Inherited fromMiddle English -ere ,-er Old English -ere Proto-West Germanic *-ārī Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz Latin -ārius *-ārijaz Middle English -er Old French -ier Latin -ārius Old French -or -eor Anglo-Norman -our Latin -(ā)tor Proto-Indo-European *-tōr
The "inhabitant" sense is sometimes connected toMiddle English -wær(r)e, -ware Old English -ware ( suffix denoting residency ) , fromProto-West Germanic *-wari Proto-Germanic *warjaz ( “ inhabitant ” ) , fromProto-Indo-European *wer- ( “ to protect ” ) .
-'er ( following an abbreviation, or sometimes following a number ) -er
( added to verbs ) person orthing that does an action indicated by the root verb;used to form anagent noun .Antonym: -ee read -er → reader cook -er → cooker compute -er → computer run -er → runner toast -er → toaster swim -er → swimmer do good -er → do-gooder ( added to verbs, informal ) look -er → looker ( “ an attractive person ” ) keep -er → keeper ( “ a person or thing worth keeping ” ) ( added to nouns, chiefly denoting occupations ) ( more broadly, occasionally with adjectives ) astrology -er → astrologer baby boom -er → baby boomer conlang -er → conlanger cricket -er → cricketer trumpet -er → trumpeter zine -er → ziner ( added to numbers, measurements or nouns denoting quantified sets ) six -er → sixer six foot -er → six-footer three-wheel -er → three-wheeler first grade -er → first grader ( slang , chiefly entertainment, with few limitations) Used to form nouns shorter than more formal synonyms .percent -er → percenter ( “ commission agent ” ) one hand -er → one-hander ( “ one-man show ” ) oat -er → oater ( “ a Western-themed movie ” ) ( added to nouns ) theory ,doctrine , or politicalmovement .birth -er → birther flat earth -er → flat-earther truth -er → truther woke -er → woker ( added to nouns or occasionally adjectives ) bacon -er → baconer ( “ pig raised for bacon ” ) chocolate chip -er → chocolate chipper ( “ cookie containing chocolate chips ” ) sternwheel -er → sternwheeler ( “ vessel driven by a sternwheel ” ) ( slang , added in slang speech to verbs or adjectives) piss -er → pisser ( “ a hilariously funny event or situation ” ) ( added to a proper noun ) resident orinhabitant of (the place denoted by the proper noun);used to form ademonym .New York -er → New Yorker London -er → Londoner Dublin -er → Dubliner New England -er → New Englander Suffix denoting residency in or around a place, district, area, or region.island -er → islander highland -er → highlander East End -er → East-Ender The suffix may be used to form an agent noun of many verbs. In compound or phrasal verbs, the suffix usually follows the verb component (as inpasser by runner -up do-gooder washer -upper picker-upperer The occupational sense is often applied generally to members of a group, as increwer ( “ a member of a crew ” ) andZ-lister ( “ one on theZ-list ” ) ; fans and hobbyists, as inK-popper ( “ a fan ofK-pop ” ) , and those who use a particular tool or instrument, as inJavaScripter ( “ a programmer who usesJavaScript ” ) . The entertainment slang sense is sometimes referred to as theVariety -er The translations below are a guide only. For more precise translations, see specific words ending with this suffix.
(used to form agent nouns) person or thing that does...
Afrikaans:-er Albanian:-es m -ese f -ës m -ëse f -tar m -tare f American Sign Language:OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh Arabic:مُـ (ar) ( mu- ) Egyptian Arabic:مِـ ( mi- ) Armenian:-իչ ( -ičʻ ) Bashkir:-сы ( -sı ) ,-се ( -se ) ,-со ( -so ) ,-сө ( -sö ) Catalan:-dor (ca) m -dora (ca) f -triu f -er (ca) m -era (ca) f Chinese:Mandarin:...者 (zh) ( -zhě ) ,...家 (zh) ( -jiā ) Czech:-ič m -ač m -itel m -átor m -ec (cs) m Danish:-er (da) Dutch:-er (nl) Egyptian:-y Faroese:-ari Finnish:( person that does ) -ja (fi) ,-ri (fi) ;( thing or tool that does ) -in (fi) ,-uri (fi) ,-ari (fi) French:-eur (fr) m -euse (fr) f Galician:-eiro (gl) m -eira (gl) f German:-er (de) m Greek:-άς (el) m ( -ás ) ,-ού (el) f ( -oú ) Guaraní:-hára Hebrew:participle (present tense) Hungarian:-ó (hu) /-ő (hu) Icelandic:-ari m Ido:-er Igbo:onye- Indonesian:peng- (id) ,pem- (id) ,pe (id) Interlingua:-ero m -era f -ario m -aria f -ista m or f Irish:-éir m Italian:-ore m -tore m Japanese:...