Suffixed definite article attached on nouns ending withg, k, h . From the endingProto-Indo-European *-osyo Messapic -aihi [ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
Related toAlbanian -i ( “ of the, etc. ” ) ,Albanian i ( “ of, the, to ” ) .
-u m
masculine singular nominative and accusativesuffixed definite article :the zog ( “ bird ” ) + -u → zogu ( “ the bird ” ) treg ( “ market ” ) + -u → tregu ( “ the market ” ) flok ( “ hair ” ) + -u → floku ( “ the hair ” ) plak ( “ old man ” ) + -u → plaku ( “ the old man ” ) gjynah ( “ sin ” ) + -u → gjynahu ( “ the sin ” ) jeh ( “ echo ” ) + -u → jehu ( “ the echo ” ) (note:-u -i Gheg dialects;zogi zogu ( suffixed article, suffix ) : -a -e -ë -i -o -ia -ja -je -jë -at -et -ët -it -ot -ut -të -ri -ishte -ishtja ( article, preposition ) : e i së të ^ Matzinger 2015, pp. 62–66 ^ Ismajli 2015, pp. 65–68. ^ Matzinger, Joachim (2017). "The Lexicon of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. 3. Walter de Gruyter. (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-u
out ,outwards ;used to modify verb direction Etymology unclear. Perhaps from the Greek-ou imperative (pronounced[u] ) ofdeponent verbs such asdekhou “receive!”, or from the Hebrew imperative-û. It may instead—or also—be connected to the vowel of the Esperanto conditional suffix-us s of the indicative inflections.
-u
volitive inflection of verbs, indicating that an action or state is desired, requested, ordered, or aimed for.Donu ĝin al mi.Give it to me. (expresses a request or command )Nifaru tion. Let'sdo that. (expresses a desire or aim ) Miiru dormi. Iought to go to sleep. (expresses desirability of the action ) Via infanosukcesu en la vivo. May your childbe successful in life. (wish or desire )Mi volas, ke vihelpu min. I want you tohelp me. (desire ) Ŝi petas, ke misilentu . She asks that Ibe silent . (request ) Apparently connected to theu at the end ofunu ( “ one, a certain ” ) .
-u
-one. (Ending of the individualcorrelatives .)kiu ( “ whatindividual , who ” ) tiu ( “ thatindividual , that one ” ) ĉiu ( “ allindividuals , everyone ” ) iu ( “ someindividual , someone ” ) neniu ( “ noindividual , nobody ” ) (unofficial)aliu ( “ anotherindividual , someone else ” ) FromProto-Uralic *-w -e ). Cognate withFinnish -u
-u (genitive -u partitive -u
Derives nouns from verbs or prefixes jagama "to divide" →jagu "a part, a share"kaduma "to disappear" →kadu "loss, losing"sise- "inside" →sisu "content"pesema "to wash" →pesu "wash, washing"FromProto-Finnic *-u Proto-Uralic *-w -e or-ä ). Cognate withEstonian -u
-u (front vowel harmony variant -y linguistic notation -U )
Forms nouns from verbs. Most common withe - andi -stem verbs. hyppiä ( “ to be jumping ” ) + -u → hyppy ( “ jump ” ) itkeä ( “ to cry ” ) + -u → itku ( “ cry(ing) ” ) pestä ( “ to wash ” ) + -u → pesu ( “ wash(ing) ” ) potkia ( “ to kick ” ) + -u → potku ( “ kick ” ) urheilla ( “ to practice sport ” ) + -u → urheilu ( “ sport ” ) Derives a number of nouns from other nouns. silmä ( “ eye ” ) + -u → silmu ( “ bud ” ) sisä- ( “ inside ” ) + -u → sisu ( “ determination, perseverance ” ) The front-harmonic variant-y is only used when the first vowel of the word is one of the harmonic front vowels-y- ,-ä- ,-ö- ; words beginning with neutral front vowels-e- ,-i- take the back-harmonic variant.
