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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōną

    From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
    		ThisProto-Germanic entry containsreconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directlyattested, but are hypothesized to have existed based oncomparative evidence.

    Proto-Germanic

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    Etymology

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  • From two sources, both reflecting earlier*-ōjaną:

    • FromProto-Indo-European*-eh₂yéti, an innovated compound suffix from*-éh₂(eh₂-stem noun suffix) +*-yéti(verbal suffix). These were originally formed as denominative verbs from ō-stem nouns. When attached tothematic (a-stem) nouns, the thematic vowel was also retained, but the resulting compound suffix*-eyé- became part of the first weak class instead.
    • FromProto-Indo-European*-(e)h₂yéti, an innovated compound suffix from*-(e)h₂ti(factitive verb suffix) which was originally athematic, but later extended with the thematic present suffix*-yéti.

    Cognates includeLatin-āre(the whole first conjugation in the present) together with itsProto-Italic ancestor*-āō,Ancient Greek-άω(-áō,contracted verb),-अयति(-ayati) (for the causative inSanskrit),Proto-Celtic*-āti andProto-Balto-Slavic*-ā́ˀtei (whence the infiniteProto-Slavic*-ati, referring again to the whole conjugation).Note that Ringe (2017) reconstructs this suffix with a trimoraic vowel,*-ôną (or, following his own conventions,*-ō̄ną). See Ringe (2017: 160).

    Pronunciation

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    Verb

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    *-ōną

    1. Suffix of the infinitive. Createsdenominative verbs from nouns.
    2. Suffix of the infinitive. Createsfactitive verbs from adjectives.

    Inflection

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    Conjugation of*-ōną (weak class 2)
    active voicepassive voice
    present tenseindicativesubjunctiveimperativeindicativesubjunctive
    1st singular*-ō*-ǭ—*-ōi?
    2nd singular*-ōsi*-ōs*-ō*-ōsai*-ōsau
    3rd singular*-ōþi*-ō*-ōþau*-ōþai*-ōþau
    1st dual*-ōs*-ōw———
    2nd dual*-ōþiz*-ōþiz*-ōþiz——
    1st plural*-ōmaz*-ōm—*-ōnþai*-ōnþau
    2nd plural*-ōþ*-ōþ*-ōþ*-ōnþai*-ōnþau
    3rd plural*-ōnþi*-ōn*-ōnþau*-ōnþai*-ōnþau
    past tenseindicativesubjunctive
    1st singular*-ōdǭ*-ōdēdį̄
    2nd singular*-ōdēz*-ōdēdīz
    3rd singular*-ōdē*-ōdēdī
    1st dual*-ōdēdū*-ōdēdīw
    2nd dual*-ōdēdudiz*-ōdēdīdiz
    1st plural*-ōdēdum*-ōdēdīm
    2nd plural*-ōdēdud*-ōdēdīd
    3rd plural*-ōdēdun*-ōdēdīn
    presentpast
    participles*-ōndz*-ōdaz

    Derived terms

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    Descendants

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    This class eventually became the dominant and most productive verb class in all daughter languages.

    • Proto-West Germanic:*-ōn
      • Old English:-ian
        • Middle English:-ien(Early Middle English or Kentish, Southern, or Southwest Midland)
          • English:-y,-ee(dialectal, West Country)
        • ⇒ Middle English:-en
          • English:-en(obsolete)
          • → Middle Scots:-en,-in(literary, under Chaucerian influence)
      • Old Frisian:-ia
        • North Frisian:-je
        • Saterland Frisian:-je
        • West Frisian:-je
      • Old Saxon:-ōn,-oian
        • Middle Low German:-en
      • Old Dutch:-ōn
      • Old High German:-ōn
        • Middle High German:-en
    • Proto-Norse:
      • Old Norse:-a
        • Icelandic:-a
        • Faroese:-a
        • Norwegian Nynorsk:-a,-e;(dialectal, in verbs with jamvekt)-å
        • Old Swedish:-a
          • Swedish:-a
        • Danish:-e
          • Norwegian Bokmål:-e
    • Gothic:-𐍉𐌽(-ōn)
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ōną&oldid=87167673"
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