者 (ja) ( ...しゃ, -sha ) ,...家 (ja) ( ...か, -ka ) ,...手 (ja) ( ...て, -te ) Kongo:mu- Kurdish:Northern Kurdish:-van (ku) ,-er (ku) Kyrgyz:-чы ( -cı ) ,-чи ( -ci ) ,-чу ( -cu ) ,-чү ( -cü ) Latin:-tor m Latvian:-ājs (lv) m -āja f -ējs (lv) m -ēja f -ents m -ente f -ists m -iste f -ors m -ore f -ers m -eris m -ere f -ieris m -iere f Malay:peng- (ms) ,pem- Maori:kai- Mongolian:-гч ( -gč ) Navajo:-é Nupe:-ci Old English:-ere m -a f Pashto:-ونکی Persian:ـکننده ( -konande ) ,ـگر ( -gar ) Portuguese:-dor (pt) m Romanian:-tor (ro) m -toare f Russian:-тель (ru) m ( -telʹ ) (-а́тель m ( -átelʹ ) /-я́тель m ( -játelʹ ) /-и́тель (ru) m ( -ítelʹ ) ),-ник (ru) m ( -nik ) ,-о́вщик (ru) m ( -óvščik ) ,-щик (ru) m ( -ščik ) ,-щи́к (ru) m ( -ščík ) ,-чик (ru) m ( -čik ) ,-ик (ru) m ( -ik ) ,-и́к (ru) m ( -ík ) ,-ец (ru) m ( -ec ) ,-а́тор (ru) ( -átor ) ,-а́ч (ru) m ( -áč ) ,-ер (ru) m ( -er ) Sanskrit:-क m ( -ka ) Scottish Gaelic:-adair -air -aire -ear -iche Spanish:-dor (es) m -dora (es) f -ero (es) m -era (es) f Swahili:m- Swedish:-re (sv) Tagalog:taga- (tl) Tamil:-இ ( -i ) Thai:นัก... (th) ( nák... ) ,ผู้... (th) ( pûu... ) ,คน... (th) ( kon... ) ,ช่าง... (th) ( châang... ) Turkish:-cı (tr) ,-çı (tr) ,-cu (tr) ,-çu (tr) ,-ci (tr) ,-çi (tr) ,-cü (tr) ,-çü (tr) ,-an -yan -en (tr) ,-yen (tr) Ukrainian:-тель (uk) m ( -telʹ ) ,-ник (uk) m ( -nyk ) ,-щик (uk) m ( -ščyk ) ,-ник (ru) m ( -nik ) ,-чик (uk) m ( -čyk ) ,-їк (uk) m ( -jik ) ,-ік (uk) m ( -ik ) ,-ець (uk) m ( -ecʹ ) ,-а́тор (uk) ( -átor ) ,-а́ч (uk) m ( -áč ) ,-ер (uk) m ( -er ) ,-ар m ( -ar ) Welsh:-wr (cy) m -ydd (cy) m -wraig f Wiradjuri:-daayn Yoruba:oní-
person whose occupation is...
Afrikaans:-er American Sign Language:OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh Armenian:-իչ ( -ičʻ ) Bashkir:-сы ( -sı ) ,-се ( -se ) ,-со ( -so ) ,-сө ( -sö ) Catalan:-er (ca) m -era (ca) f Chinese:Mandarin:...员 (zh) ( -yuán ) ( general ) ,...工 (zh) ( -gōng ) ( of physical work ) ,...手 (zh) ( -shǒu ) ( of sports, games or instruments ) ,...师 (zh) ( -shī ) ( of a skilled job ) ,...家 (zh) ( -jiā ) ( honorific ) ,...的 (zh) ( -de ) ( informal ) Czech:-ař (cs) m -ář (cs) m -íř m -ník (cs) m -ista m -ák (cs) m -ec (cs) m -ik (cs) m -log m -graf m -ér m -er (cs) m -or m Esperanto:-isto (eo) Finnish:-ja (fi) ,-ri (fi) French:for players of instruments or games, often translated as joueur m joueuse f followed by the name of the instrument or game played, but some words have specific translations Galician:-eiro (gl) m -eira (gl) f Greek:-άς (el) m ( -ás ) ,-ού (el) f ( -oú ) Hebrew:־ַאי m ( -ay ) ,־ָן m ( -an ) Hungarian:-us (hu) ,-ász (hu) /-ész (hu) ,-s (hu) /-os (hu) /-as (hu) /-es (hu) /-ös (hu) ,-lógus (hu) Icelandic: -maður (is) m Ido:-ist Interlingua:-ero m -era f -ario m -aria f -ista m or f Irish:-éir m Italian:( for players of instruments ) -ista m f ( for players of sports ) -ista m f giocatore m giocatrice f followed by the name of the sport Kurdish:Northern Kurdish:-kar (ku) ,-er (ku) Kyrgyz:-чы ( -cı ) ,-чи ( -ci ) ,-чу ( -cu ) ,-чү ( -cü ) Mongolian:-чин ( -čin ) ,-ч ( -č ) Nupe:-ci Persian:ـکار (fa) ( -kâr ) Polish:-arz (pl) m -arka (pl) f -acz (pl) m -aczka f -ca (pl) m -czyni f -nik (pl) m -niczka f -ciel m -cielka f Portuguese:-eiro (pt) Scottish Gaelic:( for players of sports ) -air m -adair m Spanish:-ista (es) m or f -dor (es) m -dora (es) f -ero (es) m -era (es) f Swedish:( for players of instruments ) -are (sv) ,-ist (sv) ,-spelare ( for players of sports ) -spelare Tagalog:taga- (tl) Tamil:-ஆளர் c ( -āḷar ) ,-ஆளன் m ( -āḷaṉ ) ,-ஆளி c ( -āḷi ) ,-காரர் c ( -kārar ) ,-காரன் m ( -kāraṉ ) ,-காரி f ( -kāri ) ,-அர் c ( -ar ) ,-அன் m ( -aṉ ) ,-அள் f ( -aḷ ) ,-இ f ( -i ) Thai:นัก... (th) ( nák... ) ,ช่าง... (th) ( châang... ) Turkish:-cı (tr) ,-ci (tr) ,-cu (tr) ,-cü (tr) ;-çı (tr) ,-çi (tr) ,-çu (tr) ,-çü (tr) Welsh:-wr (cy) m -ydd (cy) m -wraig f Wiradjuri:-daayn
(with numbers, measurements or quantified sets) ranked by or having...