Inflection of-u (Kotus type 1/valo nominative -u -ut genitive -un -ujen partitive -ua -uja illative -uun -uihin singular plural nominative -u -ut accusative nom. -u -ut gen. -un genitive -un -ujen partitive -ua -uja inessive -ussa -uissa elative -usta -uista illative -uun -uihin adessive -ulla -uilla ablative -ulta -uilta allative -ulle -uille essive -una -uina translative -uksi -uiksi abessive -utta -uitta instructive — -uin comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of-u (Kotus type 1/valo first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -uni -uni accusative nom. -uni -uni gen. -uni genitive -uni -ujeni partitive -uani -ujani inessive -ussani -uissani elative -ustani -uistani illative -uuni -uihini adessive -ullani -uillani ablative -ultani -uiltani allative -ulleni -uilleni essive -unani -uinani translative -ukseni -uikseni abessive -uttani -uittani instructive — — comitative — -uineni
second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -usi -usi accusative nom. -usi -usi gen. -usi genitive -usi -ujesi partitive -uasi -ujasi inessive -ussasi -uissasi elative -ustasi -uistasi illative -uusi -uihisi adessive -ullasi -uillasi ablative -ultasi -uiltasi allative -ullesi -uillesi essive -unasi -uinasi translative -uksesi -uiksesi abessive -uttasi -uittasi instructive — — comitative — -uinesi
first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -umme -umme accusative nom. -umme -umme gen. -umme genitive -umme -ujemme partitive -uamme -ujamme inessive -ussamme -uissamme elative -ustamme -uistamme illative -uumme -uihimme adessive -ullamme -uillamme ablative -ultamme -uiltamme allative -ullemme -uillemme essive -unamme -uinamme translative -uksemme -uiksemme abessive -uttamme -uittamme instructive — — comitative — -uinemme
second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -unne -unne accusative nom. -unne -unne gen. -unne genitive -unne -ujenne partitive -uanne -ujanne inessive -ussanne -uissanne elative -ustanne -uistanne illative -uunne -uihinne adessive -ullanne -uillanne ablative -ultanne -uiltanne allative -ullenne -uillenne essive -unanne -uinanne translative -uksenne -uiksenne abessive -uttanne -uittanne instructive — — comitative — -uinenne
third-person possessor singular plural nominative -unsa -unsa accusative nom. -unsa -unsa gen. -unsa genitive -unsa -ujensa partitive -uaan -uansa -ujaan -ujansa inessive -ussaan -ussansa -uissaan -uissansa elative -ustaan -ustansa -uistaan -uistansa illative -uunsa -uihinsa adessive -ullaan -ullansa -uillaan -uillansa ablative -ultaan -ultansa -uiltaan -uiltansa allative -ulleen -ullensa -uilleen -uillensa essive -unaan -unansa -uinaan -uinansa translative -ukseen -uksensa -uikseen -uiksensa abessive -uttaan -uttansa -uittaan -uittansa instructive — — comitative — -uineen -uinensa
Inflection of-u (Kotus type 2/palvelu nominative -u -ut genitive -un -ujen -uiden -uitten partitive -ua -uja -uita illative -uun -uihin singular plural nominative -u -ut accusative nom. -u -ut gen. -un genitive -un -ujen -uiden -uitten partitive -ua -uja -uita inessive -ussa -uissa elative -usta -uista illative -uun -uihin adessive -ulla -uilla ablative -ulta -uilta allative -ulle -uille essive -una -uina translative -uksi -uiksi abessive -utta -uitta instructive — -uin comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of-u (Kotus type 2/palvelu first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -uni -uni accusative nom. -uni -uni gen. -uni genitive -uni -ujeni -uideni -uitteni partitive -uani -ujani -uitani inessive -ussani -uissani elative -ustani -uistani illative -uuni -uihini adessive -ullani -uillani ablative -ultani -uiltani allative -ulleni -uilleni essive -unani -uinani translative -ukseni -uikseni abessive -uttani -uittani instructive — — comitative — -uineni
second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -usi -usi accusative nom. -usi -usi gen. -usi genitive -usi -ujesi -uidesi -uittesi partitive -uasi -ujasi -uitasi inessive -ussasi -uissasi elative -ustasi -uistasi illative -uusi -uihisi adessive -ullasi -uillasi ablative -ultasi -uiltasi allative -ullesi -uillesi essive -unasi -uinasi translative -uksesi -uiksesi abessive -uttasi -uittasi instructive — — comitative — -uinesi
first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -umme -umme accusative nom. -umme -umme gen. -umme genitive -umme -ujemme -uidemme -uittemme partitive -uamme -ujamme -uitamme inessive -ussamme -uissamme elative -ustamme -uistamme illative -uumme -uihimme adessive -ullamme -uillamme ablative -ultamme -uiltamme allative -ullemme -uillemme essive -unamme -uinamme translative -uksemme -uiksemme abessive -uttamme -uittamme instructive — — comitative — -uinemme
second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -unne -unne accusative nom. -unne -unne gen. -unne genitive -unne -ujenne -uidenne -uittenne partitive -uanne -ujanne -uitanne inessive -ussanne -uissanne elative -ustanne -uistanne illative -uunne -uihinne adessive -ullanne -uillanne ablative -ultanne -uiltanne allative -ullenne -uillenne essive -unanne -uinanne translative -uksenne -uiksenne abessive -uttanne -uittanne instructive — — comitative — -uinenne
third-person possessor singular plural nominative -unsa -unsa accusative nom. -unsa -unsa gen. -unsa genitive -unsa -ujensa -uidensa -uittensa partitive -uaan -uansa -ujaan -uitaan -ujansa -uitansa inessive -ussaan -ussansa -uissaan -uissansa elative -ustaan -ustansa -uistaan -uistansa illative -uunsa -uihinsa adessive -ullaan -ullansa -uillaan -uillansa ablative -ultaan -ultansa -uiltaan -uiltansa allative -ulleen -ullensa -uilleen -uillensa essive -unaan -unansa -uinaan -uinansa translative -ukseen -uksensa -uikseen -uiksensa abessive -uttaan -uttansa -uittaan -uittansa instructive — — comitative — -uineen -uinensa
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.
