-ja
( colloquial , used only after a/d/ sound) You ,ya .-ja (personal, nominative case )
( enclitic ) alternative form ofa FromProto-Finnic *-ja Proto-Uralic *-ja Finnish -ja
-ja (genitive -ja partitive -jat
-er ;appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones (Thisetymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at theEtymology scriptorium .)
-ja
derives various adverbs sala "secretly" →salaja "secretly"FromProto-Finnic *-ja ( agent noun suffix ) , fromProto-Uralic *-ja ( present participle ending ) .
-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä linguistic notation -jA )
Forms agent nouns, especially human ones ;-er katsoa ( “ to watch ” ) + -ja → katsoja ( “ a watcher, spectator ” ) tehdä ( “ to do ” ) + -ja → tekijä ( “ a doer; a writer, author, playwright; a factor ” ) syyttää ( “ to blame ” ) + -ja → syyttäjä ( “ prosecutor ” ) The original verb affects the declension type of the derivation.
If the-ja ending is preceded by-i- , the noun is declined as type 12 (kulkija voida
Inflection of-ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija nominative -ja -jat genitive -jan -joiden -joitten partitive -jaa -joita illative -jaan -joihin singular plural nominative -ja -jat accusative nom. -ja -jat gen. -jan genitive -jan -joiden -joitten -jain rare partitive -jaa -joita inessive -jassa -joissa elative -jasta -joista illative -jaan -joihin adessive -jalla -joilla ablative -jalta -joilta allative -jalle -joille essive -jana -joina translative -jaksi -joiksi abessive -jatta -joitta instructive — -join comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of-ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -jani -jani accusative nom. -jani -jani gen. -jani genitive -jani -joideni -joitteni -jaini rare partitive -jaani -joitani inessive -jassani -joissani elative -jastani -joistani illative -jaani -joihini adessive -jallani -joillani ablative -jaltani -joiltani allative -jalleni -joilleni essive -janani -joinani translative -jakseni -joikseni abessive -jattani -joittani instructive — — comitative — -joineni
second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -jasi -jasi accusative nom. -jasi -jasi gen. -jasi genitive -jasi -joidesi -joittesi -jaisi rare partitive -jaasi -joitasi inessive -jassasi -joissasi elative -jastasi -joistasi illative -jaasi -joihisi adessive -jallasi -joillasi ablative -jaltasi -joiltasi allative -jallesi -joillesi essive -janasi -joinasi translative -jaksesi -joiksesi abessive -jattasi -joittasi instructive — — comitative — -joinesi
first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -jamme -jamme accusative nom. -jamme -jamme gen. -jamme genitive -jamme -joidemme -joittemme -jaimme rare partitive -jaamme -joitamme inessive -jassamme -joissamme elative -jastamme -joistamme illative -jaamme -joihimme adessive -jallamme -joillamme ablative -jaltamme -joiltamme allative -jallemme -joillemme essive -janamme -joinamme translative -jaksemme -joiksemme abessive -jattamme -joittamme instructive — — comitative — -joinemme
second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -janne -janne accusative nom. -janne -janne gen. -janne genitive -janne -joidenne -joittenne -jainne rare partitive -jaanne -joitanne inessive -jassanne -joissanne elative -jastanne -joistanne illative -jaanne -joihinne adessive -jallanne -joillanne ablative -jaltanne -joiltanne allative -jallenne -joillenne essive -jananne -joinanne translative -jaksenne -joiksenne abessive -jattanne -joittanne instructive — — comitative — -joinenne
third-person possessor singular plural nominative -jansa -jansa accusative nom. -jansa -jansa gen. -jansa genitive -jansa -joidensa -joittensa -jainsa rare partitive -jaansa -joitaan -joitansa inessive -jassaan -jassansa -joissaan -joissansa elative -jastaan -jastansa -joistaan -joistansa illative -jaansa -joihinsa adessive -jallaan -jallansa -joillaan -joillansa ablative -jaltaan -jaltansa -joiltaan -joiltansa allative -jalleen -jallensa -joilleen -joillensa essive -janaan -janansa -joinaan -joinansa translative -jakseen -jaksensa -joikseen -joiksensa abessive -jattaan -jattansa -joittaan -joittansa instructive — — comitative — -joineen -joinensa
Otherwise, the noun is declined as type 10 (koira
Inflection of-ja (Kotus type 10/koira nominative -ja -jat genitive -jan -jien partitive -jaa -jia illative -jaan -jiin singular plural nominative -ja -jat accusative nom. -ja -jat gen. -jan genitive -jan -jien -jain rare partitive -jaa -jia inessive -jassa -jissa elative -jasta -jista illative -jaan -jiin adessive -jalla -jilla ablative -jalta -jilta allative -jalle -jille essive -jana -jina translative -jaksi -jiksi abessive -jatta -jitta instructive — -jin comitative See the possessive forms below.