(used form a demonym) resident or inhabitant of...
American Sign Language:OpenB@SideChesthigh-OpenB@SideChesthigh OpenB@SideTrunkhigh-OpenB@SideTrunkhigh Armenian:-ցի ( -cʻi ) Catalan:-er (ca) m -era (ca) f Czech:-an (cs) m -ec (cs) m -ák (cs) m Dutch:-er (nl) m -se (nl) f Esperanto:-ano (eo) Finnish:-lainen (fi) French:often translated as habitant m habitante f followed by the name of the place, but some words have specific translations Galician:-eiro (gl) m -eira (gl) f Georgian:-ელი ( -eli ) Hungarian:-i (hu) ,-lakó (hu) Ido:-an Japanese:人 (ja) ( -jin ) Malay:orang (ms) Nupe:-ci Persian:ـی ( -i ) Portuguese:-ês (pt) ,-ense (pt) ,-ão (pt) ,-eiro (pt) ,-ista (pt) ,-enho (pt) Russian:-ец (ru) ( -ec ) ,-анин ( -anin ) ,-анка ( -anka ) ,-ка (ru) ( -ka ) Scottish Gaelic:-ach -each Swedish:-bo (sv) ,-are (sv) Yoruba:oní-
FromMiddle English -re -er Old English -ru ( plural suffix ) , fromProto-Germanic *-izō ( plural suffix ) . Cognate withDutch -er ( plural ending ) ,German -er ( plural ending ) . See also-ren
-er
( obsolete , no longerproductive ) childer calver lamber linder ( "loins" ) FromMiddle English -ere Old English -ra Proto-West Germanic *iʀō *-ōʀō Proto-Germanic *-izô Proto-Germanic *-ōzô -est
-er
( added to certainadjectives andadverbs , now especially short ones ) More ;used to form thecomparative .hard -er → harder wet -er → wetter motley -er → motlier eerie -er → eerier clayey -er → clayier ( more; used to form the comparative ) : Most adjectives whose comparatives are formed using the suffix-er -est Final-y preceded by a consonant becomes-i- when the suffix-er -est easy →easier →easiest ;gray →grayer →grayest When the stress is on the final (or only) syllable of the adjective, and this syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, the final consonant is doubled when the suffix is added.dim →dimmer →dimmest The suffixes-er -est hot →hotter →hottest ;fast →faster →fastest ;funny →funnier →funniest ;sugary →sugarier →sugariest Some adjectives and adverbs form their comparatives and superlatives irregularly:good →better →best ;far →farther →farthest , orfar →further →furthest , depending on the meaning The comparatives and superlatives of other adverbs and adjectives that have two or more syllables, and adjectives that are participles are formed withmore most rigid →more rigidmost rigidenormous →more enormousmost enormousburnt →more burntmost burntfreezing →more freezingmost freezing If in doubt, usemore most thirsty thirstier thirstiest more thirsty andmost thirsty are also acceptable. Words ending with -ng are pronounced/ŋ/ by most dialects instead of/ŋɡ/ . However, when -er or -est is added to an adjective, the/ɡ/ appears in most dialects (but not inwrong )long (/lɒŋ/ ) →longer (/ˈlɒŋ.ɡə(ɹ)/ );young (/jʌŋ/ ) →youngest (/ˈjʌŋ.ɡɪst/ ) used to form the comparative of adjectives
American Sign Language:OpenA@SideChesthigh OpenA@SideNeckhigh Armenian:ավելի (hy) ( aveli ) Basque:please add this translation if you can Breton:-oc'h (br) Burmese:please add this translation if you can Czech:-ejší -ější -čí -ší Dutch:-er (nl) Esperanto:pli (eo) ( used before the adjective ) Finnish:-mpi French:plus (fr) ( used before the adjective ) Galician:máis (gl) Georgian:please add this translation if you can German:-er (de) Greek:-τερος ( -teros ) Ancient:-τερος ( -teros ) ,-ίων ( -íōn ) Hungarian:-bb Italian:più (it) ( used before the adjective ) Japanese:より (ja) ( yori ) ,もっと (ja) ( motto ) Khmer:ជាង (km) ( ciəng ) Kurdish:Northern Kurdish:-tir (ku) Lao:please add this translation if you can Latin:-or -ior Lü:please add this translation if you can Macedonian:по- ( po- ) Mari:Eastern Mari:-рак ( -rak ) Old English:-ra Old Norse:-ari Persian:ـتر ( -tar ) Polish:bardziej (pl) ( used before the adjective ) Portuguese:mais (pt) Romani:-eder po ( used before the adjective ) ,maj ( used before the adjective ) Russian:бо́лее (ru) ( bóleje ) ( used before the adjective ) ,-ее (ru) ( -eje ) ( various suffixes exist ) Serbo-Croatian: -и m а f е n Shan:please add this translation if you can Spanish:más (es) ( used before the adjective ) Swedish:mer (sv) ( used before the adjective ) ,-are (sv) Tagalog:mas (tl) ( used before the adjective ) Thai:-กว่า (th) ( -gwàa ) Tibetan:please add this translation if you can Turkish:daha (tr) Vietnamese:... hơn (vi) Welsh:-ach mwy (cy) ( used before the adjective only if polysyllabic ) Zhuang:please add this translation if you can
FromMiddle English -er Old English -or Proto-West Germanic *-ōʀ Proto-Germanic *-ōz
-er
( added to certainadverbs ) More ;used to form the comparative .used to form the comparative of adverbs
FromMiddle English -eren -ren -rien Old English -erian -rian Proto-West Germanic *-rōn *-iʀōn Proto-Germanic *-rōną *-izōną West Frisian -erje Dutch -eren German -eren -ern Danish -re Swedish -ra
-er
( added to a verb or imitative sound ) Frequently ;used to formfrequentative verbs .twitter clamber bicker mutter wander flutter flicker slither smother sputter ( used to form frequentative ) : -le used to form frequentatives
FromMiddle English -er Anglo-Norman -er Old French -er
-er
( chiefly law , added to a verb ) Instance of (the verbal action);used to form nouns from verbs .disclaim -er → disclaimer remit -er → remitter misname -er → misnomer rebut -er → rebutter attain -er → attainder FromMiddle English -er -ere ( diminutive suffix ) . Compare-el
-er
( added to a verb or noun ) shive -er → shiver slive -er → sliver splint -er → splinter Attested in the UK since the 19th century. Originally Rugby School slang. Later adopted by Oxford University and then wider British society.
