FromMiddle English-te(preterite ending),-t(past participle ending), fromOld English-te,-de(first and third person preterite ending),-t,-ed,-od(past participle ending), fromProto-Germanic*-id-(preterite stem ending of class 1 weak verbs) and*-idaz(past participle ending of class 1 weak verbs).

In some verbs, likelose/lost, the-t-/-t was merely an alteration of earlier-d-/-d during the Middle English period. See-ed.

-t

1. Forms the past tense and/or past participle of some verbs (leapt, kept, dreamt, blest, etc.)

• Some verbs have both an-ed and a-t form. The-t form has becomeobsolete for many verbs, e.g.toucht, or is now limited to dialects, e.g.kilt.

Usually found on verbs with "eep" or "end" at the end (e.g.kept forkeep,slept forsleep,wept forweep,bent forbend,sent forsend,went forwend); more rarely for nasals and “l” (e.g.burnt forburn,dreamt fordream,dealt fordeal,spelt forspell).

• -ed

FromMiddle English-t (e.g.aȝenst vs.aȝens(“against”)), likely resulting from-s +the, or various other words beginning withth-,t-.

-t

2. Anexcrescent ending appended to words suffixed with-s.

   against,amidst,amongst,betwixt,whilst,twicet

• As with-st, in many cases when there is a shorter synonymous word (as inamong/amongst), the form with-t is considered more formal, old-fashioned, affected, and British.

• -st

FromMiddle English-t, fromOld English-t, variant of-þ(“-th”) following spirant/fricative sounds, fromProto-Germanic*-þiz. More at-th.

-t

2. Used to form nouns from verbs of action; equivalent to-th.

   ‎arise + ‎-t → ‎arist

   ‎drive + ‎-t → ‎drift

   ‎see + ‎-t → ‎sight

   ‎thieve + ‎-t → ‎theft

   ‎thrive + ‎-t → ‎thrift

Suffix fromMiddle English-ten, fromOld English-ettan, fromProto-West Germanic*-attjan, fromProto-Germanic*-atjaną.

-t

1. Verbs formed from nouns or adjectives (compare English-ate,-ize), frequently having acausative force, or modified from an existing verb into a frequentative verb(no longerproductive)

   yeet,grunt,fidget,haunt (via French),elt (via Old Norse).

-t

2. (African-American Vernacular, slang)Anintensifier added to the end of words ending in <d>, representing a change in pronunciation from /d/ to /t/.(Should wedelete⁽⁺⁾ this sense?)

   ‎period + ‎-t → ‎periodt

   ‎good + ‎-t → ‎goodt

   ‎Lord + ‎-t → ‎Lordt

   • 2018 May 29, @chave1y,Twitter‎^[1], archived fromthe original on19 January 2024:

     I'm at a very weird stage in my life where i feel worthless and like I'm ruining out of time but I'm also really young bUT I'm not doing anything I love or that makes me happy so I'mSADT

   • 2021 November 24, @NalediMOfficial,Twitter‎^[2], archived fromthe original on19 January 2024:

     Day two of Lemon flavoured coffee 🥲💔 oh mygodt

   • 2023 April 23, @mingiiki,Twitter‎^[3], archived fromthe original on19 January 2024:

     They ate this SOBADT

• IPA^(key): /-t/

-t

1. Marks theinstrumental case:using;by means of
2. Marks themalefactive case: for ...'snuisance
3. Marks theinessive case:in
4. Marks thetemporal case:in;within
5. Marks thestative case:whilebeing (in the state of)

• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015)L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[4], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page364

Seetë(“(of) the”).

-t

1. Adverb suffix.-ly,-y

   afërsi +‎-sh +‎-t

   vazhdim +‎-i +‎-sh +‎-t

2. Nominative/definite/plural suffix.

   mal(“mountain”) +‎-e(“-s”) +‎-t(“the”)

3. Accusative/definite/plural suffix.

   mal(“mountain”) +‎-e(“-s”) +‎-t(“the”)

4. Genitive/definite/singular suffix.

   mal(“mountain”) +‎-i(“of/-s”) +‎-t(“the”)

5. Genitive/definite/plural suffix.

   mal(“mountain”) +‎-e(“-s”) +‎-ve(“of/-s”) +‎-t(“the”)

6. Dative/definite/singular suffix.

   mal(“mountain”) +‎-i(“of/-s”) +‎-t(“the”)

7. Dative/definite/plural suffix.

   mal(“mountain”) +‎-e(“-s”) +‎-ve(“of/-s”) +‎-t(“the”)

8. Ablative/definite/singular suffix.

   mal(“mountain”) +‎-i(“out of”) +‎-t(“the”)

9. Ablative/definite/plural suffix.

   mal(“mountain”) +‎-e(“-s”) +‎-ve(“out of”) +‎-t(“the”)

