-de
The ordinal numbers 2 to 19, except for 8, are formed with this suffix. The ordinals of 1, 8 and numbers greater than 19 are formed with-ste, except where hundred, thousand, etc., combine with a number between 2 and 19, for examplehonderd-en-tweede(“hundred and second”),honderd-en-vyfde(“hundred and fifth”), buthonderd-en-agtste(“hundred and eighth”).
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de,9de).
CompareNavajo-di,Template:cop, both serving multiplicative suffixes.
-de
CompareEnglish-th infourth andGerman-te inzweite.
-de
The ordinal numbers of all numbers from 1 to 19 are formed with this suffix, excepteerste andachtste. Ordinals of higher numbers are formed with-ste.
The suffix can also be written after a number written in digits (2de,9de). Thee is sometimes written in superscript, like in French (2de,9de), but this is discouraged by theDutch Language Union.[1]
Cognate withEnglish-ed; derives from a Germanic verb form oftodo.
-de
FromMiddle Dutch-dī, from a contraction of theþ inProto-Germanic*-aiþ(second person plural ending) and*jīz(“you (plural)”),[2] somewhat comparable toIcelandicþér. Sometimes incorrectly seen as a remnant ofMiddle Dutchdu(“you”).
-de(Belgium, Brabant, colloquial)
FromMiddle High German-ede, fromOld High German-ida, fromProto-Germanic*-iþō. Compare the equally rare doublet-te (from Low German). Cognate withDutch-te,English-th.
-de
-de
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -de | -dék |
| accusative | -dét | -déket |
| dative | -dének | -déknek |
| instrumental | -dével | -dékkel |
| causal-final | -déért | -dékért |
| translative | -dévé | -dékké |
| terminative | -déig | -dékig |
| essive-formal | -deként | -dékként |
| essive-modal | -déül | -dékül |
| inessive | -dében | -dékben |
| superessive | -dén | -déken |
| adessive | -dénél | -déknél |
| illative | -débe | -dékbe |
| sublative | -dére | -dékre |
| allative | -déhez | -dékhez |
| elative | -déből | -dékből |
| delative | -déről | -dékről |
| ablative | -détől | -déktől |
| non-attributive possessive – singular | -déé | -déké |
| non-attributive possessive – plural | -dééi | -dékéi |
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
|---|---|---|
| 1st person sing. | -dém | -déim |
| 2nd person sing. | -déd | -déid |
| 3rd person sing. | -déje | -déi |
| 1st person plural | -dénk | -déink |
| 2nd person plural | -détek | -déitek |
| 3rd person plural | -déjük | -déik |
FromMiddle Low German-ede, fromOld Saxon-itha, fromProto-Germanic*-iþō. Cognate withDutch-te,English-th.
-de
The use of the suffix is widespread in Northern Germany, however, some Low German varieties show a partial or complete suppression of the suffix. Most words listed above can also be found without the suffix, though this varies depending on the person speaking and the word. For example,Süükde is more often found asSüük with no suffix, than the original form with suffix.Hööchde can be found asHööchd andLeevde asLeevd, with loss of the final-e. Though this process exists, the forms in-de remain largely prominent, with the notable exception of the following words:Süükde →Süük,Stillde →Still,Mengde →Meng,Stärkde → bothStärkde andStärkd.Some words show only a form in -t, which is basically derived from the -de suffix. Examples of such words areGrött(“size”) andHitt(“heat”).
-de
Cognates includeMinica Huitoto-de andNüpode Huitoto-de.
-de
| Nonfuture indicative | Future indicative | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | affirmative | negative | ||||||
| m | f | m | f | m | f | m | f | ||
| 1st sg | -dɨkue | -ñedɨkue | 1st sg | -itɨkue | -ñeitɨkue | ||||
| 2nd sg | -do | -ñedo | 2nd sg | -ito | -ñeito | ||||
| 3rd sg anim1) | -dɨmɨe | -dɨñaiño | -ñedɨmɨe | -ñedɨñaiño | 3rd sg anim1) | -itɨmɨe | -itɨñaiño | -ñeitɨmɨe | -ñeitɨñaiño |
| 1st du | -dɨkoko | -dɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñedɨkoko | -ñedɨkaɨñaɨ | 1st du | -itɨkoko | -itɨkaɨñaɨ | -ñeitɨkoko | -ñeitɨkaɨñaɨ |
| 2nd du | -domɨko | -domɨñoɨ | -ñedomɨko | -ñedomɨñoɨ | 2nd du | -itomɨko | -itomɨñoɨ | -ñeitomɨko | -ñeitomɨñoɨ |
| 3rd du anim1) | -daɨmaiaɨ | -daɨñuaɨ | -ñedaɨmaiaɨ | -ñedaɨñuaɨ | 3rd du anim1) | -itaɨmaiaɨ | -itaɨñuaɨ | -ñeitaɨmaiaɨ | -ñeitaɨñuaɨ |
| 1st pl | -dɨkaɨ | -ñedɨkaɨ | 1st pl | -itɨkaɨ | -ñeitɨkaɨ | ||||
| 2nd pl | -domoɨ | -ñedomoɨ | 2nd pl | -itomoɨ | -ñeitomoɨ | ||||
| 3rd pl anim1) | -dɨmakɨ | -ñedɨmakɨ | 3rd pl anim1) | -itɨmakɨ | -ñeitɨmakɨ | ||||
| 3rd neut | -de | -ñede | 3rd neut | -ite | -ñeite | ||||
| Imperative | Apprehensive | Future event | Passive | Negative passive | Overlap | ||||
| simple | immediate | prohibitive | nonfuture | future | nonfuture | future | |||
| -! -no! | -nokai! | -ñeno! | -iza! | -ye | -ga | -yɨ | -ñega | -ñeyɨ | -kana |
| Conditional | |||||||||
| real | hypothetical | immediate | negative | ||||||
| -ia | -na | -kaina | -ñenia | ||||||
1) The animate 3rd person inflections are only used when the animacy of the subject needs to be emphasised. Otherwise, the neutral 3rd singular is used.
*) Same-time forms may be formed from any indicative form by adding the ending-mo directly to the inflected form.
**) The evidentiality markers-dɨ,-za and-ta may be added to any indicative form.
-de
FromProto-Celtic*-adyos, cognate withMiddle Welsh-eid.[1]
-de
-de
Colloquially the suffix can be completely dropped and it is understood out of context that it is the past and not nominative sense that is used. In written form to clarify however, it might be good to mark this out with an apostrophe ('). Example of this:
FromOttoman Turkishـدا(-de,“locative suffix”), fromProto-Turkic*-te(“locative suffix”), front vowel variant of*-ta. Cognate withKarakhanidـدا(-dē,“locative suffix”),Old Turkic𐱅𐰀(t²a/-te/,“locative suffix”).
-de
-de
-de
| ALIV | -de |
|---|---|
| Brazilian standard | -de |
| New Tribes | -de |
-de
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
-de
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix. It causes lengthening of the preceding vowel of the word it attaches to.