-er
( originally school slang ) Used to form slang or colloquial equivalents of words .association -er → soccer ( “ association football ” ) football -er → footer ( “ association football ” ) rugby -er → rugger Radcliffe -er → Radder ( “ a building at Oxford University ” ) used to form slang equivalents
FromMiddle English -er Old English -er -or Proto-Germanic *-raz -le
-er
( now chiefly dialectal ) aptitude ,proneness , ortendency toward a specified action:clive -er → cliver ( “ apt to cleave or adhere to, tenacious, expert as seizing ” ) slip -er → slipper ( “ tending to make slip, slippery ” ) wake -er → waker ( “ tending to wake, watchful ” ) FromMandarin -兒 / -儿 ( -ér ) .
-er
( Chinese literature ) Junior , child, younger person.( Attached to a name, usually one syllable of the given name. ) Li’er said hello to his father.
1979 Women of China [1] 44 :Yue’er began to laugh again and her tears shimmered like dew on a lotus leaf disturbed by a breeze. Then we heard a sound. It was Man’er .
2002 1934 ],Xiao Hong , “The Field of Life and Death”, inHoward Goldblatt , transl.,The Field of Life and Death & Tales of Hulan River ,→ISBN page32 :The fish was laid out on the table, but Ping’er had not come back, nor had his father.
2014 1959 ],Zhong Lihe , “The Little Ridge”, in T. M. McClellan, transl.,From the Old Country: Stories and Sketches of China and Taiwan ,→ISBN page202 :Ying’er was not yet three years old. Li’er had always been the one to play with her or to carry her places on his back.
Especially in Mandarin Chinese literature that has been translated into English, the suffix is often left untranslated in unaccented pinyin. This practice is similar to the use of-kun -chan -san sensei Often, an apostrophe (used to mark syllable boundaries in pinyin) is inserted before the hyphen (as in Li'er), though it can also be omitted (Yinger ). FromDutch -er
-er
-er FromMiddle High German -er Old High German -ari Proto-West Germanic *-ārī German -er Luxembourgish -er
-er
Used to form agent nouns from verbs ;-er -er
person orthing that (does the action indicated by the root);used to form anagent noun .brezhoneg ( “ Breton (language) ” ) + -er → brezhoneger ( “ Breton-speaker ” ) c'hoari ( “ game; to play ” ) + -er → c'hoarier ( “ player, actor ” ) tredan ( “ electricity ” ) + -er → tredaner ( “ electrician ” ) Inherited fromLatin -ārius -ari
-er m noun-forming suffix ,plural -ers
forms nouns meaning the location or object where something is usually found vespa ( “ wasp ” ) + -er → vesper ( “ wasp nest ” ) forms nouns meaning a plant which is cultivated to produce something garrofa ( “ carob ” ) + -er → garrofer ( “ carob tree ” ) forms nouns meaning the purpose of something or an object used for that purpose tovallola ( “ towel ” ) + -er → tovalloler ( “ towel rail ” ) The equivalent suffix-era -er (adjective-forming suffix ,feminine -era masculine plural -ers feminine plural -eres
forms nouns and adjectives referring to an inhabitant of somewhere Brasil ( “ Brazil ” ) + -er → brasiler ( “ Brazilian ” ) forms nouns and adjectives referring to engaging in a profession camió ( “ truck ” ) + -er → camioner ( “ truck driver ” ) forms nouns and adjectives referring to being prone to some activity or characteristic mentida ( “ lie ” ) + -er → mentider ( “ liar, deceptive ” ) forms relational adjectives llet ( “ milk ” ) + -er → lleter ( “ milk [relational adjective], dairy ” ) pel·lícula ( “ film ” ) + -er → pel·liculer ( “ film [relational adjective], filmic, cinematic ” ) Because these senses are used to form adjectives of two forms or nouns referring to animate objects, both the masculine and feminine forms will be found in Catalan, with the lemma entry found at the masculine form. FromMiddle High German -er Proto-Germanic
Regarding the use in masculine pronouns, the medieval documentation shows that, for “who” and “that one”, Ripuarian had forms with and without -r alongside (wer /wē ,der /dē hē wä ,dä ,hä der ( “ the ” ) . The use in indefinite pronouns is analogical; in comparison to otherHigh German dialects, this expansion was very limited, encompassing neither determiners nor adjectives.
