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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷís

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ThisProto-Indo-European entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

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A PIE interrogative-indefinite paradigm built from the stems*kʷi- and*kʷe- (parallel to anaphoric*i-, *e-), the former on nominative and accusative cases of all genders, the latter elsewhere, with no distinction of feminine forms, mostly "human" – "non-human". A stem*kʷo-, ano-stem adjective, with its corresponding feminine*kʷeh₂-, was originally separate, but in most languages there was some conflation with the other two, as it is from this function that the relative pronoun evolves.

Dunkel speculates about*kʷe- and*kʷi- coming from*kʷ- +*e- and*í- respectively, with*kʷ- possibly being an early contraction of*kú(“where?”) to a labiovelar. For the semantic development, compare Proto-Germanic*hwarjaz, ultimately from*kʷór +*Hyós.^[1]

Pronoun

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*kʷís^[1]

who,what (interrogative)
who,which,that (relative)

Declension

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Andrew Sihler's reconstruction^[2]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kʷís	*kʷís	*kʷíd	*kʷéyes	*kʷéyes	*kʷíh₂
accusative	*kʷím	*kʷím	*kʷíd	*kʷíms	*kʷíms	*kʷíh₂
genitive	*kʷésyo	*kʷésyo	*kʷésyo	*kʷéysom	*kʷéysom	*kʷéysom
dative	*kʷésmey	*kʷésmey	*kʷésmey	*kʷeybʰ-	*kʷeybʰ-	*kʷeybʰ-
locative	*kʷésmi	*kʷésmi	*kʷésmi	*kʷeysu	*kʷeysu	*kʷeysu

Robert Beekes's reconstruction^[3]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kʷé	*kʷé	*kʷíd	*kʷéy	*kʷéy	*kʷíh₂
accusative	*kʷím	*kʷím	*kʷíd	*?	*?	*kʷíh₂
genitive	*kʷéso	*kʷéso	*kʷéso	*?	*?	*?
ablative	*kʷéd?	*kʷéd?	*kʷéd?	*?	*?	*?
dative	*kʷésmey	*kʷésmey	*kʷésmey	*?	*?	*?
locative	*kʷésmi	*kʷésmi	*kʷésmi	*?	*?	*?
instrumental	*kʷéy	*kʷéy	*kʷéy	*?	*?	*?

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction^[4]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	kʷe / kʷís	kʷe / kʷís	*kʷíd	*kʷéyes	*kʷéyes	*kʷíh₂
accusative	*kʷím	*kʷím	*kʷíd	*kʷíns	*kʷíns	*kʷíh₂
genitive	*kʷéso	*kʷéso	*kʷéso	*?	*?	*?
dative	*kʷésm-	*kʷésm-	*kʷésm-	*?	*?	*?
locative	*kʷésm-	*kʷésm-	*kʷésm-	*?	*?	*?
instrumental	*kʷih₁	*kʷih₁	*kʷih₁	*?	*?	*?

Determiner

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*kʷós

which,what

Declension

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Andrew Sihler's reconstruction^[2]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kʷós	*kʷéh₂	*kʷód	*kʷóy	*kʷeh₂(e)s	*kʷeh₂
accusative	*kʷóm	*kʷéh₂m	*kʷód	*kʷóms	*kʷeh₂ms	*kʷeh₂
genitive	*kʷósyo	*?	*kʷósyo	*?	*?	*?
dative	*kʷósmey	*?	*kʷósmey	*?	*?	*?

Robert Beekes's reconstruction^[3]
	Singular			Plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*kʷó	*kʷéh₂	*kʷód	*kʷóy	*kʷéh₂es?	*kʷh₂?
accusative	*kʷóm	*?	*kʷíd	*?	*?	*kʷíh₂
genitive	*kʷóso	*?	*kʷóso	*?	*?	*?
ablative	*kʷósmōd?	*?	*kʷósmōd?	*?	*?	*?
dative	*kʷósmōy	*?	*kʷósmōy	*?	*?	*?
locative	*kʷósmi	*?	*kʷósmi	*?	*?	*?
instrumental	*kʷóy	*?	*kʷóy	*?	*?	*?

