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Appendix:Estonian declension

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
(Redirected fromAppendix:Estonian nominal inflection)
See also:Appendix:Estonian conjugation

This page is intended to give an overview of the declension types in Estonian, and to help editors find the right nominal declension table template.

The numbering system is based on the2018 edition of Õigekeelsussõnaraamat.

General notes

[edit]
  • ` denotes that the marked syllable is pronounced with an overlong length /ː/ (vòodi /ˈvoːdʲi/), as opposed to long /ˑ/. For example, the declension ofriik should look like this:
IndividualCollective
Nominativerìikriigid
Genitiveriigirìikide
Partitiverìikirìike, rìikisid
Illativerìikirìikidesse
riigisse
Inessiveriigisrìikides
Elativeriigistrìikidest
Allativeriigilerìikidele
Adessiveriigilrìikidel
Ablativeriigiltrìikidelt
Translativeriigiksrìikideks
Terminativeriiginirìikideni
Essiveriiginarìikidena
Abessiveriigitarìikideta
Comitativeriigigarìikidega
Note: Columns ingray denotes weak grades, forms affected by consonant gradation; the remaining forms are denoting the strong grades.
  • The table in the next syllable only shows principal parts (nominative individual, genitive individual and collective, partitive individual and collective, and illative individual and collective). Other predictable endings can be seen below:
EndingIndividualCollective
Nominative (collective)-d-Genitiveindividual
Long illative-sseGenitiveindividualGenitivecollective
Inessive-s
Elative-st
Allative-le
Adessive-l
Ablative-lt
Translative-ks
Terminative-ni
Essive-na
Abessive-ta
Comitative-ga
  • Accusative cases are always the same as genitive individual and nominative collective, in the individual and collective forms, respectively.

ÕS 2018 numbering

[edit]
TypeindividualcollectiveWiktionary
entries
nominativegenitivepartitiveillativegenitivepartitiveillative
shortlongshortlongshortlonglongshort
1ohutuohutuohututohutusseohututeohutuidohututesseohutuisse318
evèskivèskivèskitvèskissevèskitevèskeidvèskitessevèskeisse
2õpikõpikuõpikutõpikusseõpikuteõpikuidõpikutesseõpikuisse887
eminutminutiminutitminutisseminutiteminuteidminutitesseminuteisse
3vahervàhtravàhtratvàhtrassevàhtratevàhtraidvàhtratessevàhtraisse15
etannertàndritàndrittàndrissetàndritetàndreidtàndritessetàndreisse
4aseasemeasetasemesseasemeteasemeidasemetesseasemeisse13
5liigelìikmeliigetlìikmesselìikmetelìikmeidlìikmetesselìikmeisse30
ekalliskàllikallistkàllissekàllitekàlleidkàllitessekàlleisse
6mõtemõ̀ttemõtetmõ̀ttessemõtetemõ̀tteidmõtetessemõ̀tteisse99
7kallaskàldakallastkàldassekallastekàldaidkallastessekàldaisse59
erukisrùkkirukistrùkkisserukisterùkkeidrukistesserùkkeisse
8küünalkȕünlaküünaltkȕünlasseküünaldekȕünlaidküünaldessekȕünlaisse17
9katuskatusekatustkatusessekatustekatuseidkatustessekatuseisse155
10soolanesoolasesoolastsoolasessesoolastesoolaseidsoolastessesoolaseisse113
11harjutusharjutuseharjutustharjutusseharjutusesseharjutusteharjutusiharjutustesse(harjutusisse)231
12olulineoluliseolulistolulisseolulisesseolulisteolulisiolulistesse(olulisisse)197
13sùursuuresùurtsùurdesuuressesuurtesùurisuurtesse(suurisse)62
14ùusuueùutùudeuuesseuuteùusiuutesse(uusisse)20
15käsikȁekȁttkȁttekȁessekätekäsikätesse(käsisse)10
16perepereperetpèrreperesseperedeperesidperedesse151
17eluelueluèlluelusseeludeelusideludesse198
ekivikivikivikìvvikivissekividekivekivisidkividesse(kivesse)12
ipesapesapesapèssapesassepesadepesipesasidpesadesse(pesisse)13
usabasabasabasàppasabassesabadesabusabasidsabadesse(sabusse)41
18nägunȁonägunȁkkunȁossenägudenägusidnägudesse36
etubatòatubatùppatòassetubadetubetubasidtubadesse13
usõdasõjasõdasõ̀ttasõjassesõdadesõdusõdasidsõdadesse(sõjusse)18
19seminarseminariseminariseminariseminarisseseminarideseminare(seminarisid)seminaridesse(seminaresse)121
20sülisülesülesȕllesülessesüledesülesidsüledesse10
21jõgijõ̀ejõgejõ̀kkejõ̀essejõgedejõgesidjõgedesse18
22põ̀upõuepõ̀uepõ̀uepõuessepõ̀uedepõ̀uesidpõ̀uedesse5
erìikriigirìikirìikiriigisserìikiderìikerìikisidrìikidesse(riigesse)968
ikȕlmkülmakȕlmakȕlmakülmassekȕlmadekȕlmikȕlmasidkȕlmadesse(külmisse)225
ulèibleivalèibalèibaleivasselèibadelèibulèibasidlèibadesse(leivusse)141
23epòisspoisipòissipòissipoisissepoiste(pòisside)pòissepòissisidpoistesse(pòissidesse)4
ikòerkoerakòerakòerakoerassekoerte(kòerade)kòerikòerasidkoertesse(kòeradesse)
uhèinheinahèinahèinaheinasseheinte(hèinade)hèinuhèinasidheintesse(hèinadesse)
24puripurjepùrjepùrjepurjessepùrjedepùrjesidpùrjedesse4
etühitühjatȕhjatȕhjatühjassetȕhjadetȕhjetȕhjasidtȕhjadesse(tühjesse)
ioderodraòtraòtraodrasseòtradeòtriòtrasidòtradesse(odrisse)
upadipadjapàtjapàtjapadjassepàtjadepàtjupàtjasidpàtjadesse(padjusse)
25õnnelìk~liku~lìkku~lìkku~likusse~like(~lìkkude)~lìkke(~lìkkusid)~likesse(~lìkkudesse)96
26kòikòikòidkòissekòidekòisidkòidesse43
iidèeidèeidèedidèesseidèedeidèididèesididèedesse(idèisse)120