-er (inflectional )
formscomparatives formsfeminine dative forms of pronouns, determiners and adjectives formsmasculine nominative /accusative forms ofindefinite pronouns :eener ,keener ,mäncher ,selver ,welcher FromMiddle High German -er(e) -ære Latin -arius
-er (derivational )
-er -or formsagent nouns -er
( added to possessive nouns ) their ( added to verbs as an indirect object ) them From eitherLatin -or English -er
-er m plural -oryon
Forms masculine agent nouns Synonyms: -yas -ydh kig ( “ meat ” ) + -er → kiger ( “ butcher ” ) Forms adjectives for spoken languages; -phone Sowsnek ( “ English ” ) + -er → Sowsneger ( “ Anglophone ” ) Feminine suffix-es -ores . FromOld Norse -ari
-er
Formsagent nouns from verbs, with the sense "someone or something thatverbs ". Formsplural forms of many nouns. Forms thepresent tense of many verbs. Formsdemonyms . Berlin -er → berliner Paris -er → pariser Forms informal action nouns from verbs. ( especially definite ) Forms informal abbreviations of nouns, with elision. hotdog -er → hotter fjernsyn ( “ television ” ) + -er → fjerner Forms a piece of currency from numbers. fem ( “ five ” ) + -er → femmer ( “ fiver, five pounds/dollars/kroner/etc. ” ) Forms a die throw result from numbers. Du skal slå mindst entreer for at komme videre. You must throw at least athree to move on. Senses 1 and 3 often lead to heteronymic pairs. For example, fromløbe ( “ run ” ) [ˈløːb̥ə] comesløber ( “ runs ” ) [ˈløːˀb̥ɐ] (verb form) andløber ( “ runner ” ) [ˈløːb̥ɐ] (noun), distinguished bystød .
FromOld Dutch *-āri -ere Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz Latin -ārius Dutch -aar [ 1]
-er m plural -ers feminine -ster
Formsagent nouns from verbs. Synonym: -aar hoeden -er → hoeder spelen -er → speler Forms nouns for a person associated with something. schip -er → schipper FromOld Dutch *-āri -ere Proto-Germanic *warjaz
-er
Forms nouns denoting male inhabitants or residents of a place. EenAmsterdammer A (male) inhabitant of Amsterdam Synonym: -aar Formings adjectives denoting something originating from a place. HetGroninger museum The museum of Groningen Synonym: -s ( antonym(s) of “ male inhabitant ” ) : -se ( “ female inhabitant ” ) FromMiddle Dutch -er Old Dutch -iro -oro Proto-Germanic *-izô *-ōzô
-er
Forms the comparative form of adjectives. FromMiddle Dutch -er Old Dutch -ro Proto-West Germanic *-eʀā Proto-Germanic *-aizōz
-er
( archaic , except in fixed expressions) Used to form the (strong) feminine singular genitive. onverrichter zake (please add an English translation of this usage example) de schoonheid ener vrouw ―the beautyof a woman ( archaic , except in fixed expressions) Used to form the (strong) feminine singular dative. te goeder trouw in good faith Mostly encountered vestigially, such as in fixed expressions; see for example the descendants at-wijs ^ A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970,→ISBN ; § 175 Inherited fromMiddle French -er Old French -ier Latin -āre Proto-Italic *-āzi Latin -ere
-er (verb-forming suffix )
forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs aimer ―to love In newly formed verbs, this suffix may be preceded by a euphonic consonant /t/ after a base ending in an oral vowel to avoidhiatus . In verbs formed from bases ending in nasal vowels, /n/ is inserted and the nasal vowel is denasalized:agio ( “ agio ” ) + -er → agioter ( “ to speculate ” ) blabla ( “ chit-chat ” ) + -er → blablater ( “ to chit-chat ” ) bourdon ( “ bumblebee; drone ” ) + -er → bourdonner ( “ to buzz, drone ” ) infinitive simple -er compound avoir present participle orgerund 1 simple -ant /ɑ̃/ compound ayant past participle -é /e/ singular plural first second third first second third indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles (simple present -e /ə/ 2 -es /ə/ -e /ə/ -ons /ɔ̃/ -ez /e/ -ent /ə/ imperfect -ais /ɛ/ -ais /ɛ/ -ait /ɛ/ -ions /jɔ̃/ -iez /je/ -aient /ɛ/ past historic 3 -ai /e/ -as /a/ -a /a/ -âmes /am/ -âtes /at/ -èrent /ɛʁ/ future -erai /ə.ʁe/ -eras /ə.ʁa/ -era /ə.ʁa/ -erons /ə.ʁɔ̃/ -erez /ə.ʁe/ -eront /ə.ʁɔ̃/ conditional -erais /ə.ʁɛ/ -erais /ə.ʁɛ/ -erait /ə.ʁɛ/ -erions /ə.ʁjɔ̃/ -eriez /ə.ʁje/ -eraient /ə.ʁɛ/ (compound present perfect present indicative ofavoir pluperfect imperfect indicative ofavoir past anterior 3 past historic ofavoir future perfect future ofavoir conditional perfect conditional ofavoir subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles (simple present -e /ə/ 2 -es /ə/ -e /ə/ -ions /jɔ̃/ -iez /je/ -ent /ə/ imperfect 3 -asse /as/ -asses /as/ -ât /a/ -assions /a.sjɔ̃/ -assiez /a.sje/ -assent /as/ (compound past present subjunctive ofavoir pluperfect 3 imperfect subjunctive ofavoir imperative – tu – nous vous – simple — -e /ə/ — -ons /ɔ̃/ -ez /e/ — compound — simple imperative ofavoir — simple imperative ofavoir simple imperative ofavoir — 1 The French gerund is usable only with the prepositionen 2 -é 3 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995],Master the Basics: French , pp.77 ,78 ,79 ,81 ).
