Nominals ending with⟨-e⟩; inverted consonant gradation possible.

This is the most common form of⟨-e⟩ declension, but see type 8 (nalle) for personal names. The inflectional stem is formed by adding an⟨e⟩ and strengthening the final consonant.Final gemination is present.

Partitive ending⟨-(t)ta⟩/⟨-(t)tä⟩ and genitive plural ending⟨-den⟩/⟨-tten⟩.

Exception: certain individual words may have another stem vowel instead of⟨-e⟩ (e.g.ori).

Historically, these have developed from words that used to end in a final consonant, predominantly-h or-k. In poetic Finnish, a⟨-h-⟩ may break the long vowel or diphthong in most forms, e.g.hamehen instead ofhameen; this may happen even with words that didn't originally end in a-h.

Unusually, for gradation purposes nominals of this type act as if there was a consonant after the final⟨-e⟩ of the nominative singular, as invieras; thus the base form is weak. Historically, the stem ended in*-ek or*-eh, but the consonant was regularly lost word-finally. The inflectional stem added a linking⟨-e-⟩ to the base form, leaving the root in its strong form, and gradated between⟨-eke-⟩ (strong, as in essive*-ekenA) and⟨-ee-⟩ (weak, as in most other cases). The inflectional stem was eventually levelled in favour of the weak form⟨-ee-⟩, resulting in all cases other than the nominative and partitive singular having an inflectional stem consisting of the strong form of the root +⟨-ee-⟩. For details, see Proto-Finnic*-ëk.

{{fi-decl-hame}}

SeeFinnish hame-type nominals.

• Finnish declension appendices