Tree of inflection types

[edit]
Note: Still in development!
  • All the cases by which inflection types are categorised refer toindividual forms unless otherwise specified.
  • APRT stem refers to the form of partitive individual, excluding its ending "t" or "d".
  • In terms of prosody,simple words typically take their GEN form with two (e.lu) or four (se.mi.na.ri) non-overlong syllables, or one overlong open syllable replacing the first two non-overlong ones (màa,mùu.seu.mi). Words in other patterns are consideredcomplex.
  • The subtypes in the ÕS system will not be included in the following table:
    • Thee-type is not listed because the rule is clearly regular, where long words ending in "i" in their GEN individual form change to "eid" in their PRT collective form.
    • Thee/i/u-type is not relevant, as it matters more whether a word has a short form for the PRT collective. The vowel in which this short form ends does not affect the inflection pattern.
  • Symbols used for Ending columns:
    • * (asterisk) means no additional ending is applied to the form specified in the title of the column.
    • + (plus) means a vowel will be added, but it cannot be specified as it varies from case to case.
    • - (minus), appearing only in "-s", means the coda "s" will be removed in the GEN form.
ProsodyEndingInflectionAdditional notes
GENPRT stemGENPRTTypeSubtype
SimpleSimple**elu-the simplest pattern of inflection, the three basic forms (NOM/GEN/PRT) of which are identical
näguGEN downgraded by weakening the consonant sandwiched between the vowels
tpere-similar toelu, but ending in "t" in PRT; however, GEN collective ending in "de" aselu does
dkòiPRT of the words whose final syllable is open and overlong, ending in "d"
e*süli-similar toelu, except the endings of GEN and PRT change to "e"
jõgisimilar tonägu, except the endings of GEN and PRT change to "e"
dmeri-similar tosüli, except its PRT form ends in "d", with "e" syncopated thus becoming overlong
tsùur-GEN ending in "e", while PRT in "t" without "e"; its stem of GEN collective in weak form of NOM
ùussimilar tosuur, except the ending "s" disappears in all weak forms
käsisimilar touus, except for several slight differences due to its simple NOM form
harjutus-having short illative and PRT collective; same goes witholuline, with "n" changing to "s"
i*seminar-similar toharjutus, but its short illative being identical to its PRT
Complex+*rìik-GEN downgraded with an extra vowel, while PRT upgraded to become overlong
kòerwith NOM ending in sibilant, nasal or lateral, its stem of GEN collective in weak form of NOM
tühiweak NOM and GEN, and upgraded PRT
odersimilar totühi, except for the syncopation in GEN
u-lìksimilar toriik, except for the GEN collective by weakened PRT collective via back-formation
ComplexComplex*tohutu-the simplest pattern of inflection for prosodically complex words
+õpik-similar toohutu, when a vowel being added hence the final syllable becoming open
vahersyncopated when a new vowel is added in GEN, causing the first syllable to become overlong
ekatussimilar toharjutus, but, prosodically complex, short illative not applicable; same goes withsoolane, with "n" changing to "s"
-skallas-GEN upgraded to become overlong; the ending "s" being removed
+küünalsyncopated when a new vowel is added in GEN; GEN collective ending in "de" rather than "te"
Simple*mõtemostly ending in "e", which is derived from a special historical suffix
meliige-"me"/"mne" replacing "e"/"me" to make GEN overlong; GEN collective following GEN individual
ase"me" directly attached to the rear, therefore not making GEN overlong

See also

[edit]
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