Inherited fromMiddle French -er Old French -ier Latin -ārius
-er m noun-forming suffix ,plural -ers
forms nouns indicating the person who exercises a particular activity Synonym: ( female equivalent ) -ère boulanger ―baker Inherited fromOld Anatolian Turkish [script needed] ( -yorır, -yörir ) ,[script needed] ( -yor, -yör ) , ultimately fromProto-Turkic *yorï- ıyor > *ıor > *ıar > êr , with contamination from the suffix-ar [ 1] Turkish -iyor Turkmen -ýar Doublet oförümää
-er (back vowel variant -êr
marks the present imperfective tense olmaa ( “ to happen ” ) + -er → olêr ( “ is happening ” ) yaşamaa ( “ to live ” ) + -er → yaşêêr ( “ is living ” ) görmää ( “ to see ” ) + -er → görer ( “ s/he sees ” ) istemää ( “ to want ” ) + -er → isteer ( “ s/he wants ” ) ^ Dinçaslan, M.F. (2023). Gagavuz Türkçesi Ana Ağız Alanları ile Alt Ağız Gruplarının Şimdiki Zaman EkininVaryantlarına Göre Tasnifi. Uluslararası Türk Lehçe Araştırmaları Dergisi / International Journal of Turkic Dialects(TÜRKLAD). 7. Cilt, 2. Sayı, 369-38 N. A Baskakov, editor (1972 ), “-er ”, inGagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary →ISBN 641 FromMiddle High German -ære -er Old High German -āri Proto-West Germanic *-ārī Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz Latin -ārius [ 1]
-er m strong genitive -ers plural -er
Forms agent nouns etc. from verbs, suffixed to the verb stem. arbeiten ( “ to work ” ) + -er → Arbeiter ( “ worker ” ) bohren ( “ to drill ” ) + -er → Bohrer ( “ drill ” ) Forms instance nouns from verbs. husten ( “ to cough ” ) + -er → Huster ( “ single cough, instance of coughing ” ) hüpfen ( “ to hop ” ) + -er → Hüpfer ( “ hop, instance of hopping ” ) Indicates something defined by a number; in the plural often all numbers with the same first digits 16 -er → 16er ( “ the 16, the 16er, e.g. a bus, a football player, etc. ” ) 200 -er → 200er ( “ a 200, the 200s, e.g. a 200-euro note, or the list items 200 to 299, etc. ” ) 1990 -er → 1990er ( “ 1990s , the years 1990 to 1999” ) Declension of-er [masculine, strong ]
FromMiddle High German -er
-er
Used to form the plurals of some nouns. The plural ending-er is used in a fairly large number of neuters (including all those in-tum FromMiddle High German -ære -er Old High German -āri Proto-Germanic *warjaz
-er m strong genitive -ers plural -er
Forms nouns indicating an inhabitant of a place, or a person originating from a place. Declension of-er [masculine, strong ]
Probably originated from the prepositionedgenitive plural of etymology 3 above, e.g.:der Berliner Pfannkuchen = "the Berliners’ pancake", and then "the Berlin(er) pancake", reanalysed as an adjective instead of a noun and seen as being in thenominative singular (due to the ambiguity of the definite articleder [ 2] [ 3]
-er
Forms invariable adjectives from place names, with agenitival meaning, indicating origin from or association with that place. In contemporary German, words formed with this suffix-er are written with a capital letter (§ 61 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2018), e.g.ein Berliner Pfannkuchen . In the past, they were sometimes written with a lowercase letter like most other adjectives, e.g.ein berliner Pfannkuchen .[ 4] In case of placenames which are written with a space, the derived word can be written with a space or with a hyphen (§ 49 of the official reform spelling rules as of 2011), e.g.Bad Schandau →Bad Schandauer orBad-Schandauer . Since adjectives in-er are undeclined, they cannot normally supportgenitives by themselves. However, in the feminine and plural the ending-er happens to be same as that of a declined (strong) adjective and according pseudo-genitives may be encountered, such asMeldungen Berliner Zeitungen ( “ reports of Berlin newspapers ” ) instead of more properMeldungen von Berliner Zeitungen . Such usage has been discouraged, but is no longer considered an error. FromMiddle High German -er
-er
Forms the comparative form of adjectives. lang -er → länger schön -er → schöner exakt -er → exakter ^ A. van Loey, "Schönfeld's Historische Grammatica van het Nederlands", Zutphen, 8. druk, 1970,→ISBN ; § 175 ^ Johann Christoph Adelung,Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart , vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1793), pages 1848-1852, sub verbo4. -Er ^ Hermann Möller,Ahd. frôno (nhd. fron-) als elliptischer Plural , in theZeitschrift für deutsche Wortforschung , volume 4 (editor Friedrich Kluge; Straßburg, 1903), page 95 ^ The current official spelling rules prescribe the capital letter without further explanation and without indicating thepart of speech of the words formed with the suffix (compare-isch -sch Possibly fromEnglish -er blog blogger stop stoppol -er , likevaker ,haver ,sóder (this (+ ) etymology besourced ?)