Derived terms

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*kʷi-h₂(nom./acc.pl. n.)^[4]or*kʷy-á^[1]
- Proto-Albanian:
  - >? Albanian:sa(“how much”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Doric Greek:σᾰ́(sắ), Boeotian Greek:τᾰ́(tắ,“why?”)
- Proto-Italic:*kʷia
  - Latin:quia(“because”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷé-h₁(“how?”)^[1]
- Proto-Germanic:*hwē
  - Old Norse:hvé
    - Icelandic:hve
    - Norwegian Nynorsk:ko
  - Gothic:𐍈𐌴(ƕē)
- Proto-Hellenic:*kʷē
  - Ancient Greek:πῆ(pê,“where?”),πη(pē,“somewhere”)

*kʷí-h₁(“how?”)

*kʷó-h₁(“how?”,instrumental)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian:kuõ
- Proto-Germanic:*hwō(“how”,instr.) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:*kʷō
  - Ancient Greek:πω(pō),πώ(pṓ,“up to now, yet, ever”)
    Ionic Greek:κω(kō)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*kaH
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan:𐬐𐬁(kā,“with what?”,instr. m./n.)
- Proto-Italic:*kʷō
  - Latin:quō(“whereto; to what end, why”) (see there for further descendants)

*kʷó-bʰi^[1]^[5]
- Proto-Anatolian:*kʷóbi
  - Hittite:𒆪𒉿𒁉(ku-wa-pí)
- >? Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish:co(“how?”)(or from*kʷó-dʰi)

*kʷó-dʰe /*kʷó-dʰi(“where?”)^[1]
- >? Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish:co(“how?”)(or from*kʷó-bʰi)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Gothic:𐍈𐌰𐌸(ƕaþ,“whither?”)
- Proto-Hellenic:*kʷótʰi
  - Ancient Greek:πόθῐ(póthĭ,“where? whither?”)

*kʷó-m(adverb)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian:kan(“if”)
- >? Proto-Germanic:*hwan(“at what time, when”)(or from*kʷó-na^[1]) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:*kám
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Younger Avestan:𐬐𐬆𐬨(kəm,“how?”)
- Proto-Italic:*kʷom
  - Old Latin:quom
    - Latin:cum(“when; because”)
  - Oscan:𐌐𐌞𐌍(pún)

*kʷó-r(“where?, somewhere”)

*kʷo-tero-s(“which (of two)?”)

*kʷó-ti(“how many?”)

*kʷo-y(“where?; somewhere”,loc.sg. m./n.)^[1]^[6]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*kai
  - Latvian:kâ,kaî
  - Lithuanian:kai̇̃(“when”)
  - Old Prussian:kai
  - Proto-Slavic:*cě
    - Old Church Slavonic:цѣ(cě,“and, also, besides, though”)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek:ποι(poi,“somewhere”)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Old Persian:-𐎣𐎡𐎹(-k-i-y/⁠-kaiy⁠/)^[7](in𐎠𐎭𐎣𐎡𐎹(a-d-k-i-y/⁠adakaiy⁠/,“then, at that time”))

*kʷóíh₁^[1](or with different particle*i^[8])
- Proto-Italic:*kʷoi(nom.sg.m.) (see there for further descendants)
- >?*kʷo-i(h₁)-yo-s^[9]
  - Proto-Hellenic:*kʷoyyos
    - Ancient Greek:ποῖος(poîos) -ποιός(poiós)(or derived from gen.pl.ποίων(poíōn),^[10] from*kʷoysōm)
  - Proto-Italic:*kʷojjos(or from gen.sg. *kʷosyo + *-s,^[11] but the phonetical development /-sj-/ > /-jj-/ is disputed^[9]^[12])
    - Old Latin:quoius
      - Latin:cuius

*kʷeh₂-kʷo-s(reduplicated)or*kʷo-h₃kʷ-o-s^[13]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*kāˀkas(or from*kʷeh₂-h₁-h₃kʷ-o-s(“looking how?”)^[1])
  - Lithuanian:kóks
  - Proto-Slavic:*kakъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic:*kʷākʷos (see there for further descendants)

*kʷéh₂-h₁ li^[1]or*kʷeh₂-li-s^[11]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian:kõl,kõlei(“as long as”)
  - Proto-Slavic:*kolě(with analogical *o) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - ⇒ Ancient Greek:πηλίκος(pēlíkos,“how great?”)(with adjectival-κός(-kós) extension)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin:quālis(“what kind?”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Latin:quirquir
>? Proto-Albanian:*tśe(i)^[14]
- Albanian:se
>? Proto-Albanian:*kai
- Albanian:që(or borrowed from Latinquī(“which”)^[15])

Descendants

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The following lists the descendants of both*kʷís and*kʷós, as they were usually confused and merged together to various degrees.

