The genitive singular and accusative singular have become identical in modern Finnish (they have undergonesyncretism), but from a diachronic standpoint they are distinct suffixes. Theobject of a transitive verb may look also like thenominative but is still called the accusative in traditional grammars (see alsoAppendix:Finnish nominal cases#Accusative). There's also the partial object, which uses thepartitive case. For the accusative forms of personal pronouns and the interrogative pronounken, see-t.
-t is used for the accusative plural, which is always identical in form to the nominative plural.
FromProto-Finnic*-n, probably of the same origin as the genitive suffix (see-n, etymology 1). The instructive singular only exists for a few nouns in modern Finnish (such asjalan fromjalka); the case is usually used in the plural (-in).
The only occasion (in Standard Finnish) where this suffix is used with a possessive suffix — without being to be translated — is the idiomkäydä päinsä(“to be acceptable”) (the instructive plural ofpää + possessive suffix-nsa).
Used after-er, -el except in adjectives, where it is uncommon. Also used after vowels and vowel +-r, -l, but chiefly restricted to dated, poetic, or colloquial usage (except inHerrn,sein,tun).
The use after reduced-e (as inAffe →Affen) is more often interpreted in such a way that-e is deleted before the suffix-en, because the same happens before other suffixes (cf.Äffin,Äffchen). However, it may also be interpreted as-e +-n.
-n is added to words ending in a vowel. Final-a changes to-á-. Final-e changes to-é-.
-an is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant
-on is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
-en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g.könnyű) or supplemented with a consonant (e.g.bő,hű).
(denumeral and depronominal adverb-forming suffix) Variants:
-n is added to some (very few) words ending in a vowel. Final-a changes to-á-. Final-e changes to-é-.
-an is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
-en is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant, as well as some front-vowel words ending in a vowel. Their original word-final vowel may be lost (e.g.kettő).
(personal suffix, chiefly dialectal or archaic)Forms the indefinite third-person singular suffix (currently only in the imperative mood as part of-jen, formerly also occurring in the indicative).
The accusative ending in Ido is only required if the speaker breaks thesubject–object word order in Ido, one can not use the accusative ending if the word order is followed. E.g.
La hundo chasas la skurelo. ―The dog chases the squirrel.
La skurelon chasas la hundo. ―The dog chases the squirrel.
Bound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act asclitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctionska ormunu if present.
Suffix for singular definite form ofcommon nouns, especially those ending with a vowel or with an unstressed-el,-er or-or. See also-en
Suffix for plural indefinite form ofneuter nouns, if they end in a vowel. See also-t,-en.
A version of the-en of the fourth conjugation past participles. This allomorph is used only before the suffix-a, which marks for plural or definiteness. The-na of these participle forms may also be seen described as one morpheme.
Suffix which creates nouns out of certain verbs, usually denoting a result of an action. See also-an
Jeff Leer (2010) “The palatal series in Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit, with an overview of the basic sound correspondences”, inAnthropological Papers of the University of Alaska: The Dene-Yeniseian, Fairbanks, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, page176
