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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rīsaną

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ThisProto-Germanic entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

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Etymology

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FromProto-Indo-European*h₁réy-(h₁)se-ti, from*h₁rey-(“to rise”) +‎*-(h₁)seti(“desiderative imperfect verbal suffix”).^[1]

Pronunciation

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IPA^(key):/ˈriː.sɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

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*rīsaną^[2]^[3]

toscale;move vertically (either up or down)
torise

Inflection

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Conjugation of*rīsaną (strong class 1)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*rīsō	*rīsaų	—	*rīsai	?
2nd singular	*rīsizi	*rīsaiz	*rīs	*rīsazai	*rīsaizau
3rd singular	*rīsidi	*rīsai	*rīsadau	*rīsadai	*rīsaidau
1st dual	*rīsōz	*rīsaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*rīsadiz	*rīsaidiz	*rīsadiz	—	—
1st plural	*rīsamaz	*rīsaim	—	*rīsandai	*rīsaindau
2nd plural	*rīsid	*rīsaid	*rīsid	*rīsandai	*rīsaindau
3rd plural	*rīsandi	*rīsain	*rīsandau	*rīsandai	*rīsaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*rais	*rizį̄
2nd singular	*raist	*rizīz
3rd singular	*rais	*rizī
1st dual	*rizū	*rizīw
2nd dual	*rizudiz	*rizīdiz
1st plural	*rizum	*rizīm
2nd plural	*rizud	*rizīd
3rd plural	*rizun	*rizīn

	present	past
participles	*rīsandz	*rizanaz

Proto-West Germanic:*rīsan
- Old English:rīsan
  - Middle English:risen
    - Scots:rise
    - English:rise
- Old Frisian:rīsa
  - Saterland Frisian:risa
    - Saterland Frisian:riese
  - West Frisian:rize
- Old Saxon:rīsan
  - Middle Low German:rîsen
    - German Low German:riesen
    - Low German:risen
- Old Dutch:*rīsan
  - Middle Dutch:risen
    - Dutch:rijzen
    - Limburgish:rieze
- Old High German:rīsan(“to fall”)
  - Middle High German:rīsen(“to fall, rise”)
    - German:reisen(“to fall”)(obsolete or dialectal)
Old Norse:rísa
- Icelandic:rísa
- Faroese:rísa
- Norwegian Nynorsk:risa,rise
- Old Swedish:rīsa
  - Swedish:risa
- Old Danish:resæ,risæ, (merged withrejse)
Gothic:*𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽(*reisan)
- ⇒ Gothic:𐌿𐍂𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐌽(urreisan)

References

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^Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*h₁rei̯-”, inLexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag,→ISBN,page252
^Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*rīsan-”, inEtymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series;11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,page414
^Vladimir Orel (2003) “*rīsanan”, inA Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston:Brill,→ISBN,page306