Proto-Indo-European [ edit ] Extension of*h₁éǵʰ ( “ out ” ) with the adverbial suffix*-s [ 1]
*h₁éǵʰs [ 1] [ 2]
out Alternative reconstructions [ edit ] Reconstruction notes [ edit ] Celtic and Greek point to PIE*h₁eḱs . Balto-Slavic*iś and*iź (either could be word-sandhi variant of the other) forms have unexplained initial *i-. However, due to aspirates in the old compounds such asἔσχατος ( éskhatos ) andἐχθός ( ekhthós ) , a pre-form *h₁eǵʰs is needed.[ 2]
CategoryTerms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₁eǵʰs not found
*h₁éǵʰs-tos *h₁éǵʰs-teros Proto-Celtic:*exteros ( “ outside (of), without ” ) [ 8] see there for further descendants ) Proto-Italic:*eksteros *h₁éǵʰs-tm̥mos Proto-Albanian: Proto-Celtic:*extamos [ 9] Proto-Brythonic:*extaβ̃ Welsh:eithaf ( “ extreme, farthest; extremity, end ” ) > ? Proto-Hellenic:*ékʰstətos ( with regular superlative suffix from*-tm̥-tos ) Ancient Greek:ἔσχατος ( éskhatos ,“ outermost, farthest, most remote, last ” ) ( with metathesis and simplification of the cluster ) (see there for further descendants ) Proto-Italic:*ekstemos Latin:extimus ( “ outermost, farthest ” ) Proto-Albanian:*its Albanian:ith ( “ back, backward ” ) ,ish- ( “ former ” ) ek's ) Proto-Albanian:*eś- Proto-Balto-Slavic:*iź *iś Latvian:iz Lithuanian:iš Old Prussian:is Proto-Slavic:*jьz see there for further descendants ) Proto-Celtic:*exs, *exs- see there for further descendants ) > ? Proto-Germanic:*eh Proto-Hellenic:*eks *eks- Ancient Greek:ἐξ ( ex ) ,ἐξ- ( ex- ) ἐκ ( ek ) ,ἐκ- ( ek- ) Mycenaean Greek:*eks- ⇒ Mycenaean Greek:𐀁𐀒𐀰𐀺𐀒 ( e-ko-so-wo-ko ,“ outside workers ” ) Proto-Italic:*eɣ *eks see there for further descendants ) ↑1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008 ), “ex, ē, ec-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN pages195-196 ↑2.0 2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010 ), “ἐξ ”, inEtymological Dictionary of Greek 10 ), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill,→ISBN 433 ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014 ),Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems →ISBN 205 ^ Hackstein, Olav (2023 ), “When words coalesce II: Preverb incorporation in Indo-European ”, inIndo-European Linguistics , volume11 , number 1,→DOI →ISSN 14 ^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015 ),The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics;15 ), Leiden: Brill, page262 ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998 ), “jashtë ”, inAlbanian Etymological Dictionary , Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill,→ISBN 158 ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009 ), “*extos”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden:Brill ,→ISBN page120 ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009 ), “*extero-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden:Brill ,→ISBN page120 ^ “Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’sEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Brill, Leiden 2009) ” 
