FromLatin-ia in country names.

• IPA^(key): [ˈio]
• Rhymes:-io
• Hyphenation: i‧o

-io

2. a place, usually a country, named after the root, whether that is a people, person, city, or river

   ‎andaluzo(“Andalusian”) + ‎-io → ‎Andaluzio(“Andalusia”)

   ‎Esperanto(“theEsperanto language”) + ‎-io → ‎Esperantio(“anotional Esperanto-speaking land”)

   ‎flandro(“Fleming”) + ‎-io → ‎Flandrio(“Flanders”)

   ‎japano(“aJapanese person”) + ‎-io → ‎Japanio(“Japan”)

   ‎Kaŭkazo(“theCaucasus Mountains”) + ‎-io → ‎Kaŭkazio(“theCaucasus(region)”)

   ‎Kolumbo(“Christopher Columbus”) + ‎-io → ‎Kolumbio(“Colombia”)

   ‎Niĝero(“theNiger River”) + ‎-io → ‎Niĝerio(“Nigeria”)

   ‎Novjorko(“New York City”) + ‎-io → ‎Novjorkio(“New York(state)”)

   ‎Romo(“Rome”) + ‎-io → ‎Romio(“theRoman Empire”)

   ‎ŝvabo(“Swabian”) + ‎-io → ‎Ŝvabio(“Swabia”)

3. a science named after its practitioner

   ‎astronomo(“astronomer”) + ‎-io → ‎astronomio(“astronomy”)

   ‎biologo(“biologist”) + ‎-io → ‎biologio(“biology”)

   ‎kirurgo(“surgeon”) + ‎-io → ‎kirurgio(“surgery (branch of medicine)”)

5. -ium;used to form the names ofchemical elements

   ‎berilo(“beryl”) + ‎-io → ‎berilio(“beryllium”)

   ‎titano(“titan”) + ‎-io → ‎titanio(“titanium”)

   ‎Urano(“Uranus”) + ‎-io → ‎uranio(“uranium”)

• (place):-ujo for places named after their inhabitants:Anglujo(“England”)
• (place):lando is also sometimes used for places named after inhabitants:Svedlando =Svedio(“Sweden”)
• (science):scienco is used like a suffix with root words to form names of some sciences:vulkanoscienco =vulkanologio(“volcanology”)

From multiple sources, including extraction from words derived with-o from verb stems ending in-i, as well as from earlier and still dialectal-i(j)o, from-ja-i (for labialai >o, compare plural forms ofkala-type nouns), from-ja +-i.

-io (front vowel harmony variant-iö,linguistic notation-iO)

1. Forms nouns from verbs or verbal stems.

   ‎itää(“to sprout”) + ‎-io → ‎itiö(“spore (of e.g. mushroom, moss)”)

   ‎valita(“to choose”) + ‎-io → ‎valio(“elite, select”)

2. Forms nouns from other nouns, adjectives, numbers or their stems.

   ‎yksi(“one”) + ‎-io → ‎yksiö(“a one-room apartment”)

   ‎kolme(“three”) + ‎-io → ‎kolmio(“a triangle; a yield sign”)

   ‎neljä(“four”) + ‎-io → ‎neliö(“a square”); shorter form fora square meter

• oi

Borrowed fromEnglish-ia,French-ie,Italian-ia,Russian-ия(-ija),Spanish-ia, ultimately fromLatin-ia, fromAncient Greek-ία(-ía).

-io

1. suffix denoting the country, region, domain, territory or province dependent upon the authority of a person

   ‎duko(“duke; duchess”) + ‎-io → ‎dukio(“duchy”)

   ‎episkopo(“bishop”) + ‎-io → ‎episkopio(“bishopric, diocese, episcopate”)

   ‎paroko(“parish priest, rector”) + ‎-io → ‎parokio(“parish”)

   ‎rejo(“sovereign, ruler, king, queen, monarch”) + ‎-io → ‎rejio(“kingdom”)

A common but false misconception is that countries that end with-ia in Ido, for exampleAlbania, use this suffix when in fact it's part of the root itself. Though,-io at times can help shape country names to fit;Mexikia uses the extrai so not to be confused withMexiko(“Mexico City”) at the same time resembling other country names.