• -të,të(“the”)
• -a(“the”),e(“(of)the”)
• -i(“the”),-u(“id”),i(“(of) the”)
• -isht(“-ly”)
• -sht(“-ly”)

-t

1. Causative suffix.

-t

1. Participle-forming dependent verb suffix.

   pisat aya

   to go see

   impat ishtaya

   to begin eating

   malit kaniya

   to run away (lit. to go away running)

-t

1. Used to form adverbs from adjectives;-ly.
2. Used to make neuter forms of adjectives.
3. Used to formpast participles of some verbs, like-et does.

   spis, spise, spiser, spiste, spist ―eat!, eat, eats, ate, eaten

FromMiddle Dutch-t,-et fromOld Dutch-it,-et,-ot a merger of the following historical inflectional suffixes:

1. second person singular (originaly second person plural) present tense:Proto-West Germanic*-id,*-iþ,*-ōþ*-ēþ, fromProto-Germanic*-id,*-iþ,*-ōþ,*-aiþ
2. second person singular (originaly second person plural) past tense forms ofgij:Proto-West Germanic*-ud, fromProto-Germanic*-ud
3. third person singular present tense:Proto-West Germanic*-idi,*-iþi,*-ōþ*-ēþ, fromProto-Germanic*-idi,*-iþi,*-ōþi,*-aiþi
4. the plural form of the imperative:Proto-West Germanic*-id,*-iþ,*-ōþ*-ēþ, fromProto-Germanic*-id,*-iþ,*-ōþ,*-aiþ

-t

1. forms the second and third person singular of the present tense

   redden - jij redt, hij redt

2. forms thegij - form in both present and past tense

   breken - gij breekt - gij braakt

3. (archaic)forms the plural form of the imperative

   staken - staakt!

-t

1. forms the past participle of weak verbs the root of which ends in a voiceless consonant

   bedanken -bedankt

FromMiddle Dutch-t a merger of a variety of verbal noun forming suffixes:

1. Old Dutch-t,-thi, fromProto-West Germanic*-þi, fromProto-Germanic*-þiz
2. Old Dutch-t,-thu,Proto-West Germanic*-þu, fromProto-Germanic*-þuz
3. Old Dutchot,Proto-West Germanic*-ōþu, fromProto-Germanic*-ōþuz

-t

1. forms certain verbal nouns, mostly of strong verbs

   geven -gift

FromProto-Afroasiatic*-t, *-Vt(feminine suffix). See alsoArabicـَة(-a).

• (modern Egyptological)IPA^(key): /ɛt/
  • Conventional anglicization:-et

1. Used to formfemininesingular forms ofnouns.
2. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian)Used to formfemininesingular forms ofadjectives.
3. (Late Egyptian)An unpronounced graphical suffix occasionally added to adjectives without regard for gender.

FromProto-Afroasiatic*-i(genitive-possessive case ending) + the ancestor of the above suffix-t(feminine ending).

• (modern Egyptological)IPA^(key): /ɛt/
  • Conventional anglicization:-et

1. Converts nouns and prepositions into feminine adjectives: the femininenisba adjective ending.

1. Forms adverbs from certain adjectives;-ly

1. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian)Forms theinfinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.
2. (Late Egyptian)Forms thepronominal state of theinfinitive of transitive third-weak verbs, and occasionally also biliteral and triliteral verbs, used when a suffix pronoun is attached to the infinitive.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of-t  

-tw	-tj
[Late Egyptian]	[Late Egyptian]

• Egyptian:-j(infinitival ending)

1. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian)Forms thecomplementary infinitive of all verbs.

• Weak verbs can alternatively take the endings-wt or-yt to form the complementary infinitive.

1. Forms thesubjunctive of the irregular verbjnj and the anomalous verbjwj.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of-t  

-tw

1. (Old Egyptian, Middle Egyptian)Forms theterminative of all verbs.

Third-weak verbs can alternatively take the ending-yt to form the terminative, more frequently when passive than when active.

When this ending is attached to a verb ending ind ort, it is occasionally left unwritten.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of-t  

-tw

• Loprieno, Antonio (1995)Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN
• James P[eter] Allen (2010)Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,→ISBN,pages314–315, etc..
• Junge, Friedrich (2005)Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, pages65, 81

• IPA^(key): /t/

-t (personal)

1. (enclitic, after a vowel)Alternative form ofet
2. (enclitic, after a vowel)Alternative form ofte

FromProto-Finnic*-t, fromProto-Uralic*-t.

-t

1. (case suffix)Forms thenominative andaccusative plural.

   ‎kissa(“cat”) + ‎-t → ‎kissat(“cats”)

• Suffixed to thegenitive singularstem. The accusative plural is identical with the nominative plural and is used for certain direct objects.