-er
( slang , slightly derogatory ) noun , lengthening the first consonant following its first vowel, to derive a noun.kalauz ( “ ticket inspector ” ) →kaller nyugdíjas ( “ pensioner ” ) →nyugger mami ( “ mommy; elderly woman ” ) →mammer jobboldali ( “ rightist ” ) →jobber -er
first-person singular present passive subjunctive of-ō ( first conjugation ) From aProto-Germanic *-ārijaz Latin -ārius
-er
-er ( suffix used to form agent nouns from verbs ) FromOld Dutch -iro -oro Proto-Germanic *-izô *-ōzô
-er
-er Forms the comparative of adjectives. SeeCategory:Middle Dutch comparative adjectives .
Borrowed fromOld French -ier Latin -ārius
-er
( chiefly no longerproductive ) Reflects Old French deverbal formations forming agent or instrument nouns. Due to vowel reduction, this suffix is often indistinguishable from-ere -our -er
alternative form of-ere ( agentive suffix ) -er
alternative form of-ere ( comparative suffix ) -er
alternative form of-re ( plural suffix ) -er
alternative form of-eren Inherited fromOld French -ier / -er Latin -āre
-ier ( typically early Middle French ) -er
Forms infinitives of first-conjugation verbs Many of these verbs are directly descended from Latin, rather than from stem + suffix Inherited fromOld French -ier Latin -ārius
-ier ( typically early Middle French ) -er
Forms nouns, often denoting professions bouc -er → boucher ( “ butcher ” ) CategoryMiddle French terms suffixed with -er (noun) not found
Inherited fromLatin -āre
-er
alternative form of-ier , verbal suffixMost probably not a cognate ofEnglish -er Latin -ōr -tōr -ker -ger ( “ -ist ” ) ) understood as "k-" (present stem ofkirin kirin birin xistin dan anîn înan -kar ( “ suffix indicating a job or duty ” ) and-dar ( “ suffix indicating a possessor ” ) . Popularized in the 20th century under the influence of similar suffixes in European languages. Before that (and now natively) diminutives such as-ok -oke -ek -ik
Despite being less likely, can still be fromProto-Indo-European *-tḗr *-it ,*-id or lost entirely depending on the position, comparePersian برادر Northern Kurdish bira
-er f
used to form nouns referring to doer or who works on something bû ( “ to be ” ) + -er → bûyer ( “ event ” ) destpêkirin ( “ to start ” ) + -er → destpêker ( “ starter ” ) This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with theIPA then please add some!
FromDanish -er
-er
( added to numbers ) order ,position ,value or similar indicated by the numeralFromDanish -er Old Norse -ari Medieval Latin Middle Low German Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz Latin -ārius
-er
( added to verbs ) person orthing that does an action indicated by the root verb( added to place names ) person orthing that originates in the place indicated by the place nameFromDanish -er
-er
suffix added to most of indefinite plural nouns, usually identical to Danish, but unlike Nynorsk and Swedish “-er” inThe Bokmål Dictionary .-er
Used to form indefinite plurals for most feminine nouns. Used to form indefinite plurals for some masculine nouns. Used to form present tense for one class of weak verbs. ( obsolete ) -er
imperative of-era -er
alternative form of-or Inherited fromLatin -āre
-er
alternative form of-ier , verbal suffixAll varieties of Old French use-er but it's more common in Anglo-Norman than in France, specifically before certain consonants such asc andg . FromLatin -ārius
-er
( chiefly Anglo-Norman ) alternative form of-ier , suffix indicating a professionfalconer , fauconer falconer FromProto-West Germanic *iʀ Proto-Germanic *iz Proto-Indo-European *ís Old High German er Old Norse er Gothic 𐌹𐍃 ( is ) .