Unknown. Perhaps fromLatin-ērium.

• IPA^(key): /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes:-io
• Hyphenation:-ì‧o

-io m (noun-forming suffix,plural-ii)

2. used with verb roots to derive nouns withdurative,intensive orfrequentative connotation;-le

FromLatin-īvus.

• IPA^(key): /ˈi.o/
• Rhymes:-io
• Hyphenation:-ì‧o

-io (adjective-forming suffix,feminine-ia,masculine plural-ii,feminine plural-ie)
-io m (noun-forming suffix,plural-ii)

2. Alternative form of-ivo

FromLatin-ius.

• IPA^(key): /jo/,/ˈi.o/
• Rhymes:-io
• Hyphenation:-io,-ì‧o

-io (adjective-forming suffix,feminine-ia,masculine plural-ior-ii,feminine plural-ie)

1. added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”;-y

• IPA^(key): /jo/(stressed on the preceding syllable)
• Hyphenation:-io

-io m (noun-forming suffix,plural-i)

2. (uncommon)used with verb roots to derive simple deverbal nouns

   ‎sgravare(“to relieve, to lighten”) + ‎-io → ‎sgràvio(“relief, lightening”)

Borrowed fromNew Latin-ium.

• IPA^(key): /jo/,/ˈi.o/
• Rhymes:-io
• Hyphenation:-io,-ì‧o

-io m (noun-forming suffix,plural-ior-ii)

2. forms the name of chemical elements;-ium

FromLatin-īvit viaVulgar Latin-īut.

• IPA^(key): /jo/,/ˈi.o/
• Rhymes:-io
• Hyphenation:-io,-ì‧o

-io (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)

1. (archaic, Dantesque)used with a stem to form the third-person singular past historic of regular-ire verbs

Suffix-ō oni-stems.

-iō f (genitive-iōnis);third declension

2. Used to form abstractnouns from verbs.

The suffix-iō is added to averb to create athird-declensionfeminine abstract noun.

Examples:

legiō, fromlegō

regiō, fromregō

Third-declension noun.

• -tus

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995)New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press,→ISBN

Extension of-ō (possibly by rebracketing).

-iō m (genitive-iōnis);third declension

2. Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms variousnouns designating persons that are characterized by or related to the base word, such as nicknames or names of professions.
4. Suffixed to noun or adjective stems, forms certainnouns designating things; often described as a kind of diminutive.

Personal appellations ending in-iō appear to have often had a derogatory or pejorative shade of meaning, which in some cases resulted in a sense near that of a diminutive, as in the case ofhomunciō.^[1]

Third-declension noun.

• -ō,-ārius

From -i-ō. Ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*-yeti.

-iō (present infinitive-iāre,perfect active-iāvī,supine-iātum);first conjugation

2. Used to formfactitive verbs from adjectives.

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used byOld Latin writers; most notablyPlautus andTerence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
²The present passive infinitive in-ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

FromProto-Italic*-jō, fromProto-Indo-European*-yéti (first person singular:*-yóh₂) after a consonant.

-iō (present infinitive-ere,perfect active-ī,supine-um);third conjugationiō-variant

2. Used to form some irregularthird conjugation verbs.

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used byOld Latin writers; most notablyPlautus andTerence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.

Ultimately fromProto-Indo-European*-yéti(denominative suffix). The question of how it came to be differentiated from third-conjugation-iō, -ere is still debated. Vine 2012 derives denominatives such asserviō from*serw-e-yé/ó- (with the thematic vowel *-e- before the suffix), proposing that unaccented Proto-Indo-European *-e- came to be assimilated in Italic to an immediately following *-y-.^[2] Alternative explanations include an Italic version ofSievers's law (that is, a prosodically conditioned development of postconsonantal *-y-* to *-iy- in certain contexts) or combination of the suffix with stems ending in *-i-. Some verbs may be derived from backformation from adjectives ending in-ītus, such asigniō, whose finite forms are attested later thanignītus(“fiery, glowing”).^[3]

-iō (present infinitive-īre,perfect active-īvīor-iī,supine-ītum);fourth conjugation

2. Used to formfourth conjugation verbs.