• -n

By analogy with the nominative plural forms (note that the accusative plural is identical to the nominative plural for most nominals) of plural pronouns, from which applied to the other personal pronouns as well, first in the eastern dialects. The regular accusative forms likeminun (identical to the genitive forms) are used in dialects and in older language.

-t

1. (case suffix)Forms theaccusative forms of the personal pronouns and the interrogative pronounken.

   minut ―me

   kenet? ―who(m)?

• Suffixed to thegenitive singularstem.
• The personal pronouns andken have this ending in the accusative; they are the only words that have different genitive and accusative singular forms.
  • Seethe appendix on Finnish nominal cases for more information on how the accusative case is used.

• -n

FromProto-Finnic*-t, fromProto-Uralic*-t, probably related to second-person pronouns*tinä,*te.

-t

1. (personal)Forms the second person singular of verbs.

• Suffixed to the same stem as the first person singular suffix both in the present and the past tense.

• Wikipedia article onFinnish grammar

• -n
• -mme
• -tte
• -vat /-vät

• -it (varies depending on sound laws)

-t(Pulaar)

1. indicates that the verb is repeated

   ‎joorde(“to pour”) + ‎-t → ‎joortaade(“to pour again”)

2. indicates that the action of the verb is reversed or undone

   ‎jókkude(“to sew together, fasten”) + ‎-t → ‎jókkitde(“to break”)

• M. Niang,Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.

FromMiddle High German-et, from a merger of severalOld High German conjugational endings, fromProto-Germanic, fromProto-Indo-European.

• IPA^(key): /t/

-t

1. Verb suffix for thethird-person singular of the present tense.

   ‎lachen(“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎erlacht(“he laughs”)

   ‎spielen(“to play”) + ‎-t → ‎siespielt(“she plays”)

• The suffix becomes-et afterd, t:erwartet. However, in strong verbs with a vowel change it is deleted instead:errät. (Noteerlädt with a silent-t.) It is also not used in the sevenpreterite-presents:erdarf,kann,mag,muss,soll,weiß,will.

-t

1. Verb suffix for thesecond-person plural of the present and past tenses.

   ‎lachen(“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎ihrlacht(“you [all] laugh”)

   ‎spielen(“to play”) + ‎-t → ‎ihrspielt(“you [all] play”)

• The suffix becomes-et afterd, t:ihrwartet. There are no exceptions.
• The formihrseid is exceptionally spelt with a-d (by analogy withsind and in order to distinguish fromseit).

-t

1. Verb suffix for thepast participle ofweak verbs, together with the prefixge- if the first syllable of the verb stem is stressed. Seege- -t for more.

   ‎lachen(“to laugh”) + ‎-t → ‎gelacht(“laughed”)

   ‎passieren(“to happen”) + ‎-t → ‎passiert(“happened”)

   ‎verurteilen(“to convict”) + ‎-t → ‎verurteilt(“convicted”)

• The suffix becomes-et afterd, t:gewartet. However,gesandt andgewandt show a vowel change and silent-t.

• IPA^(key): [t]

First attested in the end of 12th century. Of debated origin. According to the most accepted theory, it is from a possessive suffix that originated either from a*t-initial demonstrative pronoun or from theProto-Uralic*tᴕ̈(“you”) personal pronoun.^[1]

-t (accusative case suffix)

2. Forms theaccusative case for nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals.

   külföldi(“foreigner”) →Sok külföldit láttam a városban. ―I saw many foreigners in the city.

   óra(“clock, watch, hour”) →Vettem egy órát. ―I bought a watch.

   ember(“human”) →Sok embert láttunk. ―We saw many people.

   kettő(“two”) →Hány könyvet vettél? ― Kettőt. ―How many books did you buy? ― Two.

• (accusative case suffix): It can be added to nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns. Whether a suffix-initial vowel (linking vowel) will be used is hard to predict and thus needs to be learned with each word. A rule of thumb, however, is that older and shorter words tend to incorporate a vowel, rather than simply use-t. Variants:

  -t is added to words ending in a vowel. Final-a changes to-á-. Final-e changes to-é-. Final-o in foreign words changes to-ó-.

  -ot is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -at is added tosome back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -et is added to unrounded (andsome rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öt is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -∅ (zero form), optionally, afterpossessive suffixes, especially in the singular but sometimes also in the plural (and not infrequently after multiple-possession forms as well),except for the third-person singular (“his/her/its”,-ja/-je) as its omission would not reduce the number of syllables.

  Elviszem a kabátom(at/∅),kabátod(at/∅);kabátunk(at/∅),kabátotok(at/∅),kabátjuk(at/∅);kabátjaim(at/∅) etc.

  I’ll take my coat, your coat; our coat, [plural] your coat, their coat; my coats etc.

  It is also omitted usually from the accusative forms of first- and second-person singular personal pronouns (engem,téged(“me, you”)).

• Past-participle suffix: FromProto-Uralic*-tt. First attested in 1055.
• Past-tense suffix: From the past-participle suffix. First attested in the end of 12th century.^[1]

-t

2. past-tense and past-participle suffix (homonymous form in the vast majority of verbs):
   1. (past-tense suffix)-ed,-t(forms thepast tense of averb)

      él(“to live”) →Kínában élt 10 évig. ―He lived in China for 10 years.

   3. (past-participle suffix)-ed,-t(forms thepast participle of averb)

      zár(“to close”) →Zárt ajtók mögött tanácskoztak. ―They held a discussion behind closed doors.

• (past-participle and past-tense suffix) Variants:

  -t is added to monosyllabic verbs ending inj, l, ly, n, ny, r (fáj,szel,fon,huny,sír) and to many bisyllabic verbs ending in-ad/-ed (akad,ered)

  -tt is added to verbs ending in a vowel (sző,nő,fő,lő,ró,rí)

  -ott is added to back-vowel verbs

  -ett is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -ött is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

• (past-participle suffix) This form is the only optionattributively.Predicatively, however, a construction of the existential verbvan (or its negative formnincs) and the adverbial participle (with-va/-ve) is preferable,^[5] especially when speaking of the result achieved,^[6] although the suffix-t/-ott/-ett/-ött occurs predicatively as well, disputed as it may be.^[3]

First attested in 1055. FromProto-Uralic*-tt.^[1]

-t

2. (noun-forming suffix)Added to averb to form anoun.

   ‎lesz(“to become something”) + ‎-t → ‎lét(“existence, life”)

   ‎tesz(“to make, do, place”) + ‎-t → ‎tét(“bet”)

• -at/-et(noun-forming suffix preceded by a linking vowel)
• -ta/-te(noun-forming suffix, supplemented with a fixed possessive suffix)
• -tó/-tő(adjective-forming suffix; only in certain fixed forms:)álltó,ültő, dialectally alsofektő

(Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium.)

-t

2. (locative suffix, archaic)in(added to anoun or anadjective to form thelocative case)

   ‎Kaposvár(“Kaposvár, Hungarian town”) + ‎-t → ‎Kaposvárt(“in Kaposvár”)

   ‎köz(“gap”) + ‎-t → ‎közt(“between, among”)

• (locative suffix) It is used only in a few city/town names along with theinessive case orsuperessive case.^[7] It can also be observed in a few local adverbs and postpositions. It is no longer productive. Variants:

  -t

  Kaposvárt,Kolozsvárt (also with-ott),(mi)helyt,közt,gyanánt,mint,képest,tájt

  -tt is added to words ending in a vowel

  itt,ott,hanyatt,alatt,miatt,előtt

  -ott is added to back-vowel words

  Kaposvárott (also with-t),Vácott,Székesfehérvárott,Fehérvárott,Kapuvárott,(outside present-day Hungary)
  Érsekújvárott,Gyulafehérvárott,Kolozsvárott (also with-t),Temesvárott,(in Russia) Szentpétervárott,Pétervárott

  -ett is added to unrounded front-vowel words

  Pécsett,felett,mellett,végett,helyett

  -ött is added to rounded front-vowel words

  Győrött,Diósgyőrött,fölött,mögött,között

  -utt is added to some back-vowel words

  másutt

  -ütt is added to some unrounded front-vowel words

  mindenütt,együtt,egyebütt,helyütt

• Category:Hungarian adverbs suffixed with-t

First attested in the end of 12th century. FromProto-Uralic*-tt.^[1]

-t

2. (verb-forming suffix, now improductive, obsolete) Acausative (e.g.kelt,teremt) orinstantaneous (e.g.ért,tilt) suffix for verbs.

   Synonyms:(causative sense)-at/-et,-tat/-tet,-aszt/-eszt/-öszt,-jt/-ajt/-ejt,-ít,-dít

   ‎terem(“to come into existence”) + ‎-t → ‎teremt(“to create”)

• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Clipping ofti ornonstandard spelling of't.

-t

• Alternative form of't

FromProto-Finnic*-t, fromProto-Uralic*-t. Cognates includeFinnish-t andEstonian-d.

• (Ala-Laukaa)IPA^(key): /-t/,[-t]
• (Soikkola)IPA^(key): /-t/,[-t]

-t

1. Used to form thenominative/accusativeplural;-s

-t

1. plural suffix in theabsolutive case. Numbers vary between singular-q and plural -t depending on whether they modify a noun or are being used for counting

-t f

1. suffix forming a verbal noun, typically from verbs ending in-(a)il,-(a)in, or-(a)ir