval Arabic dictionaries, but ends somewhere at the letterق (¾ of the alphabet) and is somewhat hard to read for its—sometimes spurious—subtile distinctions and referrals to later or former entries.

{{R:ar:Lane}}

• Lane, Edward William (1863-1893) “Entry name”, inArabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate.

The Lane is predeceded by Georg Freytag. This one is a clear read – if one reads Latin.

{{R:ar:Freytag}}

• Freytag, Georg (1830–1837) “Entry name”, inLexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[3] (in Latin), Halle: C. A. Schwetschke

For words assumed to be current before his time one is lucky withFrancis Joseph Steingass’s dictionary, but it does not sort all by roots and has an increased amount of misprintings:

{{R:ar:Steingass}}

• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “Entry name”, inThe Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[4], London: W.H. Allen

Wahrmund’s dictionary is like the same as Steingass’s in structure and quality but in German:

{{R:ar:Wahrmund}}

• Wahrmund, Adolf (1887) “Entry name”, inHandwörterbuch der neu-arabischen und deutschen Sprache‎^[5] (in German), Gießen: J. Ricker’sche Buchhandlung

For a collection different from Steingass and Wahrmund one can useAlbin Kazimirski de Biberstein, which is very similar to Freytag but glosses in French; in fact it seems to be a translation of Freytag though occasionally being more detailed in explanation and rarely including dialectal words.

{{R:ar:Kazimirski}}

• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “Entry name”, inDictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc‎^[6] (in French), Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie

In French the dictionary ofReinhart Dozy is notable for being evidence-based, for perusing and referring to sources other than the classical dictionaries:

{{R:ar:Dozy}}

• Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881) “Entry name”, inSupplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎^[7] (in French), Leiden: E. J. Brill

An even more notable, comprehensive attestation-based dictionary, par withthe great national dictionaries, covers only the lettersك(k) and ل(l):

{{R:ar:WKAS}}

• Ullmann, Manfred (1959–2009)Wörterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz

Note that particular lexicographic studies in the seriesBeiträge zur Lexikographie des Klassischen Arabisch from the milieu of theWKAS are alldigitized at the Bavarian academy of sciences.

TheWKAS continued one publication which covered only seldom terms beginning withأ(ʔ) /إ(ʔ).

{{R:ar:Nöldekes Belegwörterbuch}}

• Nöldeke, Theodor (1930) “About Arabic”, in Jörg Kraemer, editor,Belegwörterbuch zur klassischen arabischen Sprache, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, published1952–1953, Fascicles 1 and 2 (Only Alif)

Else it contains a history of Arabic dictionary projects at the end of theل(l) volume.

{{R:ar:WKAS}}

You can use the latest Arabic-Spanish dictionaries well too:

{{R:ar:Cortés|ed=1|Entry name}}{{R:ar:Cortés|ed=2|Entry name}}{{R:ar:Corriente|Entry name}}

• Cortés, Julio (1996) “Entry name”, inDiccionario de árabe culto moderno (in Spanish), 1st edition, Madrid: Gredos,→ISBN
• Cortés, Julio (2008) “Entry name”, inDiccionario de árabe culto moderno (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Madrid: Gredos,→ISBN
• Corriente, Federico (2005) “Entry name”, inDiccionario avanzado árabe‎^[8] (in Spanish), 2nd edition, Barcelona: Herder

This milieu has also engendered some comprehensive attestation-based Andalusi Arabic dictionaries:

{{R:xaa:Corriente}}{{R:xaa:Corriente-Additions}}{{R:xaa:ELA|II}}

• Corriente, F. (1997)A Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic (Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East;29)‎^[9], Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill,→ISBN,→LCCN

Corriente, Federico (2008) “Additions and corrections toA Dictionary of Andalusi Arabic”, inWiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes‎^[10], volume98, pages31–80

• Corriente, Federico, Pereira, Christophe, Vicente, Angeles, editors (2017),Dictionnaire du faisceau dialectal arabe andalou. Perspectives phraséologiques et étymologiques (in French), Berlin: De Gruyter,→ISBN

Worth a look are also reliable Yemeni Arabic dictionaries:

{{R:ar:Landberg|G1}}{{R:ar:Landberg|G2}}{{R:ar:Landberg|G3}}{{R:ar:Piamenta}}

• Landberg, Carlo, editor (1920),Glossaire daṯînois‎^[11] (in French), Leiden: Brill
• Landberg, Carlo, editor (1928),Glossaire daṯînois‎^[12] (in French), Leiden: Brill
• Landberg, Carlo, editor (1942),Glossaire daṯînois‎^[13] (in French), Leiden: Brill
• Piamenta, Moshe (1991)Dictionary of Post-Classical Yemeni Arabic, Leiden: Brill,→ISBN

And if a word is in the Qurʾān, one can make points with the newest dictionary of Qurʾānic usage (it takes|page=,|pages=,|entry=):

{{R:ar:BadawiHaleem}}

• Badawi, Elsaid M., Abdel Haleem, Muhammad (2008)Arabic-English Dictionary of Qurʾanic Usage (Handbook of Oriental Studies;85), Leiden: Brill,→ISBN

And:

{{R:ar:Farid}}

• Farid, Malik Ghulam (2006) “Entry name”, inDictionary of the Holy Qurʾan, Tilford, Surrey: Islam International Publications Ltd.,→ISBN

Perhaps one finds something about the frequency of a word in Buckwalter/Parkinson:

{{R:ar:Buckwalter}}

• Buckwalter, Tim, Parkinson, Dilworth (2011) “Entry name”, inA Frequency Dictionary of Arabic: Core vocabulary for learners, first edition, London and New York: Routledge,→ISBN

A source of a different kind also giving you a picture about frequency isReverso Context. It can help you modulate the meanings you understand for terms you search by giving equivalent Arabic and English texts matching your search terms, and often it is also the fastest for finding out what words mean. It requires you to be logged in though to load more than a few rows, and with regard to the representativeness you should be wary of texts being gathered from subtitle databases, and of course it technically cannot be cited.

And there are also dictionaries dedicated to verbs which are templatized, the one by Nabil Osman is also frequency-based and takes pursuant to its actual ordering the parameters|pages=,|page= and|Tafel=.

{{R:ar:Osman-Verben}}{{R:ar:Mace}}

• Osman, Nabil (1996)Konjugationslexikon arabischer Verben (in German), Ismaning: Max Hueber Verlag,→ISBN
• Mace, John (2007) “Entry name”, inArabic Verbs, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc.,→ISBN

The etymological treatment of the Arabic language is destitute. There is no etymological dictionary for Arabic; etymological studies are scattered across journals and isolated monographs of scope limited by author knowledge. Generally you have to apply your own reason and historical knowledge to determine how Arabic words or their meanings can be attributed.

There is the specific field of names for entities in the flora and fauna. This topic is very obscure: It is already an accomplishment to ascribe to Arabic plant or animal names correctmeanings if the words aren’t the most current ones – even the meanings given for plants and animal names used in the Qurʾān are often plainly wrong.

A systematic place to get plant names isImmanuel Löw. From him one can use:

{{R:arc:Löw-Flora}}{{R:arc:Löw-Pflanzen}}{{R:arc:Löw-Färberpflanzen}}{{R:arc:Löw-Lurche}}{{R:arc:Löw-Schlangen}}

• Löw, Immanuel (1924–1934)Die Flora der Juden‎^[14] (in German), Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit
• Löw, Immanuel (1881)Aramæische Pflanzennamen‎^[15] (in German), Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann,→DOI
• Löw, Immanuel (1922) “Semitische Färberpflanzen”, inZeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete‎^[16] (in German), volume 1, pages96–162
• Löw, Immanuel (1912) “Aramäische Lurchnamen”, inZeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete‎^[17] (in German), volume26, pages126–147
• Löw, Immanuel (1909)Aramäische Schlangennamen‎^[18] (in German), Szegedin,→DOI

There has been an extensive work on Arabia’s plants with the rare merit of combining botanical exactitude and correct transcription:

{{R:ar:Mandaville|B}}

• Mandaville, James Paul (2011)Bedouin Ethnobotany. Plant Concepts and Uses in a Desert Pastoral World, Tucson: University of Arizona Press,→ISBN

One may harvest plant names from the web by searching Arabic words together with taxonomic names, but one must be careful about combined terms that might have been specifically calqued for the purpose of writing Arabic – including, and particularly, plant titles on the Arabic Wikipedia. One must be convinced that plant names circulate not only by force of Wikipedia so they can be created.

A polyglot dictionary notable for botany and reprinted often is:

{{R:hy:Bedevian}}

• Bedevian, Armenag K. (1936) “Entry name”, inIllustrated Polyglottic Dictionary of Plant Names‎^[19], Cairo: Argus & Papazian Presses

Worth a read for textiles is:

{{R:Textile Terminologies}}

• Gaspa, Salvatore, Michel, Cécile, Nosch, Marie-Louise, editors (2017 July 26),Textile Terminologies from the Orient to the Mediterranean and Europe, 1000 BC to 1000 AD‎^[20], Lincoln, Nebraska: Zea Books,→DOI,→ISBN

Cosmetics are comprehensively covered in

{{R:ar:Schönig}}

• Schönig, Hanne (2002)Schminken, Düfte und Räucherwerk der Jemenitinnen: Lexikon der Substanzen, Utensilien und Techniken (Beiruter Texte und Studien;91)‎^[21], Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag,→DOI,→ISBN

For animals and their parts there is:

{{R:Hommel-Säugethiere}}{{R:ar:Eisenstein}}{{R:sem-pro:SED|volume=1}}{{R:sem-pro:SED|volume=2}}{{R:sem-pro:Weninger-Handbook|pages=179 seqq.}}{{R:ar:Hyrtl}}

• Hommel, Fritz (1879)Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den südsemitischen Völkern als Beiträge zur arabischen und äthiopischen Lexicographie, zur semitischen Kulturforschung und Sprachvergleichung und zur Geschichte der Mittelmeerfauna. Mit steter Berücksichtigung auch der assyrischen und hebräischen Thiernamen und geographischen und literaturgeschichtlichen Excursen‎^[22] (in German), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung,→DOI
• Eisenstein, Herbert (1991)Einführung in die arabische Zoographie: das tierkundliche Wissen in der arabisch-islamischen Literatur (in German), Berlin: Dietrich Reimer
• Militarev, Alexander, Kogan, Leonid (2000)Semitic Etymological Dictionary, volumes I:Anatomy of Man and Animals, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag,→ISBN
• Militarev, Alexander, Kogan, Leonid (2005)Semitic Etymological Dictionary, volume II:Animal Names, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag,→ISBN
• Kogan, Leonid (2011) “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor,The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science;36), Berlin: De Gruyter,→ISBN, page179 seqq.
• Hyrtl, Joseph (1879)Das Arabische und Hebräische in der Anatomie‎^[23] (in German), Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller

There is a thick book that has narrowed down the weapon names of the oldest literature:

{{R:ar:Schwarzlose}}

• Schwarzlose, Friedrich Wilhelm (1886)كتاب السلاح. Die Waffen der alten Araber aus ihren Dichtern dargestellt. Ein Beitrag zur arabischen Alterthumskunde, Synonymik und Lexicographie nebst Registern (in German), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung

And there is a dissertation about bakery-related words:

{{R:ar:Mielck}}

• Mielck, Reinhard (1914)Terminologie und Technologie der Müller und Bäcker im islamischen Mittelalter‎^[24] (in German), Hamburg: J. J. Augustin

And one can try for household items:

{{R:ar:Vollers-Beitr.}}

• Vollers, Karl (1896) “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der lebenden arabischen Sprache in Aegypten”, inZeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft‎^[25] (in German), volume50,page607

For clothing names:

{{R:ar:Dozy-V}}

• Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1845)Dictionnaire détaillé des noms des vêtements chez les arabes‎^[26] (in French), Amsterdam: Jean Müller,→DOI

There are some dictionaries of the administrative area; one might consult them because common usage as well as the general linguistic material might exhibit wild misperceptions about which words are used for specific legal concepts or which meanings terms current in specific administration areas have.

{{R:ar:Conference}}{{R:ar:Diplo}}

• Abdallah, Hassan (1982)A Dictionary of International Relations and Conference Terminology. English-Arabic with English and Arabic Indexes and Appendices, Beirut: Librairie du Liban
• Fawq al-ʿĀda, Samūḥī (1974)A Dictionary of Diplomacy and International Affairs. English-French-Arabic, Beirut: Librairie du Liban,→ISBN

The vocabularies of the churches have been recorded in:

{{R:ar:Graf-Verzeichnis}}

• Graf, Georg (1929–1934) “Verzeichnis arabischer kirchlicher Termini”, inZeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete (in German), volumes 7–9 frompages 225,235, and234, alsoCorpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium volume 147

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