Inherited fromLatin -ūtus [ 1]
-u
Forming adjectives having the sense of ‘having quality of, being provided with’ (the root word). barbe ( “ beard ” ) + -u → barbu ( “ bearded ” ) ventre ( “ belly ” ) + -u → ventru ( “ pot-bellied, rounded ” ) ^ -u, -ue ; in: Jacqueline Picoche, Jean-Claude Rolland,Dictionnaire étymologique du français , Paris 2009, Dictionnaires Le Robert-u
Romanization of-𐌿 (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-u n-v? ,truncative? ,uses -j- as interfix?
be ilinniartitsisoq ( “ teacher ” ) ->ilinniartitsisiuu vugut ( “ we are teachers ” ) .Ukiuu voq.Itis winter. 1992 Meeqqakka ”, inAtuagagdliutit/Grønlandsposten :Ernerput anguteqatiminoortartunngorsimavoq (19-inik ukioqarluni paasineqarpoq), niviarsiararlu nukarleq arnaqatiminoortartunngorsimalluni. Akulleq pissusissamisoortuu voq. Our son has become gay (it was discovered when he was 19 years old), and the youngest girl has become a lesbian. The middle [child]is as she should be [i.e. heterosexual]. May become additive after a strongq base.
(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-u
( diminutive suffix ) Added to anoun or aproper noun to form adiminutive . apa ( “ father ” ) →apu ( “ dad ” ) Common vowel found in pronouns in Romance languages:French tu Italian tu Spanish tú French vous o inItalian voi Spanish vos tu vu
-u
suffix used to form pronouns indicating a person omna ( “ all, every ” ) + -u → omnu ( “ everyone ” ) As it is used to form pronouns, you cannot use it to create nouns. Instead, to form an agent from an adjective likefelica ( “ happy ” ) , you just make it a noun:felico ( “ a happy person ” ) .
FromProto-Finnic *-u Finnish -u Estonian -u
-u (front vowel variant -y
Used to form nouns from verbs. Declension of-u (type 4/koivu ) singular plural nominative -u -ut genitive -un -uin -uloin partitive -ua -uja -uloja illative -uu -ui -uloihe inessive -us -uis -ulois elative -ust -uist -uloist allative -ulle -uille -uloille adessive -ul -uil -uloil ablative -ult -uilt -uloilt translative -uks -uiks -uloiks essive -unna -uun -uinna -uloinna -uin -uloin exessive1) -unt -uint -uloint 1) obsolete*) theaccusative corresponds with either thegenitive (sg nominative (pl **) thecomitative is formed by adding the suffix-ka ? -kä ? genitive .
-ngu -iu -u (Syllabics -ᐅ
tobe (copula )angunasuktiujuq. He is a hunter. When used on words ending with /k/ or /q/ the affix deletes the final consonant.
-u
Rōmaji transcription ofう -u
used to form nouns denoting action or result of action -ū
ablative / locative singular of-us forfourth-declension nouns. This ending is used for all singular forms in the fourth declension except the genitive singular (which still uses-ūs ). This even replaces-uī
FromArabic ـهُ ( -hu ) .
-u
3rd-person masculine singular pronominal suffix :his ,him Synonym: tiegħu ( only in possessive use ) sħab ( “ friends ” ) + -u → sħabu ( “ his friends ” ) taħt ( “ under ” ) + -u → taħtu ( “ under him ” ) jinsa ( “ he forgets ” ) + -u → jinsieh ( “ he forgets him ” ) (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-u
Used in contractions with particles of possession to meanyou This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with theIPA then please add some!
FromProto-Samic *-ō Finnish -o
-u
Forms result or action nouns from verbs. This suffix triggers thestrong grade on a preceding stressed syllable. (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-u
Form of the suffix-i -ut . This suffix triggers thestrongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable. From suppletive fusion of ō-stem femininesingular nominative ending-u Proto-Germanic *-į̄ ( “ feminine abstract ending ” ) . Akin toGothic feminine abstracts in-𐌴𐌹 ( -ei ) (compare𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐌴𐌹 ( mikilei “ greatness ” ) ;𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍀𐌴𐌹 ( diupei “ depth ” ) ).