Possessive forms of-ja (Kotus type 10/koira first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -jani -jani accusative nom. -jani -jani gen. -jani genitive -jani -jieni -jaini rare partitive -jaani -jiani inessive -jassani -jissani elative -jastani -jistani illative -jaani -jiini adessive -jallani -jillani ablative -jaltani -jiltani allative -jalleni -jilleni essive -janani -jinani translative -jakseni -jikseni abessive -jattani -jittani instructive — — comitative — -jineni
second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -jasi -jasi accusative nom. -jasi -jasi gen. -jasi genitive -jasi -jiesi -jaisi rare partitive -jaasi -jiasi inessive -jassasi -jissasi elative -jastasi -jistasi illative -jaasi -jiisi adessive -jallasi -jillasi ablative -jaltasi -jiltasi allative -jallesi -jillesi essive -janasi -jinasi translative -jaksesi -jiksesi abessive -jattasi -jittasi instructive — — comitative — -jinesi
first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -jamme -jamme accusative nom. -jamme -jamme gen. -jamme genitive -jamme -jiemme -jaimme rare partitive -jaamme -jiamme inessive -jassamme -jissamme elative -jastamme -jistamme illative -jaamme -jiimme adessive -jallamme -jillamme ablative -jaltamme -jiltamme allative -jallemme -jillemme essive -janamme -jinamme translative -jaksemme -jiksemme abessive -jattamme -jittamme instructive — — comitative — -jinemme
second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -janne -janne accusative nom. -janne -janne gen. -janne genitive -janne -jienne -jainne rare partitive -jaanne -jianne inessive -jassanne -jissanne elative -jastanne -jistanne illative -jaanne -jiinne adessive -jallanne -jillanne ablative -jaltanne -jiltanne allative -jallenne -jillenne essive -jananne -jinanne translative -jaksenne -jiksenne abessive -jattanne -jittanne instructive — — comitative — -jinenne
third-person possessor singular plural nominative -jansa -jansa accusative nom. -jansa -jansa gen. -jansa genitive -jansa -jiensa -jainsa rare partitive -jaansa -jiaan -jiansa inessive -jassaan -jassansa -jissaan -jissansa elative -jastaan -jastansa -jistaan -jistansa illative -jaansa -jiinsa adessive -jallaan -jallansa -jillaan -jillansa ablative -jaltaan -jaltansa -jiltaan -jiltansa allative -jalleen -jallensa -jilleen -jillensa essive -janaan -janansa -jinaan -jinansa translative -jakseen -jaksensa -jikseen -jiksensa abessive -jattaan -jattansa -jittaan -jittansa instructive — — comitative — -jineen -jinensa
-ja
Used on a verb before the case marker to indicatenegation . -ja
romanization of-𐌾𐌰 -ja
Possessive (andgenitive ) suffix:[from 1055] ( with nopossessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article ) his , her , its …ház (a) háza , az ő háza ( “ his /her /its house” ) élet (az) élete , az ő élete ( “ his /her /its life” ) barát (a) barátja ( “ his /her /its friend” ) kapu (a) kapuja ( “ his /her /its gate” ) palota (a) palotája ( “ his /her /its palace” ) kert (a) kertje ( “ his /her /its garden” ) betű (a) betűje ( “ his /her /its letter” ) vese (a) veséje ( “ his /her /its kidney” ) ( with a singularpossessor ) -'s ,of …( third-person singular, single possession ) Anna háza ( “ Anna’s house ” ) ,a felkelő nap háza ( “ the houseof the rising sun ” ) Anna élete ( “ Anna’s life ” ) ,a város élete ( “ the lifeof the city ” ) a király palotája ( “ the king’s palace ” ) a ház kapuja ( “ the gateof the house ” ) Anna kertje ( “ Anna’s garden ” ) ,a tulipán kertje ( “ the gardenof the tulip ” ) ( with a plural possessor ) -s’ ,of …-s ( third-person plural, single possession ) a szülei m háza ( “ my parents’ house ” ) ,a trópusi növények háza ( “ [the] houseof [the] tropical plants ” , literally“ the tropical plants’ house ” ) a szülei m élete ( “ my parents’ lives ” , literally“ my parents’ life ” ) ,a könyvek élete ( “ [the] livesof [the] books ” , literally“ the books’ life ” ) az uralkodók palotája ( “ the rulers’ palace ” ) a szülei m kertje ( “ my parents’ garden ” ) ,Az elágazó ösvények kertje ( “ The Gardenof Forking Paths ” ) ( withinstantaneous time expressions ) ago ( referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant ) Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ―S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long timeago . Synonym: -val /-vel ezelőtt ( e.g.egy évszázaddal , két évvel ezelőtt ) ( withdurative time expressions ) for …( referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question ) Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ―We have been waiting for youfor a century / two years / an hour / a long time. Synonym: óta ( less common in this sense; more commonly means “since” ) ( mostly with quantities, often following-ik ) of …,out of …( partitive sense) Synonym: ( only with countable quantities ) közül jó (jav-) ( “ the greater/better part ” ) →a java még hátravan ( “ the best/bulk is yet to come ” , literally“ its best/bulk is…” ) legnagyobbik ( “ the biggest one ” ) →a bikák legnagyobbika ( “ the biggest [one]of the bulls ” ,synonymous withalegnagyobb bika ) (possessive suffix ) Variants:-a -e -ja -a changes to-á- ; final-o changes to-ó- .