-er
encliticnominative ofhī Saterland Frisian:er West Frisian:er FromOld Norse -r
-er
denotes the nominative singular of adjectives, masculine a-stem, i-stem, u-stem, and an-stem, as well as feminine ijo-stem nouns denotes the nominative and accusative plurals of r- and consonant stem nouns Borrowed fromEnglish -er
-er m
-er , creates anagent noun aport -er → aporter Animate:
Animal:
Inanimate:
-er in Polish dictionaries at PWNInherited fromOld Galician-Portuguese -er Latin -ēre -ere -er or-ir
Rhymes:( Portugal, São Paulo ) -eɾ ( Brazil ) -eʁ ( Brazil, with r-dropping ) -e -er (verb-forming suffix ,first-person singular present -o first-person singular preterite -i past participle -ido
forms theinfinitive of the second-conjugationverbs FromOld Frisian -ere Proto-West Germanic *-ārī West Frisian -er German -er
-er
Forms agent nouns from verbs ;-er FromMiddle English -ere Old English -ere
-er
Forms agent nouns from verbs ;-er Inherited fromLatin -ēre
-er (verb-forming suffix ,first-person singular present -o first-person singular preterite -í past participle -ido
a verb ending forinfinitives Below are the suffixes for the regular conjugation of -er verbs
1 Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.2 Argentine and Uruguayanvoseo tú
Selected combined forms of-er
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
singular plural 1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person with infinitive-er dative -erme -erte -erle -erse -ernos -eros -erles -erse accusative -erme -erte -erlo -erla -erse -ernos -eros -erlos -erlas -erse with gerund-iendo dative -iéndome -iéndote -iéndole -iéndose -iéndonos -iéndoos -iéndoles -iéndose accusative -iéndome -iéndote -iéndolo -iéndola -iéndose -iéndonos -iéndoos -iéndolos -iéndolas -iéndose with informal second-person singulartú imperative-e dative -eme -ete -ele -enos not used -eles accusative -eme -ete -elo -ela -enos not used -elos -elas with informal second-person singularvos imperative-é dative -eme -ete -ele -enos not used -eles accusative -eme -ete -elo -ela -enos not used -elos -elas with formal second-person singular imperative-a dative -ame not used -ale -ase -anos not used -ales accusative -ame not used -alo -ala -ase -anos not used -alos -alas with first-person plural imperative-amos dative not used -ámoste -ámosle -ámonos -ámoos -ámosles accusative not used -ámoste -ámoslo -ámosla -ámonos -ámoos -ámoslos -ámoslas with informal second-person plural imperative-ed dative -edme not used -edle -ednos -eos -edles accusative -edme not used -edlo -edla -ednos -eos -edlos -edlas with formal second-person plural imperative-an dative -anme not used -anle -annos not used -anles -anse accusative -anme not used -anlo -anla -annos not used -anlos -anlas -anse
-er
One of two suffixes forindefinite plural for nouns of the third declension (common and neuter); the second one is-r Suffix forpresent tense, active voice, indicative mood for one of the groups of Swedish verbs Agent noun suffix, often for loan words ending with-ik .matematik ( “ mathematics ” ) + -er → matematiker ( “ mathematician ” ) fysik ( “ physics ” ) + -er → fysiker ( “ physicist ” ) slarv ( “ sloppiness, carelessness ” ) + -er → slarver ( “ someone sloppy or careless ” ) See the usage notes for-r
plural suffix present tense suffix agent noun suffix Inherited fromOttoman Turkish ـر ( -r, -er ) , fromProto-Turkic *-ür Old Turkic 𐰼 ( r² /-(e)r/ ) . Negative-mez Proto-Turkic *-meŕ Proto-Turkic *-me *-er *-ür Azerbaijani -ər ( “ indefinite future suffix ” ) —-məz -ir ( “ simple present suffix ” ) —-mir
-er
Simple present and aorist tense marker -er-mez
as soon as Eve gelir gelmez duş alırım. As soon as I get home, I take a shower.The suffix-r is used after verb stems ending in a vowel. Unlike most negations of tense suffixes which regularly uses the suffix-me -mez *-mer .
-er
Makes adjectives out of verbs Makes nouns out of verbskes- ( “ to cut ” ) + -er → keser ( “ adze ” ) Yağmurdiner The rain seems to bestopping . Inherited fromOttoman Turkish ـر ( -er ) , fromProto-Turkic [Term?] .
preceding vowel a / ı / o / u e / i / ö / ü postconsonantal -ar -er postvocalic -şar -şer
-er
suffix fordistributive numbers bir -er → birer iki -er → ikişer dört -er → dörder beş -er → beşer Inherited fromOld French -ier Latin -āre
-er
forms infinitives of first conjugation verbs. inmer ―to love —
— Conjugation of the verb
-er in Walloon — Codjowaedje do viebe
-er e walon
infinitive simple -er compound aveur gerund 1 simple -ant compound åyant + past participlepast participle masculine feminine singular -é -êye plural -és -êyes singular plural first second third first second third indicative dji (dj') ti (t') i (il) / ele dji (dj') / nos2 vos i (il) (simple present -e -es -e -ans -ez -èt or -nut 3 imperfect -éve -éves -éve -éns -îz -ént preterite -a -as -a -îs -îz -ît future -rè -rès -rè -rans -roz -ront conditional -reu -reus -reut -réns -rîz -rént (compound present perfect present indicative ofaveur pluperfect imperfect indicative ofaveur past anterior preterite indicative ofaveur future perfect future ofaveur conditional perfect conditional ofaveur subjunctive ki dj' ki t' k' i (il) / k' ele ki dj' / ki nos2 ki vos k' i (il) (simple present -e -es -e -anxhe -oxhe -èxhe or -nuxhe 3 imperfect -axhe -axhes -axhe -énxhe -îxhe -énxhe (compound past present subjunctive ofaveur pluperfect imperfect subjunctive ofaveur imperative – ti– dji / nosvos– simple — -e — -ans -ez — compound — simple imperative ofaveur — simple imperative ofaveur simple imperative ofaveur — 1 The Walloon gerund is usable only with the prepositiontot (Eastern, Southern)e (Central, Western)2 The second person pluraldji 3 The form-èt/-exhe is used in Eastern and Southern dialects, the form-nut/-nuxhe is used in Central and Western dialects.
-er
( literary ) verb suffix for theimpersonal present subjunctive ( literary ) verb suffix for theimpersonal imperative Borrowed fromEnglish -er [ 1]
-er m
suffix forming nouns brig ( “ branches, sprigs, shoots ” ) + -er → briger ( “ stamens ” ) tafl ( “ sling, catapult ” ) + -er → tafler ( “ sling, catapult ” ) col ( “ awn ” ) + -er → colier ( “ awner, chobber ” ) ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-er ”, inGeiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies -er
alternative form of-eare 
Frequentative on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
— 
— Conjugation of the verb-er in Walloon — Codjowaedje do viebe-er e walon