FromProto-Finnic*-ic'ëC, consisting of the suffix*-icci plus an additional consonant. The additional consonant is only found in Finnish; the other Finnic languages have forms deriving from the vowel-final form. Cognate withEstonian-itsi,Karelian-ičči,Veps-iči.

• IPA^(key): /-itseˣ/,[-its̠e̞(ʔ)]

-itse

1. by,through;the suffix of theprolative, determines the channel by which something takes place.

   ‎meri(“sea”) + ‎-itse → ‎meritse(“by sea”)

   ‎sähköposti(“email”) + ‎-itse → ‎sähköpostitse(“by email”)

Although commonly analysed synchronically as-tse added onto the plural stem of the word, in origin the suffix simply began with-i- (like-inen), and no plural stem was involved.

Most grammars treat the prolative not as a separate case because it seems not to occur inconcorded form (an adjective inPROLATIVE + a noun inPROLATIVE); allegedly only with nouns in this form (e.g.postitse(“by post”);puhelimitse(“by phone”); etc.). However, there is one example which makes the prolative pass the concord test and therefore makes thePROLATIVE a case:

Hän hoiti asian pitkitse kirjeitse. ―He took care of the matterwith a long letter.

Despite this, the prolative is widely held to be an adverbial case, not a proper case.

• esti,etsi,seit,ties

• Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
• Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
• Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
• Finnish lemmas
• Finnish suffixes
• Finnish adverb-forming suffixes
• Finnish terms with usage examples

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