CategoryTerms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kʷís not found

Proto-Anatolian:*kʷís,*kʷo- (see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian:ի-(i-),հի-(hi-),ո(o),ով(ov),որ(or),քան(kʻan)
Proto-Balto-Slavic:*kas,*ki (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic:*kʷei (from*kʷís),*kʷid (from*kʷíd) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic:*hwaz (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek:τίς(tís) -τις(tis),ποῦ(poû) -πού(poú) (< *kʷosyo),ποῖ(poî),πῇ(pêi) -πῃ(pēi),πῶς(pôs) -πως(pōs),πότε(póte) -ποτέ(poté),πόθεν(póthen),ὅστις(hóstis),ἄττα(átta),ἄσσα(ássa),ἕκαστος(hékastos),ποδαπός(podapós),πηνίκα(pēníka),πῆμος(pêmos)
Proto-Indo-Iranian:*kíš,*kás,*kím
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:*kíṣ,*kás,*kím
  - Sanskrit:किम्(kím,“what?”),कः(káḥ),किस्(kís,“who/whether?”)
    - Hindi:किस(kis,oblique),को(ko)(dialectal)
- Proto-Iranian:*číš,*káh,*čím
  - Avestan:𐬐𐬋(kō),𐬗𐬌𐬱(ciš)
  - Northern Kurdish:kî(“who”),kê(“whom”),çi(“what”),ku(“what”)(dialectal Hekari),kîjan(“which”)
  - Persian:که(ke),چه(če),چی(či),کی(ki),کدام(kodām),کی(key),کیو(kio)
  - Pashto:څه(tse)
  - Sogdian:[script needed](čw)
  - Khwarezmian:[script needed](ci)
  - Ossetian:цы(cy)
  - Khotanese:𐨕𐨂(cu)
Proto-Italic:*kʷis,*kʷoi (see there for further descendants)
- Latin:quis,quī,quam,quoque,ut,unde
Messapic:kos(“someone”)
Phrygian:κος(kos),κιν(kin)
Proto-Tocharian:*kuse (from*kʷisó <*kʷís)
- Tocharian A:kus
- Tocharian B:kᵤse

References

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↑^1.00^1.01^1.02^1.03^1.04^1.05^1.06^1.07^1.08^1.09^1.10^1.11Dunkel, George E. (2014) “*k^u̯ó-, *k^u̯í- 'wer?; irgendwer'”, inLexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter,→ISBN, pages452-479
↑^2.0^2.1Sihler, Andrew L. (1995)New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press,→ISBN, pages397-398
↑^3.0^3.1Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011)Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected byMichiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page230
↑^4.0^4.1De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “quis, quae, quid”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages510-511
^Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008)Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,page490
^Derksen, Rick (2015) “kai”, inEtymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;13), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages216-217
^Kent, Roland G. (1950)Old Persian: grammar, texts, lexicon, New Haven: American Oriental Society,page178
^Ernout, Alfred,Meillet, Antoine (1985) “quī, quae, quod”, inDictionnaire étymologique de la langue latine: histoire des mots (in French), 4th edition, with additions and corrections ofJacques André, Paris: Klincksieck, published2001, page556
↑^9.0^9.1Untermann, Jürgen (2003). "Quoius undValesiosio: zum pronominalen Genitiv im Lateinischen" inLinguistica è storia: scritti in onore di Carlo De Simone (Ricerche sulle lingue di frammentaria attestazione; 2), page 180 of 179-183
^Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τοῖος”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN, page1491
↑^11.0^11.1De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “quī, quae, quod”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN,pages507-508
^Bakkum, G.C.L.M (2009)The Latin dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 years of scholarship‎^[1],→ISBN, pages133-134
^Matasović, Ranko (2009) “**kʷākʷo-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden:Brill,→ISBN,pages173-174
^Demiraj, Bardhyl (1997) “se”, inAlbanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[2] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi
^Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “që ~ qi”, inAlbanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill,→ISBN, page360

Movatterモバイル変換

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Pronoun

Declension

Determiner

Declension

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading