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-ese

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:Appendix:Variations of "ese"

English

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Etymology

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  • Etymology tree
    Proto-Indo-European*-iskos
    Proto-Germanic*-iskaz
    Proto-West Germanic*-iskbor.
    Late Latin-iscus
    Vulgar Latin-iscus
    Latin-ēnsis
    Old French-eisbor.
    Middle English-eys
    English-ese

    FromMiddle English-eys, fromOld French-eis, fromLatin-ēnsis and, less often,Late Latin-iscus. Generally used in place of more common equivalent suffixes such as-er and-an on the model of equivalent terms inItalian andPortuguese, particularly for Italian, Portuguese African, and East Asian places first widely discussed in Portuguese and Latin.

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -ese

    1. Used to form adjectives and nouns describing things and characteristics of a city, region, or country, such as the people and thelanguage spoken by these people.
      Synonyms:-ish,-an,-ian,-ic,-ite,-i
      Faroese,Maltese,Milanese,Parmese,Portuguese,Viennese;Chinese,Japanese,Vietnamese;Beninese,Congolese,Togolese
    2. Used to formnouns meaning thejargon orlanguage used by a particularprofession orbeing or in a particularcontext.
      Synonym:-speak
      journal + ‎-ese → ‎journalese
      legal + ‎-ese → ‎legalese
      translation + ‎-ese → ‎translationese

    Usage notes

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    Generally speaking, nouns formed with the suffix-ese have no distinct plural form (e.g.two Viennese) and, usually with the definite article, can be plural and refer to an entire group (e.g.the Ravennese). They are also generally not used in the singular, as in "I am a Chinese"; instead, phrases like "I am a Chinese person" are used, where "Chinese" is an adjective. (In some British dialects, "a Chinese" can be used, but to refer to anellipsis ofChinesemeal, rather than a person.) This is not always the case, particularly for (non-native) English speakers from East Asia who use it to translate demonyms such as日本人 and中国人, but such countable uses may have nonstandard meanings. See also-ish: "I am an English" is similarly considered improper.

    Derived terms

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    Adjectives and nouns describing characteristics of a region
    Nouns denoting jargon

    Translations

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    Note: these translations are a guide only. For more precise translations, always see individual words ending in-ese.

    forming adjectives or nouns describing things or people characteristic of a particular place
    forming nouns meaning the jargon used by a particular profession

    See also

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    References

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    1. ^Mentioned in dictionaries but no longer used. See e.g.
      Annamese”, inMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.:Merriam-Webster, 1996–present. /Annamese”, inDictionary.com Unabridged,Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present. /Annamese”, inCollins English Dictionary. /William Dwight Whitney,Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “Annamese”, inThe Century Dictionary [], New York, N.Y.:The Century Co.,→OCLC.,
      Chinese”, inMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.:Merriam-Webster, 1996–present. /Chinese”, inDictionary.com Unabridged,Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present. /Chinese”, inCollins English Dictionary. /William Dwight Whitney,Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “Chinese”, inThe Century Dictionary [], New York, N.Y.:The Century Co.,→OCLC.,
      legalese”, inMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.:Merriam-Webster, 1996–present. /legalese”, inDictionary.com Unabridged,Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.,
      Viennese”, inMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.:Merriam-Webster, 1996–present. /Viennese”, inDictionary.com Unabridged,Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present. /Viennese”, inCollins English Dictionary. /William Dwight Whitney,Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “Viennese”, inThe Century Dictionary [], New York, N.Y.:The Century Co.,→OCLC., etc.

    Anagrams

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    German

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    Etymology

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  • Presumably fromItalian-ese,Portuguese-ese andEnglish-ese +-e.

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    -ese m (weak,genitive-esen,plural-esen,feminine-esin)

    1. Forms nouns indicating an inhabitant of a place.

    Usage notes

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    • As in English,-ese is generally only used to form words on the model of Italian and Portuguese terms, with particular use in Italy, Portuguese Africa, and East Asia. Unlike English, the German terms only function as demonyms that can easily be discussed in the singular and many such terms are now obsolete, having been replaced by equivalents using-er.

    Declension

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    Declension of-ese [masculine, weak]
    singularplural
    indef.def.noundef.noun
    nominativeeinder-esedie-esen
    genitiveeinesdes-esender-esen
    dativeeinemdem-esenden-esen
    accusativeeinenden-esendie-esen

    Derived terms

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    Interlingua

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    Etymology

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    Borrowed fromEnglish-an,French-ain,Italian-ano,Portuguese-ano/Spanish-ano, all ultimately fromLatin-ānus.

    Pronunciation

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    Suffix

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    The templateTemplate:ia-suffix does not use the parameter(s):
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    -ese

    1. forms nouns and adjectives from nouns, denoting or pertaining to a native, citizen or inhabitant;-ese
      Synonyms:(noun)-ano,-ana,-ita,(adjective)-an
      China(China) + ‎-ese → ‎chinese(Chinese)
      Geneva(Geneva) + ‎-ese → ‎genevese(Genevese)
      Francia(France) + ‎-ese → ‎francese(French)
    2. forms nouns and adjectives from nouns, denoting or pertaining to a language;-ese
      Synonyms:(noun)-ano,(adjective)-an
      China(China) + ‎-ese → ‎chinese(Chinese)
      Brooklyn(Brooklyn) + ‎-ese → ‎brooklynese(Brooklynese, Brooklyn dialect)

    Derived terms

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    References

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    Italian

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    Etymology

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    Inherited fromLatin-ēnsem(originating in), whence also Italian-ense.

    Pronunciation

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    • IPA(key): /ˈe.ze/,(traditional)/ˈe.se/
    • Rhymes:-eze,(traditional)-ese
    • Hyphenation:-é‧se

    Suffix

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    -ese m orfby sense (adjective-forming suffix,plural-esi)or
    -ese m orfby sense (noun-forming suffix,plural-esi)

    1. -ese (both senses);-er
      Libano(Lebanon) + ‎-ese → ‎libanese(Lebanese)
      Cina(China) + ‎-ese → ‎cinese(Chinese)
      sinistra(left) + ‎-ese → ‎sinistrese(left-wing political jargon)
      giornalista(journalist) + ‎-ese → ‎giornalistese(journalese)

    Derived terms

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    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=-ese&oldid=87431845"
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