-u f
ending used to form abstract nouns from adjectives (compare Modern English-ness eald ( “ old ” ) + -u → ieldu ( “ age ” ) hāliġ ( “ holy, sacred; pious ” ) + -u → hāliġu ( “ holiness ” ) hāl ( “ sound, healthy, intact ” ) + -u → hǣlu ( “ wholeness, health ” ) hāt ( “ hot ” ) + -u → hǣtu ( “ heat, warmth ” ) mennisċ ( “ human, natural, humane ” ) + -u → mennisċu ( “ humanity ” ) miċel ( “ big, large; great ” ) + -u → miċelu ( “ greatness, size ” ) According to Ringe and Taylor[1] , this suffix began as indeclinable*-i in the singular and nominative/accusative plural, before the ō-stem feminine nominative singular was borrowed. In Anglian, the new ending was then extended to the rest of these forms. This same extension was not complete in Early West Saxon, but eventually won out in Late West Saxon. Spellings of these forms with-o , and rarely-a , reflect the merger of unstressed back vowels in later Old English
Strongīn -stem:
FromProto-West Germanic *-u Proto-Germanic *-ō Apocope should have caused the loss of this ending after heavy stems, but the Anglian dialects generally retained it by analogy with short stems, or for its morphological significance. In West Saxon, this apocope led to replacement with thesubjunctive singular -e
-u ( Anglian )
Used to form thefirst person singularpresent indicative ofstrong verbs and class Iweak verbs beran ( “ bear ” ) + -u → beru ( “ I bear ” ) drīfan ( “ drive out ” ) + -u → drīfu ( “ I drive out ” ) sellan ( “ give ” ) + -u → sellu ( “ I give ” ) FromProto-West Germanic *-u Proto-Germanic *-ō
-u f
Used to form the nominative singular of short ō-stem nouns ġiefu ( “ gift ” ) lufu ( “ love ” ) FromProto-West Germanic *-u Proto-Germanic *-uz
-u
Used to form the nominative andaccusative singular of short u-stem nouns sunu ( “ son ” ) wudu ( “ forest ” ) FromProto-West Germanic *-u Proto-Germanic *-ō
-u n
Used to form the nominative and accusativeplural of short a-stem and all ija-stem neuter nouns clif ( “ cliff ” ) + -u → clifu ( “ cliffs ” ) sċip ( “ ship ” ) + -u → sċipu ( “ ships ” ) rīċe ( “ kingdom ” ) + -u → rīċu ( “ kingdoms ” ) -u
Forms the strong nominative feminine singular and strong nominative/accusative neuter plural of adjectives unārīmedlīċ -u → unārīmedlīċu FromLatin -ūtus
-u
suffixed used to form adjectives (oblique masculine singular) from nouns -u
Alternative form of-iu ( when the preceding consonant (cluster) isn't palatalised ) (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-u
Masculine singular agreement suffix Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011 ) “-u”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[2] →ISBN (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-u
Masculine nominative/singular agreement suffix Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011 ) “-u”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[3] →ISBN (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-u
( sometimes archaic ) forms the masculine dative singular, now used to create adverbs ,always used in conjunction withpo polski -u → po polsku forms the inanimate masculine genitive singular after soft or historically soft stems kowal -u → kowalu ( rare ) forms the masculine dative singular in certain words chłopiec -u → chłopcu forms the masculine locative singular kowal -u → kowalu forms the masculine vocative singular kowal -u → kowalu forms the feminine vocative singular after -ś and -ź mamusia -u → mamusiu forms the neuter dative singular in soft and velar stems pole -u → polu stoisko -u → stoisku forms the neuter locative singular in soft and velar stems pole -u → polu stoisko -u → stoisku -u in Polish dictionaries at PWNpreceding vowel a / ı e / i o / u ö / ü -ı -i -u -ü
Accusative suffix.
-u
Form of-i after the vowels O / U .doktor ( “ doctor ” ) + -u → doktoru Possessive suffix.
-u
Form of-i after the vowels O / U .pantolon ( “ pants ” ) + -u → pantolonu ( “ his/her pants ” ) Derivative suffix.
-u
Form of-i after the vowels O / U .Derives nouns from verbs. duy- ( “ to feel, to sense ” ) + -u → duyu ( “ sense ” ) FromMiddle Welsh -u Proto-Brythonic *-oβ̃
-u
Formsverbnouns from verb stems. Synonyms: -a -ed -eg -i -o -io This suffix is mostly used where the vowel in the last syllable isa ,ae ,e , ory .[ 1]
