-ism, -ation, -ment; Suffixed to nouns or verbs to form masculine abstract nouns of practice (action or incidence), result, teaching (doctrine or philosophy), or status (state or condition) related to the thing or action
FromOld Irish-imm. Them is always broad (velarized) in Ulster, as if the ending were spelled-(e)am. This pronunciation arose by leveling of this ending with the broadm found in first-person singular prepositional pronouns such asagam,asam,chugam etc. CompareScottish Gaelic-am(first-person singular imperative).[1]
Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-im”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[1], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-im”, inPalula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[2], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives,→ISBN
Turkish has word-final stress. Usually, when the possessive suffix-im is the last syllable of a word, it takes the stress. See also the first usage note of Etymology 2. However, when suffixed to a word with anomalous stress, the same syllable is stressed as before; for example,İzmir /ˈiz.miɾ/ +-im →İzmir’im /ˈiz.mi.ɾim/ (“my Izmir”).
If the noun ends in a vowel, the vowel of the possessive suffix is elided, becoming-m:
The suffix obeysvowel harmony and is used for words whose last vowel ise ori, and a small number ofloan words; for example,saat(“watch”) +-im →saatim (“my watch”). It may change into-ım,-um and-üm according to the last vowel of the word it is suffixed to. Examples:
kız(“girl”) +-im →kızım (“my girl (daughter)”) (used when the last vowel is “a” or “ı”);
yol(“road”) +-im →yolum (“my road”) (used when the last vowel is “o” or “u”);
yüz(“face”) +-im →yüzüm (“my face”) (used when the last vowel is “ö” or “ü”).
When a stem ends in a voiced consonant, it may become devoiced in syllable-final position. If a word ends in a thus devoiced “p”, “ç”, “t” or “k”, suffixing it with-im changes it back into a voiced “b”, “c”, “d” or “ğ”:
In many words that are originally monosyllables ending in two consonants, an epenthic “i” is inserted between these consonants. When suffixed with-im, the epenthic “i” is dropped:
FromOttoman Turkishـم,ـن(-im, -ım, -in, -ın, -en,“first-person singular suffix”), fromOld Anatolian Turkish[script needed](-ven,“first-person singular suffix”), ultimately fromProto-Turkic*-bẹn (seeben(“I”)). Cognate withOld Turkic𐰢𐰤(mn²/-men/,“first person singular suffix”),Karakhanidمَنْ(men,“I, first person singular postposition”),Old Uyghur[script needed](-men,“first person singular suffix”).
The suffix ultimately merged with the first-person singular possessive suffix (see Etymology 1 above) following the road *-bẹn → *-vẹn → *-ẹn → *-ẹm → -im. 11th-centuryKarakhanid scholar ofTurkic languagesKashgari already hints that the Oghuz use *-en dropping /m/ as opposed to the Karakhanid using "-men" CompareTurkmen-in,-än(“first-person singular suffix”),Azerbaijani-əm(“first-person singular suffix”). For a similar case of loss of initial /b/ at the suffix level, compare-iz(“first-person plural suffix”), fromProto-Common Turkic*biz (seebiz(“we”)).
In Turkish, as a word final stress language, when this suffix is at the end of a word it does not take the stress due to not being originally a suffix; therefore a differentiation is realized where the possessive suffix carries the stress. See also the first usage note on Etymology 1.
bel(“waist”) +-im(“first person suffix for "to be"”) →bélim(“I am (the) waist”), as opposed tobel(“waist”) +-im(“first-person possessive suffix”) →belím(“my waist”)
gel-(“come”) +-ecek(“future tense marker”) +-im(“personal suffix”) →gelecéğim(“I will come”), as opposed togelecek(“future”) +-im(“first-person possessive suffix”) →geleceğím(“my future”) or also alternativelygelecek(“future”) +-im(“first person suffix for "to be"”) →gelecéğim(“I am (the) future”)
If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "y"(for the verb to be).