-je -e changes to-é- ; final-ö changes to-ő- .This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-personsingular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-personplural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children ’s ball”(a gyerekek labdája ). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk , see-juk its variants ). -ja
( personal suffix ) Forms thedefinite third-person singular present tense of back-vowel verbs (with identical or different assimilation rules depending on the ending of the stem—see the tables below ): inindicative moodtud ( “ to know ” ) + -ja → tudja ( “ he/she knows ” ) Tudja , hogy mit akar.He/she knows what he/she wants.tartalmaz ( “ to contain ” ) + -ja → tartalmazza ( “ it contains [that ]” ) tart ( “ to hold, keep ” ) + -ja → tartja ( “ [formal]you are holding/keeping [him/her/it ]or s/he is holding/keeping [him/her/it ] ” ) insubjunctive (imperative) moodmegtud ( “ to find out ” ) →tudja meg! ( “ [formal] Find it out!or Lethim/her find it out! ” ) tartalmaz ( “ to contain ” ) + -ja → tartalmazza ! ( “ it should contain [that ]or letit contain [that ]” ) tart ( “ to hold, keep ” ) + -ja → tartsa ! ( “ [formal] hold/keephim/her/it !or s/he should hold/keephim/her/it !or lethim/her hold/keephim/her/it ! ” ) ( personal suffix ) Thej assimilates to the finals, sz, z, dz. See harmonic variants in the tables below. Present tense definite – personal endings
Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings
Person Back Front én 1st person singular -jam -jem te 2nd person singular -d long form -jad -jed ő maga ön 3rd person singular -ja -je mi 1st person plural -juk -jük ti 2nd person plural -játok -jétek ők maguk önök 3rd person plural -ják -jék See also: present-tenseindefinite-object suffixes andsecond-person-object suffixes for informal addressing . Verb ending Assimilation rules of-j s The-j assimilates to the verb ending:keres → keressmetsz → metsszhoz → hozzedz → eddz(No change in the short-d form of 2nd-person keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd. ) st The-t is removed,the-j assimilates to the-s, -sz: fest → fessfáraszt → fárassz-d forms:fesd, fáraszd. long vowel + t t The-j becomes-s :segít → segítsbont → bontsbocsát → bocsáss,lát → láss-d forms:segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. short vowel + t Both the stem-final-t and the-j become-s :mutat → mutass,szeret → szeress-d forms:mutasd, szeresd.
FromProto-Finnic *-ja Finnish -ja Estonian -ja
-ja (front vowel variant -jä
Used to formagent nouns from verbs :-er kirjuttaa ( “ to write ” ) + -ja → kirjuttaja ( “ writer ” ) After the vowel-i- :
FromProto-Finnic *-dak Finnish -da
-ja (front vowel variant -jä
First infinitive marker. nai- -ja → naija vee- -ja → veejä Used after monosyllabic stems ending in-e- or-i- . See the lemma.
-ja
alternative form of-a ( feminine, plural, or singulative ending ) ,used with stems ending in -i, -jFromArabic يَ ( ya ) , alternative form ofي ( -ī ) .
-ja
alternative form of-i ( 1st-person singular non-verbal pronominal suffix ) ,used with stems ending in vowels or diphthongs. -ja
alternative form of-a Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017 ),A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia. [1] 134 -ja (Cyrillic spelling -ја
Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative. FromProto-Finnic *-ja
-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä reduced form -jõ reduced front vowel harmony variant -je
-er ( used to form agent nouns from verbs ) :Words with this suffix are inflected likejalkõ
Variant orthographies ALIV -ja Brazilian standard -ja New Tribes -ja
-ja
forms a tag question, requesting confirmation :right ?This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
-ja
expresses complaint about the term it attaches to Cáceres, Natalia (2011 ), “⸗ja”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana [2] Cáceres, Natalia (2011 ), “-ja”, inGrammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana [3] 
